David Forrest | University of Glasgow (original) (raw)

Papers by David Forrest

Research paper thumbnail of Issues in the design of bus network maps

Research paper thumbnail of Cartography and Geomedia in Pragmatic Dimensions

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information

This article summarizes the Special Issue of Cartography and Geomedia. Here, Cartography and Geom... more This article summarizes the Special Issue of Cartography and Geomedia. Here, Cartography and Geomedia presents a view of cartography as a combination of technology, science, and art, with a focus on the development of geomedia in a geomatic and design-based context. Individual considerations are presented according to the following topics: efficiency of mapping techniques; historical cartographic works in a geomedial context; cartographic pragmatics for cultural heritage, teaching, and tourism; and pragmatism in gaming cartography. The main conclusion is that the two approaches to learning, revealing, and understanding geographic phenomena—starting from a specific geographical phenomenon and starting from maps and geomedia to understand geographical space—have their pragmatic strengths.

Research paper thumbnail of Classifying the Diversity of Bus Mapping Systems

Proceedings of the ICA, 2018

This study represents the first stage of an investigation into understanding the nature of differ... more This study represents the first stage of an investigation into understanding the nature of different approaches to mapping bus routes and bus network, and how they may best be applied in different public transport situations. In many cities, bus services represent an important facet of easing traffic congestion and reducing pollution. However, with the entrenched car culture in many countries, persuading people to change their mode of transport is a major challenge. To promote this modal shift, people need to know what services are available and where (and when) they go. Bus service maps provide an invaluable element of providing suitable public transport information, but are often overlooked by transport planners, and are under-researched by cartographers. The method here consists of the creation of a map evaluation form and performing assessment of published bus networks maps. The analyses were completed by a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis of various aspects of cartographic design and classification. This paper focuses on the resulting classification, which is illustrated by a series of examples. This classification will facilitate more in depth investigations into the details of cartographic design for such maps and help direct areas for user evaluation.

Research paper thumbnail of The e-MapScholar Virtual Placement

Planet, 2005

The benefits of work placements in the geosciences have been widely acknowledged, but the logisti... more The benefits of work placements in the geosciences have been widely acknowledged, but the logistics and practicalities of providing suitable placement opportunities can be difficult.The e-MapScholar Virtual Placement was developed to combine the advantages of work experience with opportunities for flexible elearning. For their virtual experience learners are 'placed' with a virtual company and carry out a GIS project based on a real-life case study.The placement aims to help learners develop skills in research, spatial data handling and report writing, together with transferable work-related skills such as time management and self-direction.The first project to be developed for the Virtual Placement is the Nant Carfan Wind Farm visibility case study. It has been tested by a group of Postgraduate students at the University of Glasgow.This paper introduces the placement, presents the experiences of working with the placement, makes recommendations for future directions and requests comments on possible future development.

Research paper thumbnail of Using a free colour vision simulator to improve the accessibility of orienteering maps

Abstracts of the ICA, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of User Preferences for Bus Map Design: Evidence from a Map Usability Study

Proceedings of the ICA, 2019

This study represents the final stage of an investigation into understanding the variation in bus... more This study represents the final stage of an investigation into understanding the variation in bus map design and the impact of map design preferences in public transportation information portrayal, with a particular focus on Malaysia. In many cities, bus services represent an important facet of easing traffic congestion and reducing pollution. However, with the entrenched car culture in many countries, persuading people to change their mode of transport is a major challenge. To promote this modal shift, people need to know what services are available and where (and when) they go. Bus service maps provide an invaluable element of providing suitable public transport information, but are often overlooked by transport planners, and are under-researched by cartographers. There are various approaches to the design of bus maps, but it is always an issue for the authorities to understand which designs are preferred by the public and which perform best in conveying the required information. A total of 100 Malaysians completed six journey-planning tasks using two network bus maps, which were different in designs. The two bus map designs involved in this study are based on previous map analysis research. The study found that majority of respondents were competent as they successfully completed the journey planning task, with more than 80 percent of the tasks being answered correctly. Additional enquiries proved that the effective design used in a bus map can attract more users to use public transportation, thus provide evidence that map availability can play a part in enhancing public transport ridership.

