Muhammad Naveed Akhtar | Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Naveed Akhtar

Hamdard Islamicus, Sep 30, 2022

International Research Journal of Social sciences and Humanities, Vol.:01, Issue: 02,July-Dec 2022 PP: 1-11, 2022

South Asian Muslims reacted in a variety of ways to the British occupation of India and the resul... more South Asian Muslims reacted in a variety of ways to the British occupation of India and the resulting socio-cultural and institutional reforms initiated by the government then. The Muslims saw the British attempts to instill modernism in Indian societies as a political and cultural challenge. Unlike Muslim ideologues such as Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-18), who launched the Aligarh Movement with a progressive and loyalist approach, the exponents of the Deoband Movement demonstrated militant resistance to British imperialism and attempted to reform society along orthodox lines by adhering to their religious dogmas. Nonetheless, they later modernized their educational institutions and appeared to be one of the dominant sets of Islam, making seminary the second leading religious academic institution in the Muslim World. This paper goes into political environment of South Asia which instigated the Muslim theologians launch anti-imperialist struggle against British raj and they formed Deoband Madrasah. It discusses and examines the vision, ideology and philosophy of this school of thought to reform Muslim society facing a severe political decline and economic predicament. It also evaluates the political ideology of Deoband movement as to composite nationalism and its endorsement of the coexistence of various religious communities or that of the Muslim separatism in India. It also sheds light on how it by developing a network and making collaboration with Jamiat Ulama-e Hind and Tablighi Jamaat, appeared to be one of Islam's great strand of Islam. This discourse is constructed using descriptive, analytical, and critical methodologies.

Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 19(4), 688-700., 2022

Societies witness their decline when they become indifferent or adversary towards newness, progre... more Societies witness their decline when they become indifferent or adversary towards newness, progressivism and technological advancements; so was happened with Mughal Empire in India. Intended to uplift the moral of the decayed and degenerated Indian Muslim society facing a desperate plight resulting from the fiasco of First War of Independence 1857 against British East India Company, Aligarh Movement founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan appeared to reform the society empowering it with modern education, and by condemning the traditionalism, religious orthodoxy and feelings of antagonism towards the colonial masters of India. It literally infused a new spirit among the Muslim community of South Asia, helped it a great deal come out of desperation and make progress in distinct fields of social life. This research paper goes into the socio-political milieu of India which became the rationale of the emergence of Aligarh movement, the vision and mission of its founder, the intellectual and educational services he rendered, and the legacy this movement left. Further, it highlights and gives an assessment to the some of its salient educational characteristics in comparison to one of the contemporary educational and reformist movements, i.e. Darul Ulum Deoband movement, which too took up the task of the renaissance of the Muslim society of South Asia by sticking out for dissemination of the orthodox and conventional religious education. The study argues that although Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had been and is continued to be criticized for his rationalist, naturalist and loyalist approaches by the orthodox circles, yet it his vision and mission rightly responded to the challenges faced by the Indian Muslims then, and his
movement left a legacy which gave rise to various other political and intellectual movements in South Asia. The methodology deployed in the discourse is descriptive, analytical and comparative.

Hamdard Islamicus Vol. XLV, No. 3, pp. 79-100., 2022

The end of Mughal Empire in the wake of War of Independence 1857 left the Muslim community of Sou... more The end of Mughal Empire in the wake of War of Independence 1857
left the Muslim community of South Asia political orphans; desperately
facing religious and cultural assaults, political as well as economic
victimization and marginalization under British Raj. At this time of
vulnerability of the Muslim society, it was the educational institutions
established by Muslim ideologues which took up the task of
strengthening, reforming and revitalizing the Muslim society to cope
with the challenges pushing them down to the bottom, they also helped
them regain the lost confidence and integrity. These institutions were
not merely educational bodies but the movements endeavoring for
Muslim renaissance in South Asia. Among them, one was Darul Ulum
Deoband which, from its inception to date, played a historic role in
confronting the politico-cultural challenges to the South Asian Muslims
by adopting dynamic political strategies and accommodating modern
structural innovative modifications in the institutions. This, indeed,
helped it be a popular movement and achieve its objectives. The present
paper goes into some of important historical developments such as:
socio-political circumstances which led to the origination of madrasah
Deoband, lofty vision and objectives envisaged by its founders,
administration of educational-cum-institutional paraphernalia,
nationalist stance and struggle for freedom carried out by the Deobandi
veterans, strategies and policies it adopted to deal with political
challenges faced by the Indian Muslims during British Raj and after partition of India. It explores and discusses the factors which helped this
school of thought be popular and become one of the major sects of
Islam. Moreover, it also brings in the much debated issue of its stance
on jihad, militant struggle and terrorism. By bringing to light the
historical developments, vision of its founders, objectives they
determined to achieve and strategies they devised to tackle the
challenges, the paper argues that the main concern of Darul Ulum
Deoband’s activities was and has been to preserve the Muslim culture
in South Asia and to restore the confidence of the Muslim community
which they lost after the First War of Independence in 1857 and decline
of Mughal Empire, and the modernist and innovative strategies it
adopted to achieve its objectives, despite the criticism from within and
outside, led to it emerging as one of the dominant sects of Islam.

Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X) Volume 1 8, Number 6, 2021, 2021

Apart from the oppressive imperialism and its depressive economic repercussions, that the Indians... more Apart from the oppressive imperialism and its depressive economic repercussions, that the Indians in general and the Muslims in particular had to confront with, after the War of Independence 1857, was hatred towards their culture and imposition of modernism by the British Raj. Interestingly, the challenges were responded not by any political institution but by the educational ones, which with their diverse approaches attempted at giving distinct trends to their respective societies. Aligarh
Madrasah Movement adopted and promoted progressivism, rational thinking and loyalism towards the colonial masters. Contrarily, Darul Ulum Deoband Movement remained, for a long, supportive of conventionalism, revolutionary activities, and antagonist of British imperialism and their modernist cultural values. Although contradictory in their vision and philosophies, the both institutional movements aimed at reforming and empowering the Muslim society of South Asia to restore their political stature. This paper attempts at discussing the historical developments of the both educational institutions and the dichotomy of their politico-religious philosophies they endeavored to cultivate among the Muslims of South Asia. It brings in limelight the political phases and transitions in to their visions, strategies, and nature of politics, from their inceptions to the
withdrawal of British from Indian Subcontinent 1947, to popularize themselves and to achieve their assumed objectives. The methodology employed in the discourse is eclectic, i.e. descriptive, analytical,
comparative and critical.

Al-duhaa, Vol.:3, Issue: 1, Jan- June 2022 DOI:10.51665 /al-duhaa.003.01.0161, PP: 90-103, 2022

During the nineteenth century, the Muslims of India suffered from severe political decline, as th... more During the nineteenth century, the Muslims of India suffered from
severe political decline, as the Mughal Empire was abolished in the wake
of Great Revolt 1857. The British started a process of modernization of
institutions as well as that of social setup. The Muslim theologians
realizing it a serious threat to their religio-cultural values and norms
resisted it through militant struggle, setting up educational institutions,
making political parties and participating in democratic process, and
forming missionary and reformist organizations. This paper explores and
evaluates the contribution of the Muslim theologians who founded Darul
Ulum Deoband movement and advocated for the orthodox religious
educations by adhering to the religious and educational philosophy of
Shah Wali Allah. It attempts at evaluating the socio-political
circumstance of South Asia which became the rationale of this movement
and identifies the major historical landmarks of this movement during
the British Raj in India. It examines the factors which helped Deoband
school of thought emerge to be one of the dominant sect of Islam. The
paper however argues that although the Deoband theologians were severe
critics of British imperialism and its initiatives towards modernization of
Indian society and culture, yet they adopted British bureaucratic setup
for the educational advancements, and gradually got convinced to be the
part of democratic process demonstrate the political strength of South
Asian Muslims. The methodology employed in the discourse is descriptive, analytical, and normative.

