Joanna Kopaczyk | University of Glasgow (original) (raw)

Books by Joanna Kopaczyk

Languages change and they keep changing as a result of communicative interactions and practices i... more Languages change and they keep changing as a result of communicative interactions and practices in the context of communities of language users. The articles in this volume showcase a range of such communities and their practices as loci of language change in the history of English. The notion of communities of practice takes its starting point in the work of Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger and refers to groups of people defined both through their membership in a community and through their shared practices. Three types of communities are particularly highlighted: networks of letter writers; groups of scribes and printers; and other groups of professionals, in particular administrators and scientists. In these diverse contexts in England, Scotland, the United States and South Africa, language change is not seen as an abstract process but as a response to the communicative needs and practices of groups of people engaged in interaction.

Papers by Joanna Kopaczyk

This paper provides linguistic arguments for a new periodisation of the Scots language where adeq... more This paper provides linguistic arguments for a new periodisation of the Scots language where adequate space for the Renaissance, or the early modern period, would be created. In his search for the definition of the ‘middle’ period in Germanic languages, Roger Lass (2000) selected a range of linguistic features whose absence or presence would testify to a specific degree of archaism in the language of a given author, with special attention paid to Middle English poetry. This paper uses the same methodology to establish whether the language of William Dunbar warrants the label ‘middle’, which is traditionally applied to his writing, or perhaps a less anachronistic designation would be appropriate. A series of linguistic tests (phonological and morphological) proves that the language used in Dunbar’s poetry at the beginning of the sixteenth century does not qualify as a ‘middle’ stage in the history of a Germanic language. It is argued that, if one wants to achieve coherence with other Germanic periodisations on linguistic grounds, one should treat William Dunbar’s language as early modern Scots.

This paper discusses code-switching in the records of a Protestant brotherhood which were kept by... more This paper discusses code-switching in the records of a Protestant brotherhood which were kept by Scottish emigrants in the Polish city of Lublin in the late 17th century. This manuscript material has not been analyzed linguistically yet. Indeed, Scottish migration to the Continent in the early modern period has only recently been studied with more attention by historians while a linguistic assessment of the writings com- posed by the Scots in the emigrant context is still pending. The analysis shows how Latin, the universal language of administration, and Polish, the language of the host community, helped Scottish writers to construct authoritative and context-sensitive texts, or literacy events (Sebba 2012). The discussion identifies pragmatic and dis- course-related differences between switches to Latin and to Polish, and pays due at- tention to the questions of the socio-historical background, language status, genre and channel in the context of historical code-switching.

Meaning in the History of English. Words and texts in context, edited by Andreas H. Jucker, Daniela Landert, Annina Seiler and Nicole Studer-Joho, 2013

This paper offers a corpus-driven investigation into the formulaic nature of Early Modern English... more This paper offers a corpus-driven investigation into the formulaic nature of Early Modern English medical genres. The aim of this study is to answer three related questions: (1) to what extent various text categories in medical discourse share the same lexico-syntactic choices?; (2) what stable and fixed lexico-syntactic patterns repeat across various texts related to medicine?; and (3) is there a diachronic dimension to the employment of these repetitive strings? The study
is based on the recently published electronic corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT, 1500–1700, Taavitsainen et al. 2010) and uses the lexical bundle method (Biber et al. 1999) to extract 3-grams from the normalized version of the corpus. The diachronic distribution of 3-grams across medical texts shows an increase in the number of text categories which share lexical bundles. When
it comes to specific 3-grams, the paper presents a diachronic overview of the most prominent semantic areas where overlaps of fixed strings occur among text categories, e.g. quantification, body parts, time and sequence, or ingredients. The study has also found important overlaps in purely functional contexts, e.g. in clarification, modality or efficacy expressions, and in structural frames, e.g. copula constructions and prepositional phrase fragments. With the help of an objective, frequency-driven corpus tool, the common lexico-syntactic core of early modern medical discourse could be established. At the same time, clusters of text categories sharing the same preferences could emerge.

