Eran Arie | University of Haifa (original) (raw)
Papers by Eran Arie
Eretz-Israel 35, 2024
The article presents Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct pottery type and examines their date... more The article presents Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct
pottery type and examines their date, geographical
distribution, and function. Two main types of juglets have
been observed, based on the position of the vessel’s strainer.
While Type 1 (with strainer at the base of the vessel) is
common in the southern parts of the Southern Levant,
Type 2 (with strainer at its top) has a wider geographical
distribution. It is possible that the origin of the latter is in
northern areas of the Southern Levant, whence it spread to
the south. Both types were designed to filter liquids from
the outside inward. The mechanism used in Type 1 was
more sophisticated than that of Type 2, but in both types
the purpose of the vessel was to allow filtration and transfer
of liquid from a large container to another one (probably
a bowl, for personal use) in one action. The number of
strainer-juglets that have been exposed to date and are
presented here is relatively small, making it likely that new
finds will allow for a better understanding of these special
vessels in the future.
Semitica , 2023
The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as... more The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as a sacred precinct due to its architecture and finds. Magen, the excavator of the site, separated two stratigraphic phases in the precinct, the early one of which was dated by him to the Persian and early Hellenistic Periods (5th-early 2nd century BCE). In this study I revisited the published finds from this phase and I suggest according to architecture and pottery that the foundation of the precinct should be up-dated to 650-550 BCE. This conclusion has far reaching implications concerning the new population brought by the Assyrians to Samaria and the causes of the controversy between the Samaritans and the Jews.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
This article presents the results of the study of a collection of looted artifacts (34 pottery ve... more This article presents the results of the study of a collection of looted artifacts (34 pottery vessels, a figurine and two bronze bracelets) from the Iron Age cemetery at Azor, which are located at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. As part of this research, the provenance of the objects is explored transparently and the long route they took before arriving at the Museum is considered for the very first time. Most of this group (34 out of 37 objects) is dated to the Iron Age I, during which, burial activity in the Azor cemetery was at its zenith. Some of the most elaborate Philistine style vessels ever found were unearthed there and are part of the Museum's principal collection of that material culture, yet others reflect special pottery types that merge Philistine, Canaanite and Egyptian elements into hybrid forms and decorative motifs. Here, the unique Iron I Philistine pottery repertoire from Azor is defined and discussed and it is suggested that the Lower Yarkon River Basin served as a frontier zone between the Philistine heartland and its Canaanite counterparts. This geographical area possessed economic benefits that led to its floruit during a rather limited time in the Iron Age I.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
This article discusses Iron Age composite strainers as a defined pottery type for the very first ... more This article discusses Iron Age composite strainers as a defined pottery type for the very first time and presents a coherent discussion of its properties. Even though only seven examples of composite strainers are known to date, they consist of a unique form. This contribution examines morphological and technological aspects, their use, date, geographical distribution, and archaeological context. Consideration of this rare and almost unknown pottery type may help to identify additional examples in existing unpublished and future excavations.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
The article presents the Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct pottery type, and examines their... more The article presents the Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct pottery type, and examines their date, geographical distribution, and function. Two main types are defined, based on the location of the juglet's strainer.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
This article presents three Iron Age architectural models from the collection of the Israel Museu... more This article presents three Iron Age architectural models from the collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Despite their unprovenanced contexts and ambiguous origins from private collections, their publication marks a significant addition to the corpus of Ancient Near Eastern model shrines. The antiquity of the models was authenticated
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
Nearly fifty years have passed since the discovery of an elaborate kernos from Tel Sasa in the Up... more Nearly fifty years have passed since the discovery of an elaborate kernos from Tel Sasa in the Upper Galilee of Israel. Yet, it is only with the present article that this extraordinary vessel is formally published in a full and proper manner. The ceramic vessel, which is decorated in paint, was found in an evidently cultic context in a small shrine at the summit of the tell and comprises a hollow ring to which were attached six figurative and miniature forms, of which only two pomegranates, a single dove, and a chalice were preserved. Although incomplete, the present examination of the kernos has led to the reconstruction of the two missing attachments as a bull and a jar. Moreover, this study also revealed that the three extant attachments-the two pomegranates and the dove-do not have any opening at their top; hence, the kernos not only functioned as a libation vessel, but also as a kind of a trick vase. The circulation of the liquid in the closed attachments may have conveyed special meaning to the liquid. The iconography of the kernos attests to the fact that fertility, abundance and the cycles in which they appear in life were the most important aspects it symbolized. In order to further explore this object, a petrographic analysis revealed that it was manufactured at Tel Sasa itself, or in its immediate vicinity. This local production is another indication of the isolated nature of the Upper Galilee settlements during the Iron Age I. Finally, during this research, a catalogue of fifteen kernos fragments from The Israel Museum collection was compiled, as well, and is published here for the very first time.