Research paper thumbnail of Conveying Geospatial Public Transport Information on the World-Wide Web: a Review of the United Kingdom Sources

The Cartographic Journal, 2008

The Geospatial Public Transport Information available for the United Kingdom on the WorldWide Web... more The Geospatial Public Transport Information available for the United Kingdom on the WorldWide Web is evaluated. Searches for relevant websites were made at different geographical scales; the breadth of content covered and level of technology used was assessed for each site found. Public Transport Maps on each website were rated according to eleven aspects of cartographic design and Web functionality. It was found that interactivity (represented by the use of higher technology) was greater for websites giving Public Transport Information for larger areas; however, the majority of information was communicated through text or static maps. The use of colour and symbology was generally found to be good in Public Transport Web maps, but marginalia was often insufficient and hardcopy printing sometimes inadequate, limiting the usability of the maps. A number of guidelines for good practice in the production of Public Transport Web maps are suggested, stressing the importance of clarity and legibility, plus some comments on website functionality.

Research paper thumbnail of British National Report to the International Cartographic Association for the Period 2007–2011

The Cartographic Journal, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Cartographic Education at the University of Glasgow: Past, present and future

Abstracts of the ICA, 2021

The author is approaching 30 years of delivering cartographic and geospatial science education at... more The author is approaching 30 years of delivering cartographic and geospatial science education at the University of Glasgow, mostly associated with specialist undergraduate degrees in Geomatics and MSc programmes in Cartography. This paper reflects on how the curriculum and teaching have changed, particularly in postgraduate programmes. The last year has seen significant challenges and the presentation considers how the sudden forced change in teaching delivery is likely to impact on future delivery of courses. This coincides with a time of some significant staffing developments, including the new position of Professor of Geospatial Data Science, an additional lecturer post, and increased technical and teaching support being available to support geospatial science teaching and research. The presentation will briefly review developments over the last 30 years, with the main focus on recent trends in teaching and learning and how the programme is likely to develop in the coming years. Curriculum development and delivery of a high quality student experience have been at the heart of the author's career. As well as being Programme Director for postgraduate programmes in Cartography for much of the last 30 years, he has also been responsible for major reviews of undergraduate degrees in Geomatics and has been the Convenor of PG Teaching in the School of Geographical & Earth Sciences for the last 10 years. Within the University, the author was the first Teaching Quality Assurance Officer for the Faculty of Science, has chaired the Science Taught Programmes Committee and Board of Studies, and is currently a member of the University Learning & Teaching Committee. Currently the future looks bright for the future of cartographic and geospatial science education by the University of Glasgow.

Research paper thumbnail of Which mapping technique for population density is effective, attractive, and suggestive?

Abstracts of the ICA, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Modern Cartographic Forms of Expression: The Renaissance of Multimedia Cartography

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2021

This article summarizes the Special Issue of “Multimedia Cartography”. We present three main rese... more This article summarizes the Special Issue of “Multimedia Cartography”. We present three main research fields in which multimedia cartography and the study of the effectiveness of multimedia maps are currently taking place. In each of these fields, we describe how published research is embedded in the broader context of map design and user studies. The research refers to contemporary technological trends such as web HTML5 standards, virtual reality, eye tracking, or 3D printing. Efficiency, performance, and usability studies of multimedia maps were also included. The research published in this issue is interdisciplinary. They combine traditional mapping methods with new technologies. They are searching for new places for cartography in, e.g., the environment of computer games. They combine the design of the map with its perception by users.

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial data quality capture through inductive learning

Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2000

The relatively weak uptake of spatial error handling capabilities bycommercial GIS companies and ... more The relatively weak uptake of spatial error handling capabilities bycommercial GIS companies and users can in part be attributed to therelatively low availability and high costs of spatial data qualityinformation. Based on the well established artificial intelligencetechnique of induction, this paper charts the development of anautomated quality capture tool. By learning from example, the tool makesvery efficient use of scarce

Research paper thumbnail of MERIS Atmospheric Water Vapor Correction Model for Wide Swath Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2012

A major source of error for repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar is the phase del... more A major source of error for repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar is the phase delay in radio signal propagation through the atmosphere, particularly the part due to tropospheric water vapor. These effects become more significant for ScanSAR observations due to their wider coverage (e.g., 400 km times\timestimes 400 km for ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) wide swath (WS) mode versus 100 km times\timestimes 100 km for ASAR image mode). In this letter, we demonstrate for the first time that a Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer water vapor correction model can significantly reduce atmospheric water vapor effects on ASAR WS interferograms, with the phase variation in non-deforming areas decreasing from 3.8 cm before correction to 0.4 cm after correction.

