Lance Sherry - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Lance Sherry
Air Traffic Control Systems
Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2015
Apparatus and method for controlling the vertical profile of an aircraft
Display of altitude and path capture trajectories
Agility Training and Assessment
Effects of Fuel Price on Total Fuel Burn and System Capacity- An Analysis of Advanced Engine and Airframe Technology and Airline Responses to Changes in Fuel Price
15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2015
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
In a class of accidents, known as Controlled Flight into Stall (CFIS), a structurally, mechanical... more In a class of accidents, known as Controlled Flight into Stall (CFIS), a structurally, mechanically, and electronically sound aircraft decelerated through the minimum safe operating speed (1.3 V Stall ) to the stick-shaker stall speed. These accidents followed a pattern in which a triggering event (e.g., sensor failure, flight crew entry) resulted in an automation mode change, which led to an inappropriate flight control command, which in turn resulted in a trajectory that violated the speed envelope. In all of these cases, the flight crew, who are required to "mind the gap" between the 10 -5 automation design standard and the 10 -9 operational hazard reliability standard, were not able to intervene in a timely manner. To address this phenomenon, researchers have proposed "low speed alerting" solutions, but this alerting takes place after the speed deviation has occurred. What would it take to detect the speed violation scenario before it occurs?
INCOSE International Symposium, 1995
ABSTRACT
NEXTOR Draft Final …, 2010
Executive Summary Flight delay is a serious and widespread problem in the United States. Increasi... more Executive Summary Flight delay is a serious and widespread problem in the United States. Increasing flight delays place a significant strain on the US air travel system and cost airlines, passengers, and society at many billions of dollars each year. While a number of previous studies have attempted to estimate the total economic impact of delays, scientific knowledge about the cost of delay is still limited. The Federal Aviation Administration sponsored the five NEXTOR universities and the Brattle Group to conduct a ...
Flight rescheduling decisions for minimizing passenger trip delays
ABSTRACT It has been the practice of the majority of airlines to reschedule passengers and flight... more ABSTRACT It has been the practice of the majority of airlines to reschedule passengers and flights so as to minimize flight delay. Some airlines are now starting to look at the problem of rescheduling from the perspective of the passenger and are trying to minimize the impact of missed and cancelled connecting flights on the consumer. In this paper we propose the algorithm Basic Reduction Yare Approach for fliGHts, BRYAGH for minimizing airline passenger trip delay. Though BRYAGH is a first step in developing an algorithm for decreasing passenger trip delay, we demonstrate improvement in passenger delay.
2010 Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Conference Proceedings, 2010
Airports are of significant economic importance to regional businesses and to the quality of life... more Airports are of significant economic importance to regional businesses and to the quality of life of residents by providing access to safe, secure, rapid, affordable air transportation services. At the major U.S. airports, regional airport authorities operate the airports as public utilities providing infrastructure to service providers and their supply chain under "revenue neutral" financial regulations. As public entities with no stockholder profit motives, the airport authorities are obliged to work to balance the interests of all of their stakeholders to build the airport infrastructure, lease space to service providers, and ensure that the service providers collaborate to provide seamless, safe, secure service to the consumers of air travel services. A review of published airport benchmarks revealed that they are largely ambiguous on stakeholders and stakeholder boundaries. This paper identifies: 1) Airport stakeholders and their objectives for the airport 2) The relationships between the stakeholders 3) Conceptual boundaries around the airport at which comprehensive and comparative benchmarking could be performed 4) Reinforcing loops through the airport stakeholder relationships 5) That the airport is a complex, collaborative service environment, and that some stakeholders have objectives for the airport whose fulfillment is not fully under the control of airport management The implications of each of these items for comprehensive and comparative benchmarks of airport performance are discussed.