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 2012

Standardisation on the level of text is visible in the employment of stable and fixed expressions... more Standardisation on the level of text is visible in the employment of stable and fixed expressions for a specific textual purpose. When gauging the extent of standardisation in texts, one of the parameters which should be taken into consideration is the length of such stable patterns. Since it is more difficult, and therefore rarer, to reproduce long chunks of text in an unchanged form, such a practice points towards greater standardisation. To explore the textual behaviour of long fixed strings in legal texts, this paper concentrates on long lexical bundles built out of eight consecutive elements (8-grams) and their frequency and function in historical legal texts. The database for this pilot paper comprises two collections of legal and administrative texts written in Scots between the fourteenth and the sixteenth century. The research results point to a considerable degree of textual standardisation throughout the corpus and to the most prominent functions of long repetitive chunks in historical legal discourse.

Corpus Data across Languages and Disciplines, 2012

In this paper I review and explore potential applications of the lexical bundles method in studie... more In this paper I review and explore potential applications of the lexical bundles method in studies based on historical corpora. The paper starts with the discussion of lexical bundle methodology and its range of applications in Present-Day English studies. Then I move on to the challenges posed by the special character of historical corpora for the implementation of this method in historical and diachronic studies, and continue with examples of research questions which have been addressed so far by means of lexical bundles. Special attention is paid to the investigation of repetitive patterns in early Scots legal and administrative texts. The paper closes with suggestions for further applications of lexical bundles in historical corpus linguistics.

This is a pilot study investigating the role of phrasal fixedness in the development of a standar... more This is a pilot study investigating the role of phrasal fixedness in the development of a standardised text type. The linguistic material comes from the Edinburgh Corpus of Older Scots (ECOS), consisting of samples of administrative records from 15th-century Scotland. The corpus has been searched for re-occurring lemmatic bundles, which are the indicators of emerging patterns and standardising usage in the records, developing in the context of linguistic standardisation of Scots. The findings are interpreted with regard to their semantics and function in the records, and indicate that the text type as such was not yet fully standardised in its repertoire of fixed phrases serving a specific purpose. In individual locations, however, one finds a greater degree of consistency and a tendency to develop a local norm. Similarly, in some specific textual functions the lexical fixedness may be present to a larger extent than in others.

Through a detailed etymological, lexicographic and semantic analysis, this paper addresses commun... more Through a detailed etymological, lexicographic and semantic analysis, this paper addresses communication gaps resulting from two different legal traditions after the English and the Scots had found themselves ruled by the same monarch. I look at one of the earliest glossaries of Scots legal terms, a relatively unknown appendix to Sir George Mackenzie's The Institutions of the Law of Scotland from the 1690s, comprising 184 genre-specific Scots lexical items and expressions. I work within a pragmaphilological approach, analysing what seemed unknown to the ears and eyes of English lawyers, and for what reason it was glossed. The final results are intriguing: 40% of the glossary is linked with the Scottish legal system and terminology, 49% belongs to non-legal regional vocabulary, and 11% provides insight into conceptual gaps between the Scots and the English, not necessarily in the area of the law.

Explorations in the English language: Middle Ages and beyond. Festschrift for Professor Jerzy Wełna, 2012

This paper is aiming to complement and extend the work of Jerzy Wełna in historical graphophonolo... more This paper is aiming to complement and extend the work of Jerzy Wełna in historical graphophonology by turning northwards, to the Scottish Lowlands. It takes another look at the <ai/ay> digraphs, traditionally considered to represent long vowels in northern Middle English dialects (Wełna 1987: 188, Dobson 1968: 557), and consequently also in Middle Scots (Kniezsa 1997). This graphemic feature is reconsidered in the context of other available spelling variants and with regard to the historical shape of the underlying vowel.