![Research paper thumbnail of 2022. The Earliest Known Sign of Tanit from Level H-10 [in Megiddo]. In: Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M.A.S. (eds.). Megiddo VI: The 2010-2014 Seasons. Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Monograph Series 41. Tel Aviv. pp. 1351-1358.](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101624060/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of 2022. Jewelry Hoard from Early Iron Age I (Level H-11) [in Megiddo]. In: Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M.A.S. (eds.). Megiddo VI: The 2010-2014 Seasons. Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Monograph Series 41. Tel Aviv. pp. 1097-1132.](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102538595/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of 2022. The Late Bronze III and Early Iron I Pottery from Levels H-12, H-11 and H-10 [in Megiddo]. Megiddo VI: The 2010-2014 Seasons. Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Monograph Series 41. Tel Aviv. pp. 780-893.](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102133731/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](This chapter presents the Late Bronze III and early Iron I pottery that was uncovered during the ... more This chapter presents the Late Bronze III and early Iron I pottery that was uncovered during the 2008-2013 seasons. It is a continuation of my study of the Late Bronze III and Iron I pottery published in Megiddo IV and Megiddo V (Arie 2006, Arie 2013a). The ceramic assemblages of three local levels (Level H-12, H-11 and H-10) are published here for the first time. Their date and equation with the UoC strata are dealt with at the end of this chapter. Table 22.1 indicates contemporaneity of the assemblages discussed here to the UoC strata and other areas of our excavations. A quick glance at the table shows that in this report we down-dated the end-phase of Stratum VIIA to the very beginning of the Iron I. This new dating relies on the finds from Levels H-12 and H-11 and is explained below at length (see also Finkelstein et al. 2017). The rich pottery assemblage of Stratum VIA, which dates to the late Iron I, has been extensively studied in recent years (Harrison 2004; Zarzecki-Peleg 2005a; Arie 2006; 2013a). However, the Late Bronze III and early Iron I layers at Megiddo (Strata VIIA and VIB) have suffered from lack of material from good floor contexts. This chapter is aimed at filling this gap. During the excavations all sherds from clean loci were collected, washed and sorted. All the pottery sherds were sent for restoration. After the restoration process, all the indicative sherds and vessels were preserved and counted (Tables 22.26-22.27). Following that, complete vessels and selected sherds were drawn and arranged as plates (Figs. 22.51-22.73). All vessels and sherds were classified according to the typological system used in the previous reports (Arie 2006; 2013a). In a few cases the previous typology was enriched: three new types (and subtypes) were added (BL8a, CH4 and CP10) and a small number of corrections and improvements were noted. The present typology includes a complete count of all the pottery (ca. 1,500 sherds and complete vessels) from Levels H-12, H-11 and H-10 (see comprehensive sherd catalog in Appendix II). A list of parallel types from other LB III and Iron I typological systems appears at the end of each pottery type. The ceramic parallels that are presented for the pottery of the Late Bronze III originate mainly from three sites:
![Research paper thumbnail of 2022. Area H: Levels H-12 to H-10 [in Megiddo]. Megiddo VI: The 2010-2014 Seasons. Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Monograph Series 41. Tel Aviv. pp. 87-118.](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102925794/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](
New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region 14, 2021
The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as... more The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as a sacred precinct due to its architecture and finds. Magen, the excavator of the site, separated two stratigraphic phases in the precinct, the early one of which was dated by him to the Persian and early Hellenistic Periods (5th-early 2nd century BCE). In this study I revisited all the published finds from this phase and I suggest according to architecture, Proto-Ionic capitals, pottery and C14 that the foundation of the precinct should be up-dated to 650-550 BCE. This conclusion has far reaching implications for reconstructing the Samaritan history in the late Iron Age and early Persian Period. Moreover, I re-study the two almost complete Proto-Ionic capitals that were excavated in the site. They are fully published here for the first time, and a new reconstruction of both is presented.