Research paper thumbnail of The Top Ten Maps of the Twentieth Century: A Personal View

The Cartographic Journal, 2003

Abstract The first BCS President of the twenty-first century reflects on the cartography of the t... more Abstract The first BCS President of the twenty-first century reflects on the cartography of the twentieth century and identifies those 'maps' that he believes have had significant influence on the development of the discipline during that century.

Research paper thumbnail of The 2009 L'Aquila M W6.3 earthquake: A new technique to locate the hypocentre in the joint inversion of earthquake rupture process

Research paper thumbnail of Interseismic slip rate of the Garze–Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau from C-band InSAR observations between 2003 and 2010

Advances in Space Research, 2011

InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an act... more InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an active fault belt, even for zones with heavy vegetation coverage. An interseismic deformation map across the Garze-Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau, 300kmby300 km by 300kmby100 km, is derived from C-band Envisat/ASAR imagery collected between 2003 and 2010. Unlike previous research, we obtain a lookup figure which relates the slip rate with the fault locking depth, the dip angle and the rake angle. The estimated slip rate changes significantly with the locking depth and the rake angle, but relatively little with the dip angle. When considering the focal mechanism solutions of historical earthquake along the Garze-Yushu fault, the interseismic slip rate of the Garze-Yushu fault is close to a value of 6.4 mm/yr, which is between the highest (18.2 mm/yr) and the lowest (3.1 mm/yr) slip rate from GPS estimations, but slightly less than the minimum value ($ 7 mm/yr) from the geological estimations. The earthquake recurrence interval on the Yushu part of Garze-Yushu fault equals 272 yr, and the April 14, 2010 Mw 6.9 earthquake has not completely released the accumulated strain energy between 1738 and 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of Interseismic slip rate of the Garze–Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau from C-band InSAR observations between 2003 and 2010

Advances in Space Research, 2011

InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an act... more InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an active fault belt, even for zones with heavy vegetation coverage. An interseismic deformation map across the Garze-Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau, 300kmby300 km by 300kmby100 km, is derived from C-band Envisat/ASAR imagery collected between 2003 and 2010. Unlike previous research, we obtain a lookup figure which relates the slip rate with the fault locking depth, the dip angle and the rake angle. The estimated slip rate changes significantly with the locking depth and the rake angle, but relatively little with the dip angle. When considering the focal mechanism solutions of historical earthquake along the Garze-Yushu fault, the interseismic slip rate of the Garze-Yushu fault is close to a value of 6.4 mm/yr, which is between the highest (18.2 mm/yr) and the lowest (3.1 mm/yr) slip rate from GPS estimations, but slightly less than the minimum value ($ 7 mm/yr) from the geological estimations. The earthquake recurrence interval on the Yushu part of Garze-Yushu fault equals 272 yr, and the April 14, 2010 Mw 6.9 earthquake has not completely released the accumulated strain energy between 1738 and 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of The design and perception of point symbols for tourist maps

Cartographic Journal, The, Jan 1, 1985

The design of thematic point symbols involves encoding attributes of the object represented that ... more The design of thematic point symbols involves encoding attributes of the object represented that will assist map users in (1) establishing the symbol's meaning, but also (2) in finding it in visual search. Accepting experimental evidence that colour is the most useful sorting dimension, ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Representation of Topographic Information on Maps: The Depiction of Relief

Cartographic Journal, Jan 1, 2003

... The impression of a typical coastal dune landscape is made clearer if there is high contrast ... more ... The impression of a typical coastal dune landscape is made clearer if there is high contrast between sandy and vegetated area. ... key on the 1942-System maps, which remains as the most accurate topographic mapping produced under the former communist system (Collier et aI ...