This paper investigates the etymologies of late medieval/early modern genre-specific lexis in a s... more This paper investigates the etymologies of late medieval/early modern genre-specific lexis in a selection of Scots and English legal writings. All the three chosen subgenres, acts of parliament, statutes and burgh court records, were put to common use: they served as a tool of administration on national and local levels. Scotland and England have always had different legal traditions and instruments (Guth 2004: 77). Today, the differences between Scottish and English terminology in the legal domain can therefore be ascribed to the separate legal histories of both countries. Histories of language contact would have had influence on the etymological sources of legal lexis. Before the anglicizing tendencies in Scotland in the mid-sixteenth century, the Reformation and the Union of the Crowns of 1603, Scotland and England differed in terms of the context, extent and form of foreign influences on language. The employment of French and Latin as traditional sources of legal terminology depended on different factors in Scotland and England and operated within a different time frame. Interestingly, this investigation reveals many similarities in the extent and patterns of Romance influence on legal administrative genres in both Scotland and England.
The study concentrates on binomials, a type of lexico-syntactic construction characteristic of legal language in general (Mellinkoff 1963). In the search for motivations behind the repetitive nature of lexical patterns in legal discourse it was postulated that binomial pairs would be most frequently made up of a foreign element (French of Latin) and a native element for comprehension purposes. In this paper I seek to validate that claim.
The paper opens with a historical sketch providing background for the comparison of Scots and English. The following section concentrates on administrative texts as a genre within legal discourse and examines binomials as a feature of legal language. Bearing in mind the importance of repetition as a discourse convention, the paper outlines possible motivations for the formation of binomials. I draw attention to the ‘interpretation hypothesis’ and test it against the material from the Helsinki corpora (HC and HCOS), checking whether this is a valid motivation for the creation of binomial expressions.

This paper presents an analysis of plurality markers in the first extant text from the South-West... more This paper presents an analysis of plurality markers in the first extant text from the South-West of Scotland, the Wigtown Burgh Court Book (1512-1534). The inflectional endings for the plural are often included among the Middle Scots diagnostic features so it is quite important to establish what form they had in particular areas. The paper begins with an outline of the Middle Scots dialectal divisions. Next, the geographical position of Galloway is taken into consideration, with special attention paid to the alleged persistence of Gaelic and the possibility of including this region into the map of the sixteenth-century Scots dialects. Then, the presentation concentrates on the Linguistic Profile of Wigtownshire in LALME which was compiled using the same source of textual material as the present paper. The reseach shows that the profile in the atlas should be revised in terms of the {S}-morpheme markers to acknowledge the prevalence of the Scots marking in <-is/-ys>. The feature <-us>, given by the atlas but non-existent as a morphological marker in the textual material, should be removed from the profile.

Meaning in the History of English. Words and texts in context, edited by Andreas H. Jucker, Daniela Landert, Annina Seiler and Nicole Studer-Joho, 2013

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 2012

Corpus Data across Languages and Disciplines, 2012

Explorations in the English language: Middle Ages and beyond. Festschrift for Professor Jerzy Wełna, 2012

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, Jan 1, 2001

This book revives a valuable tradition of philological readers. The purpose of such a reader is t... more This book revives a valuable tradition of philological readers. The purpose of such a reader is to provide scholars and students with a comprehensive selection of texts, sometimes equipped with a socio-historical or literary commentary,
which illustrate the historical development of a language. This is the first book of this kind focussing on Older Scots, but does much more to be an exemplary modern philological reader of any language. The collection has been put together by a seasoned lecturer in Older Scots language and literature on the
basis of his own teaching and expertise, which shows especially in the design of the book and its methodological principles. [Read more in Scottish Historical Review 93(2): 293-294]