Dynamic Storyboards: Faster Cheaper Software Prototypes for Usability Evaluation
ABSTRACT
Improving the aircraft cockpit user-interface: using rule-based expert system models
Analysis of performance and equity in ground delay programs
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2010
ABSTRACT The discrepancy between the projected demand for arrival slots at an airport and the pro... more ABSTRACT The discrepancy between the projected demand for arrival slots at an airport and the projected available arrival slots on a given day is resolved by the Ground Delay Program (GDP). The current GDP rationing rule, Ration-by-Schedule, allocates the available arrival slots at the affected airport by scheduled arrival time of the flights with some adjustments to balance the equity between airlines. This rule does not take into account passenger flow and fuel flow performance in the rationing assignment tradeoff.This paper examines the trade-off between passenger delays and excess surface fuel burn as well as airline equity and passenger equity in GDP slot allocation using different rationing rules. A GDP Rationing Rule Simulator (GDP-RRS) is developed to calculate performance and equity metrics for all stakeholders using six alternate rules. The results show that there is a trade-off between GDP performance and GDP equity. Ration-by-Passengers (a rule which maximizes the passenger throughput) decreased total passenger delay by 22% and decreased total excess fuel burn by 57% with no change in total flight delay compared to the traditional Ration-by-Schedule. However, when the airline and passenger equity are primary concerns, the Ration-by-Schedule is preferred.
Drinking from the Fire Hose: Why the Flight Management System Can Be Hard to Train and Difficult to Use
ABSTRACT The Flight Management Computer (FMC) and its interface, the Multi-function Control and D... more ABSTRACT The Flight Management Computer (FMC) and its interface, the Multi-function Control and Display Unit (MCDU) have been identified by researchers and airlines as difficult to train and use. Specifically, airline pilots have described the "drinking from the fire-hose" effect during training. Previous research has identified memorized action sequences as a major factor in a user s ability to learn and operate complex devices. This paper discusses the use of a method to examine the quantity of memorized action sequences required to perform a sample of 102 tasks, using features of the Boeing 777 Flight Management Computer Interface. The analysis identified a large number of memorized action sequences that must be learned during training and then recalled during line operations. Seventy-five percent of the tasks examined require recall of at least one memorized action sequence. Forty-five percent of the tasks require recall of a memorized action sequence and occur infrequently. The large number of memorized action sequences may provide an explanation for the difficulties in training and usage of the automation. Based on these findings, implications for training and the design of new user-interfaces are discussed.
Industry strategists and government regulators have focused on addressing concerns over the perfo... more Industry strategists and government regulators have focused on addressing concerns over the performance of the air transportation system with respect to delays. Emphasis has been placed on managing the problems at New York slot controlled airports, since 12% of flight delays have been attributed to flights passing through New York. This paper examines the effect of increased fuel prices on the performance of the air transportation system. Analysis identified that the number of markets served and the flights operated have remained constant in the presence of increased operational costs (+59%). Revenue has increased 29% through changes in airfares and the use of smaller aircraft (down 3%), while keeping service to all markets. With aircraft size changes and scheduling adjustments, flight delays have been reduced by 14% in 2008. The effects of seasonality are also discussed.
The New York metroplex airports (JFK, LGA, EWR) provide air transportation service to this critic... more The New York metroplex airports (JFK, LGA, EWR) provide air transportation service to this critical international economic hub. In the summer of 2007 the flights servicing the NYC metroplex airports experienced excessive delays and cancellations that added significant costs to doing business in New York. These delays can be attributed to changes in daily airport capacity (due to weather) and to airline practices, in accordance with regulations, of scheduling in excess of airport capacity. Previous research has demonstrated that maintaining airline seat capacity by increasing aircraft size and reducing frequency is an economically efficient and feasible solution. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the air transportation service to the New York metroplex airports. The metroplex has service to 109 domestic airports. Thirty six percent of airports serve all three New York airports, while 35% serve two of the airports. For the airports that serve all three NY airports, the average number of flights per day is 24 with a maximum of 60. These flights have an average seat size ranging from 41 to 178 with an average of 91 seats per flight. During the summer of 2007, these flights had passenger load factors ranging from 53% to 91% with an average of 71%. This yields an average of 633 unused seats per day on these routes. Additional statistics and discussion of these results on the implications for consolidation of service with larger aircraft and reduced frequency is discussed.
Method and apparatus for annunciation of vehicle operational modes
How a cognitive tutor can improve pilot knowledge of mode transitions
Gateway to the New Millennium. 18th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH37033), 1999
The behavior of a modern autopilot is governed by a set of rules. Several researchers have demons... more The behavior of a modern autopilot is governed by a set of rules. Several researchers have demonstrated that pilots have gaps in their knowledge of these rules and have difficulty explaining and predicting the behavior of the autopilot. Apart from the absence of training and cockpit annunciations, natural cognitive mechanisms cause pilots to forget (due to infrequent use) and simplify
Stringent federal and state programs along with technology innovation have resulted in declining ... more Stringent federal and state programs along with technology innovation have resulted in declining emissions from static sources (e.g. power plants) and are projected to meet national quality standards by 2025. The same cannot be said for mobile sources of emissions from flight operations at airports. In the absence changes in airport operations, the forecast rates of growth in flight operations will jeopardize State's abilities to lower emissions to meet Federal standards.
Aircraft automation, particularly the automation surrounding vertical navigation has been cited a... more Aircraft automation, particularly the automation surrounding vertical navigation has been cited as an area of training difficulty and a source of confusion during operation. A number of incidents and accidents have been attributed to a lack of crew understanding of what the automation is doing. This paper describes an experiment which tested a new display for automated vertical guidance. The study utilized a training package designed to teach the vertical guidance portion of the Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA), as seen in normal operations of the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The results of the study showed that this type of training can be successfully delivered via a computer based training device. Additionally, the results began to show a trend in favor of the new display, although without reaching statistical significance. This study is part of a larger project to improve the recognition and understanding of the "objectives and behaviors" of automated systems through a formal methodology. The formal methodology, referred to as the operational procedures methodology, integrates the design of the system with the design of the training and display information requirements for that system (Sherry, 1995).
Air Traffic Control Systems
Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2015
Apparatus and method for controlling the vertical profile of an aircraft
Display of altitude and path capture trajectories
Agility Training and Assessment
Effects of Fuel Price on Total Fuel Burn and System Capacity- An Analysis of Advanced Engine and Airframe Technology and Airline Responses to Changes in Fuel Price
15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, 2015
2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2014
In a class of accidents, known as Controlled Flight into Stall (CFIS), a structurally, mechanical... more In a class of accidents, known as Controlled Flight into Stall (CFIS), a structurally, mechanically, and electronically sound aircraft decelerated through the minimum safe operating speed (1.3 V Stall ) to the stick-shaker stall speed. These accidents followed a pattern in which a triggering event (e.g., sensor failure, flight crew entry) resulted in an automation mode change, which led to an inappropriate flight control command, which in turn resulted in a trajectory that violated the speed envelope. In all of these cases, the flight crew, who are required to "mind the gap" between the 10 -5 automation design standard and the 10 -9 operational hazard reliability standard, were not able to intervene in a timely manner. To address this phenomenon, researchers have proposed "low speed alerting" solutions, but this alerting takes place after the speed deviation has occurred. What would it take to detect the speed violation scenario before it occurs?
INCOSE International Symposium, 1995
ABSTRACT
NEXTOR Draft Final …, 2010
Executive Summary Flight delay is a serious and widespread problem in the United States. Increasi... more Executive Summary Flight delay is a serious and widespread problem in the United States. Increasing flight delays place a significant strain on the US air travel system and cost airlines, passengers, and society at many billions of dollars each year. While a number of previous studies have attempted to estimate the total economic impact of delays, scientific knowledge about the cost of delay is still limited. The Federal Aviation Administration sponsored the five NEXTOR universities and the Brattle Group to conduct a ...
Flight rescheduling decisions for minimizing passenger trip delays
ABSTRACT It has been the practice of the majority of airlines to reschedule passengers and flight... more ABSTRACT It has been the practice of the majority of airlines to reschedule passengers and flights so as to minimize flight delay. Some airlines are now starting to look at the problem of rescheduling from the perspective of the passenger and are trying to minimize the impact of missed and cancelled connecting flights on the consumer. In this paper we propose the algorithm Basic Reduction Yare Approach for fliGHts, BRYAGH for minimizing airline passenger trip delay. Though BRYAGH is a first step in developing an algorithm for decreasing passenger trip delay, we demonstrate improvement in passenger delay.
2010 Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Conference Proceedings, 2010
Airports are of significant economic importance to regional businesses and to the quality of life... more Airports are of significant economic importance to regional businesses and to the quality of life of residents by providing access to safe, secure, rapid, affordable air transportation services. At the major U.S. airports, regional airport authorities operate the airports as public utilities providing infrastructure to service providers and their supply chain under "revenue neutral" financial regulations. As public entities with no stockholder profit motives, the airport authorities are obliged to work to balance the interests of all of their stakeholders to build the airport infrastructure, lease space to service providers, and ensure that the service providers collaborate to provide seamless, safe, secure service to the consumers of air travel services. A review of published airport benchmarks revealed that they are largely ambiguous on stakeholders and stakeholder boundaries. This paper identifies: 1) Airport stakeholders and their objectives for the airport 2) The relationships between the stakeholders 3) Conceptual boundaries around the airport at which comprehensive and comparative benchmarking could be performed 4) Reinforcing loops through the airport stakeholder relationships 5) That the airport is a complex, collaborative service environment, and that some stakeholders have objectives for the airport whose fulfillment is not fully under the control of airport management The implications of each of these items for comprehensive and comparative benchmarks of airport performance are discussed.
Dynamic Storyboards: Faster Cheaper Software Prototypes for Usability Evaluation
ABSTRACT
Improving the aircraft cockpit user-interface: using rule-based expert system models
Analysis of performance and equity in ground delay programs
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2010
ABSTRACT The discrepancy between the projected demand for arrival slots at an airport and the pro... more ABSTRACT The discrepancy between the projected demand for arrival slots at an airport and the projected available arrival slots on a given day is resolved by the Ground Delay Program (GDP). The current GDP rationing rule, Ration-by-Schedule, allocates the available arrival slots at the affected airport by scheduled arrival time of the flights with some adjustments to balance the equity between airlines. This rule does not take into account passenger flow and fuel flow performance in the rationing assignment tradeoff.This paper examines the trade-off between passenger delays and excess surface fuel burn as well as airline equity and passenger equity in GDP slot allocation using different rationing rules. A GDP Rationing Rule Simulator (GDP-RRS) is developed to calculate performance and equity metrics for all stakeholders using six alternate rules. The results show that there is a trade-off between GDP performance and GDP equity. Ration-by-Passengers (a rule which maximizes the passenger throughput) decreased total passenger delay by 22% and decreased total excess fuel burn by 57% with no change in total flight delay compared to the traditional Ration-by-Schedule. However, when the airline and passenger equity are primary concerns, the Ration-by-Schedule is preferred.
Drinking from the Fire Hose: Why the Flight Management System Can Be Hard to Train and Difficult to Use
ABSTRACT The Flight Management Computer (FMC) and its interface, the Multi-function Control and D... more ABSTRACT The Flight Management Computer (FMC) and its interface, the Multi-function Control and Display Unit (MCDU) have been identified by researchers and airlines as difficult to train and use. Specifically, airline pilots have described the "drinking from the fire-hose" effect during training. Previous research has identified memorized action sequences as a major factor in a user s ability to learn and operate complex devices. This paper discusses the use of a method to examine the quantity of memorized action sequences required to perform a sample of 102 tasks, using features of the Boeing 777 Flight Management Computer Interface. The analysis identified a large number of memorized action sequences that must be learned during training and then recalled during line operations. Seventy-five percent of the tasks examined require recall of at least one memorized action sequence. Forty-five percent of the tasks require recall of a memorized action sequence and occur infrequently. The large number of memorized action sequences may provide an explanation for the difficulties in training and usage of the automation. Based on these findings, implications for training and the design of new user-interfaces are discussed.
Industry strategists and government regulators have focused on addressing concerns over the perfo... more Industry strategists and government regulators have focused on addressing concerns over the performance of the air transportation system with respect to delays. Emphasis has been placed on managing the problems at New York slot controlled airports, since 12% of flight delays have been attributed to flights passing through New York. This paper examines the effect of increased fuel prices on the performance of the air transportation system. Analysis identified that the number of markets served and the flights operated have remained constant in the presence of increased operational costs (+59%). Revenue has increased 29% through changes in airfares and the use of smaller aircraft (down 3%), while keeping service to all markets. With aircraft size changes and scheduling adjustments, flight delays have been reduced by 14% in 2008. The effects of seasonality are also discussed.
The New York metroplex airports (JFK, LGA, EWR) provide air transportation service to this critic... more The New York metroplex airports (JFK, LGA, EWR) provide air transportation service to this critical international economic hub. In the summer of 2007 the flights servicing the NYC metroplex airports experienced excessive delays and cancellations that added significant costs to doing business in New York. These delays can be attributed to changes in daily airport capacity (due to weather) and to airline practices, in accordance with regulations, of scheduling in excess of airport capacity. Previous research has demonstrated that maintaining airline seat capacity by increasing aircraft size and reducing frequency is an economically efficient and feasible solution. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the air transportation service to the New York metroplex airports. The metroplex has service to 109 domestic airports. Thirty six percent of airports serve all three New York airports, while 35% serve two of the airports. For the airports that serve all three NY airports, the average number of flights per day is 24 with a maximum of 60. These flights have an average seat size ranging from 41 to 178 with an average of 91 seats per flight. During the summer of 2007, these flights had passenger load factors ranging from 53% to 91% with an average of 71%. This yields an average of 633 unused seats per day on these routes. Additional statistics and discussion of these results on the implications for consolidation of service with larger aircraft and reduced frequency is discussed.
Method and apparatus for annunciation of vehicle operational modes
How a cognitive tutor can improve pilot knowledge of mode transitions
Gateway to the New Millennium. 18th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH37033), 1999
The behavior of a modern autopilot is governed by a set of rules. Several researchers have demons... more The behavior of a modern autopilot is governed by a set of rules. Several researchers have demonstrated that pilots have gaps in their knowledge of these rules and have difficulty explaining and predicting the behavior of the autopilot. Apart from the absence of training and cockpit annunciations, natural cognitive mechanisms cause pilots to forget (due to infrequent use) and simplify
Stringent federal and state programs along with technology innovation have resulted in declining ... more Stringent federal and state programs along with technology innovation have resulted in declining emissions from static sources (e.g. power plants) and are projected to meet national quality standards by 2025. The same cannot be said for mobile sources of emissions from flight operations at airports. In the absence changes in airport operations, the forecast rates of growth in flight operations will jeopardize State's abilities to lower emissions to meet Federal standards.
Aircraft automation, particularly the automation surrounding vertical navigation has been cited a... more Aircraft automation, particularly the automation surrounding vertical navigation has been cited as an area of training difficulty and a source of confusion during operation. A number of incidents and accidents have been attributed to a lack of crew understanding of what the automation is doing. This paper describes an experiment which tested a new display for automated vertical guidance. The study utilized a training package designed to teach the vertical guidance portion of the Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA), as seen in normal operations of the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The results of the study showed that this type of training can be successfully delivered via a computer based training device. Additionally, the results began to show a trend in favor of the new display, although without reaching statistical significance. This study is part of a larger project to improve the recognition and understanding of the "objectives and behaviors" of automated systems through a formal methodology. The formal methodology, referred to as the operational procedures methodology, integrates the design of the system with the design of the training and display information requirements for that system (Sherry, 1995).