Research paper thumbnail of Issues in the design of bus network maps

Research paper thumbnail of Cartography and Geomedia in Pragmatic Dimensions

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information

This article summarizes the Special Issue of Cartography and Geomedia. Here, Cartography and Geom... more This article summarizes the Special Issue of Cartography and Geomedia. Here, Cartography and Geomedia presents a view of cartography as a combination of technology, science, and art, with a focus on the development of geomedia in a geomatic and design-based context. Individual considerations are presented according to the following topics: efficiency of mapping techniques; historical cartographic works in a geomedial context; cartographic pragmatics for cultural heritage, teaching, and tourism; and pragmatism in gaming cartography. The main conclusion is that the two approaches to learning, revealing, and understanding geographic phenomena—starting from a specific geographical phenomenon and starting from maps and geomedia to understand geographical space—have their pragmatic strengths.

Research paper thumbnail of Classifying the Diversity of Bus Mapping Systems

Proceedings of the ICA, 2018

This study represents the first stage of an investigation into understanding the nature of differ... more This study represents the first stage of an investigation into understanding the nature of different approaches to mapping bus routes and bus network, and how they may best be applied in different public transport situations. In many cities, bus services represent an important facet of easing traffic congestion and reducing pollution. However, with the entrenched car culture in many countries, persuading people to change their mode of transport is a major challenge. To promote this modal shift, people need to know what services are available and where (and when) they go. Bus service maps provide an invaluable element of providing suitable public transport information, but are often overlooked by transport planners, and are under-researched by cartographers. The method here consists of the creation of a map evaluation form and performing assessment of published bus networks maps. The analyses were completed by a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis of various aspects of cartographic design and classification. This paper focuses on the resulting classification, which is illustrated by a series of examples. This classification will facilitate more in depth investigations into the details of cartographic design for such maps and help direct areas for user evaluation.

Research paper thumbnail of The e-MapScholar Virtual Placement

Planet, 2005

The benefits of work placements in the geosciences have been widely acknowledged, but the logisti... more The benefits of work placements in the geosciences have been widely acknowledged, but the logistics and practicalities of providing suitable placement opportunities can be difficult.The e-MapScholar Virtual Placement was developed to combine the advantages of work experience with opportunities for flexible elearning. For their virtual experience learners are 'placed' with a virtual company and carry out a GIS project based on a real-life case study.The placement aims to help learners develop skills in research, spatial data handling and report writing, together with transferable work-related skills such as time management and self-direction.The first project to be developed for the Virtual Placement is the Nant Carfan Wind Farm visibility case study. It has been tested by a group of Postgraduate students at the University of Glasgow.This paper introduces the placement, presents the experiences of working with the placement, makes recommendations for future directions and requests comments on possible future development.

Research paper thumbnail of Using a free colour vision simulator to improve the accessibility of orienteering maps

Abstracts of the ICA, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of User Preferences for Bus Map Design: Evidence from a Map Usability Study

Proceedings of the ICA, 2019

This study represents the final stage of an investigation into understanding the variation in bus... more This study represents the final stage of an investigation into understanding the variation in bus map design and the impact of map design preferences in public transportation information portrayal, with a particular focus on Malaysia. In many cities, bus services represent an important facet of easing traffic congestion and reducing pollution. However, with the entrenched car culture in many countries, persuading people to change their mode of transport is a major challenge. To promote this modal shift, people need to know what services are available and where (and when) they go. Bus service maps provide an invaluable element of providing suitable public transport information, but are often overlooked by transport planners, and are under-researched by cartographers. There are various approaches to the design of bus maps, but it is always an issue for the authorities to understand which designs are preferred by the public and which perform best in conveying the required information. A total of 100 Malaysians completed six journey-planning tasks using two network bus maps, which were different in designs. The two bus map designs involved in this study are based on previous map analysis research. The study found that majority of respondents were competent as they successfully completed the journey planning task, with more than 80 percent of the tasks being answered correctly. Additional enquiries proved that the effective design used in a bus map can attract more users to use public transportation, thus provide evidence that map availability can play a part in enhancing public transport ridership.

Research paper thumbnail of Conveying Geospatial Public Transport Information on the World-Wide Web: a Review of the United Kingdom Sources

The Cartographic Journal, 2008

The Geospatial Public Transport Information available for the United Kingdom on the WorldWide Web... more The Geospatial Public Transport Information available for the United Kingdom on the WorldWide Web is evaluated. Searches for relevant websites were made at different geographical scales; the breadth of content covered and level of technology used was assessed for each site found. Public Transport Maps on each website were rated according to eleven aspects of cartographic design and Web functionality. It was found that interactivity (represented by the use of higher technology) was greater for websites giving Public Transport Information for larger areas; however, the majority of information was communicated through text or static maps. The use of colour and symbology was generally found to be good in Public Transport Web maps, but marginalia was often insufficient and hardcopy printing sometimes inadequate, limiting the usability of the maps. A number of guidelines for good practice in the production of Public Transport Web maps are suggested, stressing the importance of clarity and legibility, plus some comments on website functionality.

Research paper thumbnail of British National Report to the International Cartographic Association for the Period 2007–2011

The Cartographic Journal, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Cartographic Education at the University of Glasgow: Past, present and future

Abstracts of the ICA, 2021

The author is approaching 30 years of delivering cartographic and geospatial science education at... more The author is approaching 30 years of delivering cartographic and geospatial science education at the University of Glasgow, mostly associated with specialist undergraduate degrees in Geomatics and MSc programmes in Cartography. This paper reflects on how the curriculum and teaching have changed, particularly in postgraduate programmes. The last year has seen significant challenges and the presentation considers how the sudden forced change in teaching delivery is likely to impact on future delivery of courses. This coincides with a time of some significant staffing developments, including the new position of Professor of Geospatial Data Science, an additional lecturer post, and increased technical and teaching support being available to support geospatial science teaching and research. The presentation will briefly review developments over the last 30 years, with the main focus on recent trends in teaching and learning and how the programme is likely to develop in the coming years. Curriculum development and delivery of a high quality student experience have been at the heart of the author's career. As well as being Programme Director for postgraduate programmes in Cartography for much of the last 30 years, he has also been responsible for major reviews of undergraduate degrees in Geomatics and has been the Convenor of PG Teaching in the School of Geographical & Earth Sciences for the last 10 years. Within the University, the author was the first Teaching Quality Assurance Officer for the Faculty of Science, has chaired the Science Taught Programmes Committee and Board of Studies, and is currently a member of the University Learning & Teaching Committee. Currently the future looks bright for the future of cartographic and geospatial science education by the University of Glasgow.

Research paper thumbnail of Which mapping technique for population density is effective, attractive, and suggestive?

Abstracts of the ICA, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Modern Cartographic Forms of Expression: The Renaissance of Multimedia Cartography

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2021

This article summarizes the Special Issue of “Multimedia Cartography”. We present three main rese... more This article summarizes the Special Issue of “Multimedia Cartography”. We present three main research fields in which multimedia cartography and the study of the effectiveness of multimedia maps are currently taking place. In each of these fields, we describe how published research is embedded in the broader context of map design and user studies. The research refers to contemporary technological trends such as web HTML5 standards, virtual reality, eye tracking, or 3D printing. Efficiency, performance, and usability studies of multimedia maps were also included. The research published in this issue is interdisciplinary. They combine traditional mapping methods with new technologies. They are searching for new places for cartography in, e.g., the environment of computer games. They combine the design of the map with its perception by users.

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial data quality capture through inductive learning

Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2000

The relatively weak uptake of spatial error handling capabilities bycommercial GIS companies and ... more The relatively weak uptake of spatial error handling capabilities bycommercial GIS companies and users can in part be attributed to therelatively low availability and high costs of spatial data qualityinformation. Based on the well established artificial intelligencetechnique of induction, this paper charts the development of anautomated quality capture tool. By learning from example, the tool makesvery efficient use of scarce

Research paper thumbnail of MERIS Atmospheric Water Vapor Correction Model for Wide Swath Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2012

A major source of error for repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar is the phase del... more A major source of error for repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar is the phase delay in radio signal propagation through the atmosphere, particularly the part due to tropospheric water vapor. These effects become more significant for ScanSAR observations due to their wider coverage (e.g., 400 km times\timestimes 400 km for ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) wide swath (WS) mode versus 100 km times\timestimes 100 km for ASAR image mode). In this letter, we demonstrate for the first time that a Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer water vapor correction model can significantly reduce atmospheric water vapor effects on ASAR WS interferograms, with the phase variation in non-deforming areas decreasing from 3.8 cm before correction to 0.4 cm after correction.

Research paper thumbnail of The Top Ten Maps of the Twentieth Century: A Personal View

The Cartographic Journal, 2003

Abstract The first BCS President of the twenty-first century reflects on the cartography of the t... more Abstract The first BCS President of the twenty-first century reflects on the cartography of the twentieth century and identifies those 'maps' that he believes have had significant influence on the development of the discipline during that century.

Research paper thumbnail of The 2009 L'Aquila M W6.3 earthquake: A new technique to locate the hypocentre in the joint inversion of earthquake rupture process

Research paper thumbnail of Interseismic slip rate of the Garze–Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau from C-band InSAR observations between 2003 and 2010

Advances in Space Research, 2011

InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an act... more InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an active fault belt, even for zones with heavy vegetation coverage. An interseismic deformation map across the Garze-Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau, 300kmby300 km by 300kmby100 km, is derived from C-band Envisat/ASAR imagery collected between 2003 and 2010. Unlike previous research, we obtain a lookup figure which relates the slip rate with the fault locking depth, the dip angle and the rake angle. The estimated slip rate changes significantly with the locking depth and the rake angle, but relatively little with the dip angle. When considering the focal mechanism solutions of historical earthquake along the Garze-Yushu fault, the interseismic slip rate of the Garze-Yushu fault is close to a value of 6.4 mm/yr, which is between the highest (18.2 mm/yr) and the lowest (3.1 mm/yr) slip rate from GPS estimations, but slightly less than the minimum value ($ 7 mm/yr) from the geological estimations. The earthquake recurrence interval on the Yushu part of Garze-Yushu fault equals 272 yr, and the April 14, 2010 Mw 6.9 earthquake has not completely released the accumulated strain energy between 1738 and 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of Interseismic slip rate of the Garze–Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau from C-band InSAR observations between 2003 and 2010

Advances in Space Research, 2011

InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an act... more InSAR time series techniques can provide high-spatial resolution deformation fields across an active fault belt, even for zones with heavy vegetation coverage. An interseismic deformation map across the Garze-Yushu fault belt in the Tibetan Plateau, 300kmby300 km by 300kmby100 km, is derived from C-band Envisat/ASAR imagery collected between 2003 and 2010. Unlike previous research, we obtain a lookup figure which relates the slip rate with the fault locking depth, the dip angle and the rake angle. The estimated slip rate changes significantly with the locking depth and the rake angle, but relatively little with the dip angle. When considering the focal mechanism solutions of historical earthquake along the Garze-Yushu fault, the interseismic slip rate of the Garze-Yushu fault is close to a value of 6.4 mm/yr, which is between the highest (18.2 mm/yr) and the lowest (3.1 mm/yr) slip rate from GPS estimations, but slightly less than the minimum value ($ 7 mm/yr) from the geological estimations. The earthquake recurrence interval on the Yushu part of Garze-Yushu fault equals 272 yr, and the April 14, 2010 Mw 6.9 earthquake has not completely released the accumulated strain energy between 1738 and 2010.

Research paper thumbnail of The design and perception of point symbols for tourist maps

Cartographic Journal, The, Jan 1, 1985

The design of thematic point symbols involves encoding attributes of the object represented that ... more The design of thematic point symbols involves encoding attributes of the object represented that will assist map users in (1) establishing the symbol's meaning, but also (2) in finding it in visual search. Accepting experimental evidence that colour is the most useful sorting dimension, ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Representation of Topographic Information on Maps: The Depiction of Relief

Cartographic Journal, Jan 1, 2003

... The impression of a typical coastal dune landscape is made clearer if there is high contrast ... more ... The impression of a typical coastal dune landscape is made clearer if there is high contrast between sandy and vegetated area. ... key on the 1942-System maps, which remains as the most accurate topographic mapping produced under the former communist system (Collier et aI ...