The aim of this paper is to compare recurrent combinations of lexical items in the acts of two pa... more The aim of this paper is to compare recurrent combinations of lexical items in the acts of two parliamentary bodies in the UK: the Westminster Parliament and the Parliament of Scotland, in order to highlight the structural and lexical differences in official legal discourse within the British Isles.
It can be assumed that both assemblies have produced legislation with a view to regulate problematic political, social and economic aspects, which guarantees a common register platform for the analysed material. Legal discourse is governed by certain principles (Gibbons (ed.) 1994; Tiersma 1999, 2006) and in England and Scotland alike the legislators must be aware of the conventions and standardized patterns of language use in order to construct authoritative texts. However, it can also be expected that there will be discrepancies between legislation produced in England and in Scotland due to two important factors. Firstly, the Scottish Assembly was reinstated in 1999, after an almost three-hundred-year period of the parliamentary union with England. This historic move has equipped the Scots with new legislative powers, and an opportunity to mark their separate and independent status within the UK, also linguistically, one could expect. Secondly, Scots law is a product of a continuous indigenous tradition, with major influences from civil law (Walker 2001, Smith 1955, MacQueen 1995), which – to generalize somewhat – can be juxtaposed with common law in the south of the island. This separate legal tradition results in specific linguistic patterns and choices in Scottish legal language (Beaton 1982; Stewart 1995, Styles and Whitty (eds.) 2003). Even though both English and Scottish acts of parliament are written in standard English today, the choice of patterns and vocabulary may differ because of different histories and applications of English and Scots law.
The paper will thus address the differences and similarities in the most recurrent and stable chunks of language in the respective parallel collections of legal acts. The best corpus tool to extract the most stable and frequent chunks is the lexical bundle method. As specified by Biber et al. (1999: 990), a lexical bundle is a recurrent string of words in a text, regardless of its semantic or phrasal structure, repeated frequently enough in exactly the same form. The method of automatic identification of lexical bundles is frequency-driven and corpus-driven, because the researcher does not pre-define the type of lexical strings he or she will be looking for. In this manner, it is possible to extract the most frequent and most stable ingredients of texts objectively. To concentrate on bundles which are very frequent but already give enough lexical content (cf. sequences of two elements, such as to the, of the, it is, etc.), this paper will investigate bundles of four consecutive elements, 4-grams (e.g. as a result of, as the case may, as defined in section, etc.). “Given that lexical bundles are extremely common multi-word combinations, used widely across the texts within a register, it stands to reason that they serve fundamentally important discourse functions” Biber et al. (2003: 73). With this quotation in the background, the present paper will also identify the functions of most frequent repetitive strings in legal acts compiled in London and in Edinburgh.
The data has been drawn from a publicly accessible repository of UK legislation, powered by the National Archives (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/browse), which hosts historical as well as current acts of parliamentary bodies from all of the UK. To capture a synchronic state of affairs in comparable legislative writing in present-day England and Scotland, I concentrate on the ten-year period between 2001 and 2010, as represented in the UK Public General Acts and in the Acts of the Scottish Parliament. The number of acts issued by the former body within the selected period is 363, while the latter assembly issued 152 acts during the same time, which together created a database of over 14mln words and has enabled a comprehensive search for lexical bundles in the material, performed with open-source software AntConc 3.2.4m.

The word atom comes from Greek atomos and denotes something indivisible. Standardisation in langu... more The word atom comes from Greek atomos and denotes something indivisible. Standardisation in language tends to be treated like an atom: it consists in „suppression of optional variability in language” (Milroy and Milroy 1991: 8) carried out through a combination of various processes taking part both within and outside language. In the classic accounts (Haugen 1966, Milroy and Milroy 1991, Trudgill 1999), emphasis is placed on the extralinguistic conditions, which stimulate the forces of standardisation. This is typically illustrated with selected cases of standardised linguistic use, which nevertheless poses certain difficulties. For instance, Milroy and Milroy struggle with the question how it is possible to talk about standard in modern English when it is only orthography which can be described as fully standardised (1991: 22). Locher and Strässler propose an answer to this problem. In their view, standard language, English in their case, “is independent of pronunciation, register and style, which may have been standardised independently” (Locher – Strässler 2008: 3). This goes hand in hand with Fisiak's observation on the nature of language history, which in his view consists of "a sequence of changes at particular levels of language organization (1994: 54). This is an intriguing statement because draws attention to the process of standardisation operating independently on different levels of language. Consider the situation in Middle English writings, where the plurality marker {S} had been accepted as a regular, standard feature long before a similar consensus was reached in the realm of spelling, which remained regionally conditioned at least until the invention of the printing press (Blake (ed.) 1992).