J.P.H.S., Vol. LXIX, No. 2, pp. 7-26., 2020

Arab Muslims invaded Sindh in 711 AD and established their rule after ousting and killing Raja Da... more Arab Muslims invaded Sindh in 711 AD and established their rule after ousting and killing Raja Dahar, a ruler of Hindu Shahi dynasty. After Arabs, numerous Muslim dynasties and their associates originating from distinct parts of Muslim dominated world-i.e. the Middle East, Central

UOS Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 2016

UOS Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 1.

Journal of Academic Research for Humanities (JARH) Vol. 2, No. 1 (2020)

The response of South Asian Muslims to the British occupation of India and the socio-cultural and... more The response of South Asian Muslims to the British occupation of India and the socio-cultural and institutional reforms that they induced were manifold. The attempts by the British to inculcate modernism in Indian societies was taken up by the Muslims as a political and cultural challenge. Unlike the Muslim ideologues such as Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-18), who launched Aligarh Movement adopting progressive and loyalist approach, the exponent Deoband Movement showed militant resistance towards British imperialism and by sticking to their religious dogmas attempted to reform the society along with orthodox lines. Yet, they afterwards modernized their educational institutions which appeared to be one of the dominant set of Islam and made seminary second largest religious educational institution in the Muslim World. This paper discusses the formation of Deoband Madrasah, its response and approach towards British imperialism and process of modernization, and its philosophy to reform the Muslim society at time when it was suffering from severe political decline. Furthermore, it gives an evaluation to their conception of composite nationalism, and adherence to coexistence of different religious communities. It also sheds light on its networking with Jamiat Ulema-e Hind and Tablighi Jamaat in the wake which Deoband appeared to be one of great set of Islam. The methodology employed to in the discourse is descriptive, analytical and critical. This undertaking establishes that Darul Ulum Deoband has not merely been an educational institution but mulita-dimensional movement which contributed a lot in provide distinct trends the Muslim society and culture in South Asian

Journal of Asian Civilizations Vol. 39, No. 2, December 2016, p125-146. 22p.

Muslim Rule in India is the most controversial historiographical subject area. There are various ... more Muslim Rule in India is the most controversial historiographical subject area. There are various approaches according to which historians view and discuss this age of Indian history such as Orientalist viewpoint, Muslim nationalism, Indian nationalism, and Hindu nationalism, Marxist conception and many parochial perspectives. This paper hence aims at assessing the Marxist historiography in Pakistan that deals with Medieval India, a period of Muslim rule (711-1856). It examines how Pakistani Marxist historians approached the subject matter and how far they diverge from pertinently core stance offered by Marxism. Further, it also sheds some light, occasionally, on the nature of disagreements and differences as to historical issues, lying between Pakistani Marxist historians and Muslim Nationalist historians. Yet major focus remains on Marxist historical discourse and discernable differences this circuit of Pakistani Marxist historians have gone into. At the end of the article, a relevant critique on the discourse offered by Pakistani Marxist historians-Sibte Hassan, Mubarak Ali and Qazi Javed, whose literature is actually being discussed-is presented.

Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, 2011, pp. 1-20.

Pakistan, due to its significant geo-strategic location on the globe, and its historic role as US... more Pakistan, due to its significant geo-strategic location on the globe, and its historic role as US partner initially fighting against Soviet Union and then against terrorism in Afghanistan, is a vital concern of international community. However, this sort of role played by Pakistan brought about political instability and violence in the state. Chaos, anarchy, unrest within nation resulted in corruption, violence and brutality. Liberalism and westernization is a lucid dispute among the Islamist and so called liberal political parties, so, despite the wide range schism and split among the religious parties, they get united to combat it. Attributable to illiteracy, poverty, lack of basic necessities, it is very easy to exploit the people emotionally. Regarding this, the internal ideological disorder of Pakistan has been taken
under discussion in this paper. Circumventing the role of military and religious militancy, it will focus on religious, ideological and political tendencies of nation and state. The structure, nature and credibility of religious parties and its leadership and religious-cum-political split of nation is analyzed with a speculative and normative approach.