Michmanim 29, 2021
A stone altar, stylistically dated to the Iron Age II, was uncovered at Tell es-Samak (Shikmona/P... more A stone altar, stylistically dated to the Iron Age II, was uncovered at Tell es-Samak (Shikmona/Porphyreon) while dismantling a Byzantine wall. After describing the object and presenting past research, the altar is discussed in its Phoenician context. We suggest that it was inspired by Israelite prototypes and that it reflects cultural ties between the Phoenicians and the Northern Kingdom of Israel during the Iron Age IIA or IIB.
Collecting and Provenance, 2021
More than thirty years have passed since the famous Moshe Dayan Collection was first exhibited at... more More than thirty years have passed since the famous Moshe Dayan Collection was first exhibited at The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, in 1986. The collection had been purchased by donors for the Museum four years previously, after a scandalous affair, still engraved in the collective memory of Israeli society in general and for many visitors to the Museum in particular.
Moshe Dayan, Israel Defence Forces Chief of Staff and later the Minister of Defence, was not only a collector of antiquities but also an avid fan of excavations. Unfortunately, since he had no formal archaeological training, his “excavations” were nothing but pure robbery. From 1951 to 1981, he established a vast collection of antiquities, acquired through illicit excavations, as well as bought, exchanged and sold antiquities in Israel and abroad. Despite criticism from both civilian and professional authorities, due to his heroic past and political power his activities were ignored or even encouraged.
This chapter presents the long and varied relationship between Dayan and The Israel Museum’s staff. It is based on so far unpublished source material from the Museum’s archive. Moreover, the chapter re-evaluates the Dayan Collection and exposes some of its highlights and fakes. It concludes with the lessons from this acquisition which became a cornerstone in the Museum’s history.
In: Covello-Paran, K. Erlich, A. and Be'eri, R. eds. New Studies in the Archaeology of Northern Israel. Jerusalem. Pp. 31-39, 2021
In their article, The Kernos from Tel Sasa, Eran Arie and Yuval Goren provide new insights into t... more In their article, The Kernos from Tel Sasa, Eran Arie and Yuval Goren provide new insights into the Iron I kernos discovered in 1975 in Guz-Zilberstein’s excavations at the site. Although 45 years have passed since its discovery, the kernos has not been fully studied. The authors attempt to reconstruct the function of the vessel and its cultural implications based on its design, iconography and petrographic analysis.
Ebeling, J. and Guillaume, P. eds. The Woman in the Pith Helmet: A Tribute to Archaeologist Norma Franklin. Atlanta (Lockwood Press).
Most provenance studies carried out in the southern Levant are based on pottery uncovered in urba... more Most provenance studies carried out in the southern Levant are based on pottery uncovered in urban sites. Hinterland settlements are almost completely neglected as excavations and publications of countryside sites are relatively rare in the archaeology of the Bronze and the Iron Ages in this region. This article presents the result of a petrographic study of Late Bronze Age III and Iron Age I pottery assemblages at four rural sites from the Jezreel Valley.
An investigation of the three Achaemenid throne parts housed in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, rep... more An investigation of the three Achaemenid throne parts housed in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, reported to be from Samaria, found that they were made of bronze but with ceramic material that adhered to their interior. The purpose of the study was to determine their provenance, provenience and manufacturing techniques. As museum pieces, this had to be done in a minimally destructive manner. The methods employed were pXRF, SEM-EDS and petrography. All three items were cast from a leaded high-tin copper alloy, using the lost wax technique. However, the artefacts were cast in two workshops, neither of which was in the Samaria region. In conjunction with their Achaemenid characteristics, it is likely that the thrones were manufactured as part of the Achaemenid imperial policy, thus, granting royal credence to the individual occupying the throne, perhaps the governor of a province.
Eretz-Israel 35, 2024
The article presents Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct pottery type and examines their date... more The article presents Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct
pottery type and examines their date, geographical
distribution, and function. Two main types of juglets have
been observed, based on the position of the vessel’s strainer.
While Type 1 (with strainer at the base of the vessel) is
common in the southern parts of the Southern Levant,
Type 2 (with strainer at its top) has a wider geographical
distribution. It is possible that the origin of the latter is in
northern areas of the Southern Levant, whence it spread to
the south. Both types were designed to filter liquids from
the outside inward. The mechanism used in Type 1 was
more sophisticated than that of Type 2, but in both types
the purpose of the vessel was to allow filtration and transfer
of liquid from a large container to another one (probably
a bowl, for personal use) in one action. The number of
strainer-juglets that have been exposed to date and are
presented here is relatively small, making it likely that new
finds will allow for a better understanding of these special
vessels in the future.
Semitica , 2023
The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as... more The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as a sacred precinct due to its architecture and finds. Magen, the excavator of the site, separated two stratigraphic phases in the precinct, the early one of which was dated by him to the Persian and early Hellenistic Periods (5th-early 2nd century BCE). In this study I revisited the published finds from this phase and I suggest according to architecture and pottery that the foundation of the precinct should be up-dated to 650-550 BCE. This conclusion has far reaching implications concerning the new population brought by the Assyrians to Samaria and the causes of the controversy between the Samaritans and the Jews.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
This article presents the results of the study of a collection of looted artifacts (34 pottery ve... more This article presents the results of the study of a collection of looted artifacts (34 pottery vessels, a figurine and two bronze bracelets) from the Iron Age cemetery at Azor, which are located at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. As part of this research, the provenance of the objects is explored transparently and the long route they took before arriving at the Museum is considered for the very first time. Most of this group (34 out of 37 objects) is dated to the Iron Age I, during which, burial activity in the Azor cemetery was at its zenith. Some of the most elaborate Philistine style vessels ever found were unearthed there and are part of the Museum's principal collection of that material culture, yet others reflect special pottery types that merge Philistine, Canaanite and Egyptian elements into hybrid forms and decorative motifs. Here, the unique Iron I Philistine pottery repertoire from Azor is defined and discussed and it is suggested that the Lower Yarkon River Basin served as a frontier zone between the Philistine heartland and its Canaanite counterparts. This geographical area possessed economic benefits that led to its floruit during a rather limited time in the Iron Age I.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
This article discusses Iron Age composite strainers as a defined pottery type for the very first ... more This article discusses Iron Age composite strainers as a defined pottery type for the very first time and presents a coherent discussion of its properties. Even though only seven examples of composite strainers are known to date, they consist of a unique form. This contribution examines morphological and technological aspects, their use, date, geographical distribution, and archaeological context. Consideration of this rare and almost unknown pottery type may help to identify additional examples in existing unpublished and future excavations.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
The article presents the Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct pottery type, and examines their... more The article presents the Iron Age strainer-juglets as a distinct pottery type, and examines their date, geographical distribution, and function. Two main types are defined, based on the location of the juglet's strainer.
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
This article presents three Iron Age architectural models from the collection of the Israel Museu... more This article presents three Iron Age architectural models from the collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Despite their unprovenanced contexts and ambiguous origins from private collections, their publication marks a significant addition to the corpus of Ancient Near Eastern model shrines. The antiquity of the models was authenticated
Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology 11, 2023
Nearly fifty years have passed since the discovery of an elaborate kernos from Tel Sasa in the Up... more Nearly fifty years have passed since the discovery of an elaborate kernos from Tel Sasa in the Upper Galilee of Israel. Yet, it is only with the present article that this extraordinary vessel is formally published in a full and proper manner. The ceramic vessel, which is decorated in paint, was found in an evidently cultic context in a small shrine at the summit of the tell and comprises a hollow ring to which were attached six figurative and miniature forms, of which only two pomegranates, a single dove, and a chalice were preserved. Although incomplete, the present examination of the kernos has led to the reconstruction of the two missing attachments as a bull and a jar. Moreover, this study also revealed that the three extant attachments-the two pomegranates and the dove-do not have any opening at their top; hence, the kernos not only functioned as a libation vessel, but also as a kind of a trick vase. The circulation of the liquid in the closed attachments may have conveyed special meaning to the liquid. The iconography of the kernos attests to the fact that fertility, abundance and the cycles in which they appear in life were the most important aspects it symbolized. In order to further explore this object, a petrographic analysis revealed that it was manufactured at Tel Sasa itself, or in its immediate vicinity. This local production is another indication of the isolated nature of the Upper Galilee settlements during the Iron Age I. Finally, during this research, a catalogue of fifteen kernos fragments from The Israel Museum collection was compiled, as well, and is published here for the very first time.
This chapter presents the Late Bronze III and early Iron I pottery that was uncovered during the ... more This chapter presents the Late Bronze III and early Iron I pottery that was uncovered during the 2008-2013 seasons. It is a continuation of my study of the Late Bronze III and Iron I pottery published in Megiddo IV and Megiddo V (Arie 2006, Arie 2013a). The ceramic assemblages of three local levels (Level H-12, H-11 and H-10) are published here for the first time. Their date and equation with the UoC strata are dealt with at the end of this chapter. Table 22.1 indicates contemporaneity of the assemblages discussed here to the UoC strata and other areas of our excavations. A quick glance at the table shows that in this report we down-dated the end-phase of Stratum VIIA to the very beginning of the Iron I. This new dating relies on the finds from Levels H-12 and H-11 and is explained below at length (see also Finkelstein et al. 2017). The rich pottery assemblage of Stratum VIA, which dates to the late Iron I, has been extensively studied in recent years (Harrison 2004; Zarzecki-Peleg 2005a; Arie 2006; 2013a). However, the Late Bronze III and early Iron I layers at Megiddo (Strata VIIA and VIB) have suffered from lack of material from good floor contexts. This chapter is aimed at filling this gap. During the excavations all sherds from clean loci were collected, washed and sorted. All the pottery sherds were sent for restoration. After the restoration process, all the indicative sherds and vessels were preserved and counted (Tables 22.26-22.27). Following that, complete vessels and selected sherds were drawn and arranged as plates (Figs. 22.51-22.73). All vessels and sherds were classified according to the typological system used in the previous reports (Arie 2006; 2013a). In a few cases the previous typology was enriched: three new types (and subtypes) were added (BL8a, CH4 and CP10) and a small number of corrections and improvements were noted. The present typology includes a complete count of all the pottery (ca. 1,500 sherds and complete vessels) from Levels H-12, H-11 and H-10 (see comprehensive sherd catalog in Appendix II). A list of parallel types from other LB III and Iron I typological systems appears at the end of each pottery type. The ceramic parallels that are presented for the pottery of the Late Bronze III originate mainly from three sites:
New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region 14, 2021
The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as... more The excavations of Mount Gerizim uncovered the remains of a large compound that was understood as a sacred precinct due to its architecture and finds. Magen, the excavator of the site, separated two stratigraphic phases in the precinct, the early one of which was dated by him to the Persian and early Hellenistic Periods (5th-early 2nd century BCE). In this study I revisited all the published finds from this phase and I suggest according to architecture, Proto-Ionic capitals, pottery and C14 that the foundation of the precinct should be up-dated to 650-550 BCE. This conclusion has far reaching implications for reconstructing the Samaritan history in the late Iron Age and early Persian Period. Moreover, I re-study the two almost complete Proto-Ionic capitals that were excavated in the site. They are fully published here for the first time, and a new reconstruction of both is presented.
Michmanim 29, 2021
A stone altar, stylistically dated to the Iron Age II, was uncovered at Tell es-Samak (Shikmona/P... more A stone altar, stylistically dated to the Iron Age II, was uncovered at Tell es-Samak (Shikmona/Porphyreon) while dismantling a Byzantine wall. After describing the object and presenting past research, the altar is discussed in its Phoenician context. We suggest that it was inspired by Israelite prototypes and that it reflects cultural ties between the Phoenicians and the Northern Kingdom of Israel during the Iron Age IIA or IIB.
Collecting and Provenance, 2021
More than thirty years have passed since the famous Moshe Dayan Collection was first exhibited at... more More than thirty years have passed since the famous Moshe Dayan Collection was first exhibited at The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, in 1986. The collection had been purchased by donors for the Museum four years previously, after a scandalous affair, still engraved in the collective memory of Israeli society in general and for many visitors to the Museum in particular.
Moshe Dayan, Israel Defence Forces Chief of Staff and later the Minister of Defence, was not only a collector of antiquities but also an avid fan of excavations. Unfortunately, since he had no formal archaeological training, his “excavations” were nothing but pure robbery. From 1951 to 1981, he established a vast collection of antiquities, acquired through illicit excavations, as well as bought, exchanged and sold antiquities in Israel and abroad. Despite criticism from both civilian and professional authorities, due to his heroic past and political power his activities were ignored or even encouraged.
This chapter presents the long and varied relationship between Dayan and The Israel Museum’s staff. It is based on so far unpublished source material from the Museum’s archive. Moreover, the chapter re-evaluates the Dayan Collection and exposes some of its highlights and fakes. It concludes with the lessons from this acquisition which became a cornerstone in the Museum’s history.
In: Covello-Paran, K. Erlich, A. and Be'eri, R. eds. New Studies in the Archaeology of Northern Israel. Jerusalem. Pp. 31-39, 2021
In their article, The Kernos from Tel Sasa, Eran Arie and Yuval Goren provide new insights into t... more In their article, The Kernos from Tel Sasa, Eran Arie and Yuval Goren provide new insights into the Iron I kernos discovered in 1975 in Guz-Zilberstein’s excavations at the site. Although 45 years have passed since its discovery, the kernos has not been fully studied. The authors attempt to reconstruct the function of the vessel and its cultural implications based on its design, iconography and petrographic analysis.
Ebeling, J. and Guillaume, P. eds. The Woman in the Pith Helmet: A Tribute to Archaeologist Norma Franklin. Atlanta (Lockwood Press).
Most provenance studies carried out in the southern Levant are based on pottery uncovered in urba... more Most provenance studies carried out in the southern Levant are based on pottery uncovered in urban sites. Hinterland settlements are almost completely neglected as excavations and publications of countryside sites are relatively rare in the archaeology of the Bronze and the Iron Ages in this region. This article presents the result of a petrographic study of Late Bronze Age III and Iron Age I pottery assemblages at four rural sites from the Jezreel Valley.
An investigation of the three Achaemenid throne parts housed in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, rep... more An investigation of the three Achaemenid throne parts housed in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, reported to be from Samaria, found that they were made of bronze but with ceramic material that adhered to their interior. The purpose of the study was to determine their provenance, provenience and manufacturing techniques. As museum pieces, this had to be done in a minimally destructive manner. The methods employed were pXRF, SEM-EDS and petrography. All three items were cast from a leaded high-tin copper alloy, using the lost wax technique. However, the artefacts were cast in two workshops, neither of which was in the Samaria region. In conjunction with their Achaemenid characteristics, it is likely that the thrones were manufactured as part of the Achaemenid imperial policy, thus, granting royal credence to the individual occupying the throne, perhaps the governor of a province.
![Research paper thumbnail of Kohl Container [from Megiddo]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 123-125. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014434/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Bent Scimitar. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 122-123. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014428/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Inlay Plaque Depicting a Canaanite Ruler [from Megiddo]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 119-122. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014424/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Cult Niches with Octagonal Columns [from Lachish]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 117-119. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014409/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Anthropoid Coffins. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 97-100. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014394/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Papyrus-Shaped Capitals [from Beth Shean]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 88-90. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014378/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Canaanite Commercial Jars. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 79-80. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014375/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Anchor produced from an obsolete Egyptian engraving [from Megadim Coast]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 77-78. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014364/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Cylinder Inscribed in Akkadian in Cuneiform Script [from Beth Shean]. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 64. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014345/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of The Labayu Affair in the Amarna Letters. In: Ben Tor, D. et al. 2016. Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story. (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Catalogue no. 637). Jerusalem: 56-57. [Combined English and Hebrew versions]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54014333/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of [Phoenician] Ewer. In: Aruz, J. Graff, S.B. and Rakic, Y. (eds.). 2014. Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of Classical Age. (Metropolitan Museum of Art Catalogue). New York: 226-227.](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53591939/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Reisner 92 , ill. p. 30 (bottom row, second from left); Dunham 950, pp. 3 -33, no. 9-3-562, figs.... more Reisner 92 , ill. p. 30 (bottom row, second from left); Dunham 950, pp. 3 -33, no. 9-3-562, figs. c, k, pl. 29E. 2. A good example from an earlier period is the Aegean rhyton reproduced in Egyptian faience, MFA 00.702a-d; see Robert B. Koehl in Aruz, Benzel, and Evans 2008, pp. 426 -30, no. 283. 3. Reisner 92 , ill. p. 30 (bottom row); Dunham 950, pp. 3 -33, nos. 9-3-560, 563, 564, 565, figs. c, k, pl. 29E. For other objects from the tomb, see also Kendall 982, pp. 26 -30, nos. 6 -24. 4. Reisner 92 , ill. p. 30 (top left); Dunham 950, p. 32, nos. 9-3-663, 664, 665 (MFA 2 .309 , 3092, 325a-b), figs. e, f, h, pl. 64C; Kendall 982, pp. 26 -27, figs. 7 -9.
183 73a, b. Anthropomorphic gures of worshipers Ceramic a. H. 53 cm (20 ⅞ in.), Diam. 23.5 cm (9 ... more 183 73a, b. Anthropomorphic gures of worshipers Ceramic a. H. 53 cm (20 ⅞ in.), Diam. 23.5 cm (9 ¼ in.) b. H. 67 cm (26 ⅜ in.), Diam. 3 .5 cm ( 2 ⅜ in.) En Hazeva Iron Age II, late 7th -early 6th century . . The Israel Museum, Jerusalem (a: IAA 995-48, -69; b: IAA 995-47, -65, -95)
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ... more All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means-electronic, digital, mechanical, or otherwisewithout the prior written permission of the publisher.
The Persian period Phoenician sanctuary of Makmish (Tel Michal, Israel) was excavated during two ... more The Persian period Phoenician sanctuary of Makmish (Tel Michal, Israel) was excavated during two short seasons in 1958 and 1960. Although more than sixty years have passed, only two short preliminary reports were published, and the sanctuary with its rich artifact assemblage appears to have been forgotten. The archival material of the excavation and most of the finds were recently located after countless efforts, and they are now studied in preparation for a final report.
The paper will present a preliminary study of the stratigraphy, architecture and finds from the sanctuary. The most surprising discovery was that of more than two-hundred clay figurines, of which only about fifteen were published in the past. Though it is located on the southern margins of Phoenicia, the good preservation of the sanctuary, its well-established plan and the rich figurative and ceramic assemblages make Makmish one of the best laboratories for the study of Phoenician cult during the Persian period.
“In the Land of the Valley”: Settlement, Social and Cultural Processes in the Jezreel Valley from the End of the Late Bronze Age to the Formation of the Monarchy, 2011
“In the Land of the Valley”: Settlement, Social and Cultural Processes in the Jezreel Valley from the End of the Late Bronze Age to the Formation of the Monarchy, 2011
"Then I Went Down to the Potter's House": Intrasite Spatial Analysis in the Pottery of Megiddo VIA, 2004
Nearly fifty years have passed since the discovery of an elaborate kernos from Tel Sasa in the Up... more Nearly fifty years have passed since the discovery of an elaborate kernos from Tel Sasa in the Upper Galilee of Israel. Yet, it is only with the present article that this extraordinary vessel is formally published in a full and proper manner. The ceramic vessel, which is decorated in paint, was found in an evidently cultic context in a small shrine at the summit of the tell and comprises a hollow ring to which were attached six figurative and miniature forms, of which only two pomegranates, a single dove, and a chalice were preserved. Although incomplete, the present examination of the kernos has led to the reconstruction of the two missing attachments as a bull and a jar. Moreover, this study also revealed that the three extant attachments-the two pomegranates and the dove-do not have any opening at their top; hence, the kernos not only functioned as a libation vessel, but also as a kind of a trick vase. The circulation of the liquid in the closed attachments may have conveyed special meaning to the liquid. The iconography of the kernos attests to the fact that fertility, abundance and the cycles in which they appear in life were the most important aspects it symbolized. In order to further explore this object, a petrographic analysis revealed that it was manufactured at Tel Sasa itself, or in its immediate vicinity. This local production is another indication of the isolated nature of the Upper Galilee settlements during the Iron Age I. Finally, during this research, a catalogue of fifteen kernos fragments from The Israel Museum collection was compiled, as well, and is published here for the very first time.
Megiddo archaeological site in northern Israel. Includes topics such as radiocarbon dating, geoar... more Megiddo archaeological site in northern Israel. Includes topics such as radiocarbon dating, geoarchaeology, paleo-magnetism and metallurgy"-Provided by publisher.