In this presentation, I propose to draw a conceptual distinction between language standardisation and linguistic standardisation, which in my opinion is lacking from a linguistic toolkit. I see the former concept as applicable to the extralinguistic conditions and activities connected with the promotion of a particular dialect to the status of a supra-regional, standard mode of communication on a given territory. The latter relates to the processes causing standardisation on various levels of linguistic structure, operating within language, and – possibly – regardless of the extralinguistic conditions. Such processes as levelling and analogy would constitute an important part of linguistic standardisation. The presentation of argument in favour of this conceptual distinction will draw on the state-of-the-art histories and grammars of English, available in recent publications (e.g. van Gelderen 2006, Mugglestone 2006, van Kemenade and Los (eds.) 2009, Denison at al (eds.) 2011, Bergs and Brinton (eds.) 2012) and in well-known accounts (e.g. Leith 1983, the five volumes of the CHEL, Cheshire and Stein 1997, Bex and Watts 1999, Biber et al. 1999). Additional supportive data will be drawn from other languages, such as Scots (e.g. McClure 1995, Jones (ed.) 1997, Bugaj 2004, Millar 2005) or Polish (e.g. Buttler et al. 1971, Borecki 1974, Bugajski 1993, Bartmiński 2001). The proposed conceptual division should make it possible to talk about standardisation within a clearly defined scope and without the necessity to mix up the extralinguistic and intralinguistic developments. Quite the contrary, it should allow to marry the two perspectives in a much more systematic manner, and not put all the aspects of standardisation into one cumbersome basket.

Selected references:

Bartmiński, J. (ed.), 2001. Współczesny język polski. [Contemporary Polish] Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
Bergs, Alexander – Laurel Brinton (eds.) 2012. English historical linguistics. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Bex, T., R. J. Watts (eds.), 1999. Standard English: the widening debate. London: Routledge.
Biber, D. et al. 1999. The Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.
Blake, N. (ed.), 1992. The Cambridge history of the English language, Vol.2: 1066-1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Borecki, M. 1974. Kształtowanie się normy językowej w drukach polskich XVI wieku. [The development of linguistic norm in Polish 16th-century printing]. Wrocław / Warszawa: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich / Wydawnictwo PAN.
Bugaj, J. 2004. „Middle Scots as an emerging standard and why it did not make it”, Scottish Language 23: 19-34.
Bugajski, M. 1993. Językoznawstwo normatywne. [Normative linguistics]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Buttler, D. et al. (eds.), 1971. Kultura języka polskiego. Zagadnienia poprawności gramatycznej. [The culture of Polish. The question of grammatical correctness]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Cheshire, J., D. Stein. 1997. Taming the vernacular. From dialect to written standard language. London / New York: Longman.
Denison, D. et al. (eds.) 2011. Analysing Older English. Cambridge: CUP.
Fisiak, J. 1994. "Linguistic reality of Middle English", in Francisco Fernández et al (eds.) English historical linguistics 1992. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 47-61.
Haugen, E. [1966] 1972. „Dialect, language, nation”, in J. Pride, J. Holmes (eds.), 97-111.
Hickey, R. (ed.) 2010. Varieties of English in writing. The written word as linguistic evidence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jones, C. (ed.) 1997. The Edinburgh history of the Scots language. Edinburgh: EUP.
Leith, D. [1983] 1997. A social history of English. London: Routledge.
Locher, M. A., J. Strässler (red.), 2008. Standards and norms in the English language. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
McClure, J.D. 1995. Scots and its literature. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Millar, R. McColl. 2005. Language, nation and power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Milroy, J., L. Milroy. 1991 [1985]. Authority in language. Investigating language prescription and standardisation. London / New York: Routledge.
Mugglestone, L. 2006. The Oxford history of English. Oxford: OUP.
Van Gelderen, E. 2006. A history of the English language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Van Kemenade, A., B. Los (eds.) 2009. The handbook of the history of English. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

"The publication of the electronic corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT, Taavitsai... more "The publication of the electronic corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT, Taavitsainen et al. 2010) allows new insights into the nature of specialized discourse in the English Renaissance. One of the unexplored areas is the formulaic character of medical genres, where the use of fixed expressions and repetitive constructions constitutes an important feature of early medical discourse (see Jones 1998, Taavitsainen 2001, Hiltunen and Tyrkkö 2009, Mäkinen 2011). The affinities between different medical genres in the choice of such fixed elements, however, have not been explored.

In this presentation, I extract repetitive fixed patterns from the EMEMT corpus with the help of the lexical bundles method. It was first popularized in applied linguistics by Biber et al. (1999). This corpus-driven, frequency-based method has been adopted in historical linguistics only recently (Culpeper and Kytö 2010, Kopaczyk forthcoming), in view of several technical problems with data processing, e.g. spelling variation. The EMEMT corpus is equipped with a spelling unification feature. On the basis of the extracted lexical bundles, I explore the degree of overlap in the choice of formulaic elements in the early modern medical genres included in the corpus (General treatises, Texts on specific diseases, Anatomical treatises, Recipe collections and Health guides). The corpus-driven method is likely to reveal patterns of convergence between the pre-defined genres, as well as suggest the most characteristic fixed strings for a given communicative practice.

Selected references:

Biber, D. et al. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.
Culpeper, J., M. Kytö. 2010. Early Modern English dialogues: Spoken interaction as writing. Cambridge: CUP.
Jones, Claire. 1998. "Formula and formulation: "Efficacy phrases" in medieval English medical manuscripts", Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 99 (2): 199-209.
Kopaczyk, J. Forthcoming. The legal language of Scottish burghs (1380-1560): Standardisation and lexical patterns. OUP.
Mäkinen, Martti. 2011. "Efficacy phrases in Early Modern English medical recipes", In Irma Taavitsainen and Päivi Pahta (eds.), 158-179.
Taavitsainen, Irma. 2001. "Middle English recipes. Genre characteristics, text type features and underlying traditions of writing", Journal of Historical Pragmatics 2 (1): 85-113.
Taavitsainen, I. et al. 2010. Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT, 1500–1700). DVD-ROM with EMEMT Presenter software (R. Hickey). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tyrkkö Jukka and Turo Hiltunen. 2009. "Frequency of nominalization in Early Modern English medical writing". In Andreas Jucker, Marianne Hundt, and Daniel Schreier (eds.) Corpora: Pragmatics and Discourse. Papers from the 29th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 293-316.
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"In this paper I revisit the framework of pragmaphilology – one of the basic subdisciplines of hi... more "In this paper I revisit the framework of pragmaphilology – one of the basic subdisciplines of historical pragmatics, as originally defined by Jacobs and Jucker (1995). In that programmatic volume on historical pragmatics, pragmaphilology was distinguished from diachronic pragmatics and delineated as a scholarly inquiry which reaches beyond the traditional structural interests of historical linguists. According to Jacobs and Jucker (1995: 11), "[p]ragmaphilology goes one step further and describes the contextual aspects of historical texts, including the addressers and addressees, their social and personal relationship, the physical and social setting of text production and text reception, and the goal(s) of the text". Thus, in that first major volume on historical pragmatics, the section on pragmaphilology included contributions on medieval textual reception, on punctuation in renaissance literature, on multilingualism, on wills, on early grammars and grammarians, and on communicative clues in stylistic properties of medieval poetry.
Recently, however, it seems that the application of the term "pragmaphilology" has developed in a new direction. The recent volume which aims to present the current state of the field of historical pragmatics (Jucker and Taavitsainen (eds.) 2010), has a section entitled "Pragmaphilology" with contributions on Chaucer's and Shakespeare's language only. This appropriation of the label implies that the subdiscipline deals with literary language and its pragmatic aspects. Therefore, the present paper aims to clarify the boundaries of this subfield of pragmatics by analyzing the contents and scope of the contributions to Journal of Historical Pragmatics, which is the most influential outlet for historical pragmatic inquiries, since its inception till the present day (2000-2012). I will also back up this analysis with the overview of how the term "pragmaphilology" has been applied in selected recent monographs in the field.

References:
Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 2000-2012. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jucker, A.H. 1995. Historical pragmatics. Pragmatic developments in the history of English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jucker, A.H. and I. Taavitsainen (eds.) 2010. Historical pragmatics. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton."