Bing Ran | Penn State Harrisburg (original) (raw)
Papers by Bing Ran
Public Administration, 2024
This study investigates the collaborative factors conducive to co-production in public services, ... more This study investigates the collaborative factors conducive to co-production in public services, utilizing Ansell and Gash's framework and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) across 18 cases from the Collaborative Governance Case Database (CGCD). It identifies incentive as a necessary condition for co-production, revealing three sufficient pathways to co-production: managed, led, and self-organized co-production. The findings advance our understanding of the specific collaborative configurations that can achieve higher degree of co-production, offering an "incentive-structure-behavior" framework and practical insights for policy makers seeking to enhance public service co-production.
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4863448, 2024
Abstract: - Objective: This study systemically reviews the performance of collaborative governa... more Abstract:
- Objective: This study systemically reviews the performance of collaborative
governance in public administration, aiming to identify key success factors and barriers.
- Methodology: Using a systema/c review approach, abstracts of 280 articles from Web of Science were used for topic modeling (LDA), and then were further filtered to 96 (published between 2005 and 2024 in top public administration journals) for thematic analysis. Both topic modeling (LDA) and thematic analysis were used to uncover and categorize recurring themes.
- Results: The LDA and thematic analysis identified several categories of factors
influencing collaborative governance performance. These factors are grouped into
environment and institution-related factors, actor-related factors, structure-related
factors, and governance-related factors. Each category encompasses a range of specific elements, such as institutional frameworks, stakeholder engagement, network design, and resource management.
- Conclusions: Effective collaborative governance is shaped by these diverse factors.
Future work will aim to integrate these findings to create a cohesive framework that
provides a comprehensive understanding of collaborative governance performance, with a specific focus on addressing identified barriers and enhancing success factors.
Keywords: Collaborative Governance, Performance, Systema/c Review, Topic Modeling, Thema/c Analysis
Public management review, Jun 28, 2024
Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World, Oct 11, 2012
Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World, Oct 11, 2012
Administration & Society, May 1, 2011
Using Pennsylvania State University's responses to an identity threat, this article discusses the... more Using Pennsylvania State University's responses to an identity threat, this article discusses the social construction of organizational identity as a negotiated outcome between various stakeholders. The authors propose four main characteristics of the social construction of organizational identity-intentional, temporal, relational, and external-that extend Ran and Duimering's demarcation of two identity construction processes: the linguistic and the social construction. The authors also provide some guidance for public institutions, universities, or nonprofit organizations as they construct, maintain, and negotiate a positive identity in the context of threatening changes.
Public Management Review, 2024
This study contributes to co-production research by enhancing the less-focused citizen-centric pe... more This study contributes to co-production research by enhancing the less-focused citizen-centric perspective, traditionally overshadowed by a government-centric view that prioritizes tangible outcomes, while the mechanisms that lead to intangible results like value co-creation are less focused. Through a detailed analysis of Shanghai's community service regeneration projects, this study elucidates the structured sequential mechanisms of citizen-centric co-production, stemming from the institutional and relational incentives that drive co-production to value co-creation. This research enriches the theoretical discourse on co-production and offers practical insights for citizen-centric public service delivery, highlighting the importance of the interplay of institutional and relational dynamics in value co-creation.
Public Management Review
This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its ... more This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its enigmatic nature by comprehensively and systematically extricating and codifying different paradoxes and proposing both paradox-handling mechanisms and paradox-based research agendas. We present a framework consisting of paradoxes between normative principles, paradoxes between normative principles and real-life practices, and paradoxes in the real-life practices of collaborative governance. We discuss how to handle these inherent paradoxes and propose research agendas for scholars and practical guidance for administrators based on the paradox perspective, which will enrich collaborative governance research and practices.
Public Management Review, Feb 28, 2023
Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront... more Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront of ongoing public debate. Using a systematic literature review of 470 articles on government transparency, this article identifies eight paradoxes and dilemmas related to government transparency including regulation, public safety, media interpretation, collaborative governance, functional ability, risk-taking, privacy, and personal interpretation. We then propose a comprehensive framework on how to reconcile these paradoxes and dilemmas towards achieving better transparency outcomes and ultimately effective public administration.
Center for Rural Pennsylvania, 2023
Historical population decline in rural Pennsylvania runs counter to polling data suggesting that ... more Historical population decline in rural Pennsylvania runs counter to polling data suggesting that many Americans prefer to live in rural areas if they could live anywhere they wished. The purpose of this study was to explore this disconnect guided by two research questions: What are the factors that lure (i.e., pull toward) or block (i.e., push away) people from relocating to, and staying in, rural areas, and how do those factors align with existing population shrinkage strategies, specifically for rural communities? To explore these research questions, the researchers conducted an online survey that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative data collected from residents of Pennsylvania and 10 states adjacent to Pennsylvania. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Overall, the results of the study support the argument that there are individuals living in both neighboring states and in non-rural Pennsylvania that are not attached to where they currently live, would prefer to live in a rural area, and may respond positively to relocation incentives that are tailored to their needs and wants. Key highlights include: respondents from both samples who are married, white, have school-aged children in their household, have some level of student debt, hold conservative political views, and currently work remote in some capacity seem to be more likely than respondents without those characteristics to be open to relocating to rural Pennsylvania. The results from both samples revealed that primary healthcare access is not as prominent in the minds of respondents when considering relocation to rural Pennsylvania, compared to factors such as a strong K-12 education system or seemingly secondary needs like access to outdoor activities, a relaxed pace of life, and opportunities for civic involvement. Pennsylvania residents appear receptive to a 10-year state income tax credit as a relocation incentive.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2023
The study of social identity has been at the forefront of social psychology and behavioral resear... more The study of social identity has been at the forefront of social psychology and behavioral research for decades. Social identity theory and self-categorization theory emerged as approaches to conceptualize how the self-concept relates to identities in social contexts and how these identities impact intergroup dynamics and information processing. However, the role of social identity in an increasingly networked society is not well understood. The ubiquitous flow of algorithmized information impacts identity, behavior, and cognition in complex ways. Social media and other information and communications technology (ICT) organizations use personalization algorithms to model a person's identity, which then influences the kinds of information shared with the person, and the options and resources presented to them in different decision situations (e.g., ads/offers targeted for certain demographics). Thus, social category membership can influence an individual's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, which in turn affects how they perceive and interpret events, make decisions, and collaborate with others to solve problems. Such effects have been linked to increased polarization in society, but little is known about the underlying psychological and cognitive processes involved. This special Research Topic within Frontiers in Psychology on “Social identity dynamics in a networked society” has curated eight articles that begin to address the knowledge gap noted above in three ways.
Public Management Review, 2023
This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its ... more This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its enigmatic nature by comprehensively and systematically extricating and codifying different paradoxes and proposing both paradox-handling mechanisms and paradox-based research agendas. We present a framework consisting of paradoxes between normative principles, paradoxes between normative principles and real-life practices, and paradoxes in the real-life practices of collaborative governance. We discuss how to handle these inherent paradoxes and propose research agendas for scholars and practical guidance for administrators based on the paradox perspective, which will enrich collaborative governance research and practices.
Journal of Urban Affairs
Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities... more Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities. While abundant studies have focused on the state-led or market-based governance modes of large urban regeneration projects, relatively fewer studies investigate the collaborative governance mode, especially on the numerous street-level small-scale regeneration projects. Street-level small-scale regeneration projects directly touch on citizens' life and impact governance effectiveness at grassroot level. This paper studies dynamics of collaborative governance of a street-level regeneration that can balance multiple regeneration objectives and successfully address conflicts and tensions inherent in such projects. Our findings are significant in confirming the applicability of the basic tenets of collaborative governance in grassroot level and pointing out some key differences between large-scale collaborative governance projects and street-level small-scale projects in how governance effectiveness could be achieved through different stakeholders' interactions in urban regeneration.
Public Management Review, 2023
Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront... more Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront of ongoing public debate. Using a systematic literature review of 470 articles on government transparency, this article identifies eight paradoxes and dilemmas related to government transparency including regulation, public safety, media interpretation, collaborative governance, functional ability, risk-taking, privacy,
and personal interpretation. We then propose a comprehensive framework on how to reconcile these paradoxes and dilemmas towards achieving better transparency outcomes and ultimately effective public administration.
Journal of Urban Affairs, 2022
Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities... more Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities. While abundant studies have focused on the state-led or market-based governance modes of large urban regeneration projects, relatively fewer studies investigate the collaborative governance mode, especially on the numerous street-level small-scale regeneration projects. Street-level small-scale regeneration projects directly touch on citizens' life and impact governance effectiveness at grassroot level. This paper studies dynamics of collaborative governance of a street-level regeneration that can balance multiple regeneration objectives and successfully address conflicts and tensions inherent in such projects. Our findings are significant in confirming the applicability of the basic tenets of collaborative governance in grassroot level and pointing out some key differences between large-scale collaborative governance projects and street-level small-scale projects in how governance effectiveness could be achieved through different stakeholders' interactions in urban regeneration.
Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs
Power is an important concept in understanding collaborative governance, however, the existing re... more Power is an important concept in understanding collaborative governance, however, the existing research is largely dominated by the functional and critical perspectives of power. Aided by a conceptual content analysis of power used in collaborative governance literature in the top public administration journals, we viewed power as a family resemblance concept that should be conceptualized through four perspectives: functional, critical, social construction, and pragmatic. We provide elaboration of each of these four perspectives and propose counterarguments to assumptions that have arisen due to the reliance on a functional or critical perspective of power. We conclude that viewing power as a family resemblance concept with at least four perspectives offers collaborative governance researchers the ability to adopt the best perspective that is the most useful for their analysis and most helpful for public administrators to understand power in their collaborative efforts.
Public Performance & Management Review
Scholars continue to stress the need to understand the relationship between public value and citi... more Scholars continue to stress the need to understand the relationship between public value and citizens to shift traditional public administration to a public-value-driven form of governance. Understanding factors that influence citizen’s perceptions of public value is becoming increasingly relevant to advance such practice, however, a citizen perspective is largely secondary to an administrator perspective in public administration research. This study adopts a citizen perrspective of public value and uses a form of stated-preference method – contingent valuation – to assess the passive-use value of Pennsylvania state forest lands by residents via a willingness-to-pay question. The monetary value is adopted as a signal of public value perceptions to explore how both traditional (demographics) and nontraditional (attitudes and experience) characteristics influence public value perceptions. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding valuation of public goods or services at a level more personal than traditional demographics, particularly regarding resident attitudes and experience. The findings also emphasize the complexity of how experience with a public service may influence subsequent valuation, with at least one experience being more influential than continued experience. This stresses the need to better understand the link between public service valuation, experience with a public service, and coproduction.
Land Use Policy
Global city formation has become an important goal for many cities in developing countries. Howev... more Global city formation has become an important goal for many cities in developing countries. However, the influence of governance strategies on a city's paths towards the formation of global city is rarely studied in literature. To explore how business-related governance strategies impact global city formation, this paper uses the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to investigate the complex causality of determinants and different paths towards future potential of global cities. The results show that three configurative interactions of sufficient conditions consisting of the cordial and clean relationship between government and business yield high potential for global city formation, including Path 1: a combination of reducing tax burdens for enterprises and government transparency with the absence of political integrity. Path 2: a combination of reducing tax burdens for enterprises, absence of government's care and support for enterprises, and government transparency. Path 3: a combination of government's services for enterprises, reducing tax burdens for enterprises, and government transparency. This research is significant in delineating causal complexity of different governance strategies and factors interacting with each other to coproduce an institutional environment that contributes to a city's paths towards global city.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
Health policies are regarded as a governance mechanism crucial for reducing health inequity and i... more Health policies are regarded as a governance mechanism crucial for reducing health inequity and improving overall health outcomes. Policies that address chronic conditions or health inequity suggest a governance shift toward active health over past decades. However, the current literature in health policy largely focused on some specific health policy changes and their tangible outcomes, or on specific inequality of health policies in gender, age, racial, or economic status, short of comprehensively responding to and addressing the shift. This is exacerbated further by a common confusion that equates health policy with health care policy, which has been burdened by increased population ageing, growing inequalities, rising expenditures, and growing social expectations. This study conducted a narrative literature review to comprehensively and critically analyze the most current knowledge on health policy in order to help us establish a theoretical framework on active health governance...
Public Administration, 2024
This study investigates the collaborative factors conducive to co-production in public services, ... more This study investigates the collaborative factors conducive to co-production in public services, utilizing Ansell and Gash's framework and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) across 18 cases from the Collaborative Governance Case Database (CGCD). It identifies incentive as a necessary condition for co-production, revealing three sufficient pathways to co-production: managed, led, and self-organized co-production. The findings advance our understanding of the specific collaborative configurations that can achieve higher degree of co-production, offering an "incentive-structure-behavior" framework and practical insights for policy makers seeking to enhance public service co-production.
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4863448, 2024
Abstract: - Objective: This study systemically reviews the performance of collaborative governa... more Abstract:
- Objective: This study systemically reviews the performance of collaborative
governance in public administration, aiming to identify key success factors and barriers.
- Methodology: Using a systema/c review approach, abstracts of 280 articles from Web of Science were used for topic modeling (LDA), and then were further filtered to 96 (published between 2005 and 2024 in top public administration journals) for thematic analysis. Both topic modeling (LDA) and thematic analysis were used to uncover and categorize recurring themes.
- Results: The LDA and thematic analysis identified several categories of factors
influencing collaborative governance performance. These factors are grouped into
environment and institution-related factors, actor-related factors, structure-related
factors, and governance-related factors. Each category encompasses a range of specific elements, such as institutional frameworks, stakeholder engagement, network design, and resource management.
- Conclusions: Effective collaborative governance is shaped by these diverse factors.
Future work will aim to integrate these findings to create a cohesive framework that
provides a comprehensive understanding of collaborative governance performance, with a specific focus on addressing identified barriers and enhancing success factors.
Keywords: Collaborative Governance, Performance, Systema/c Review, Topic Modeling, Thema/c Analysis
Public management review, Jun 28, 2024
Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World, Oct 11, 2012
Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World, Oct 11, 2012
Administration & Society, May 1, 2011
Using Pennsylvania State University's responses to an identity threat, this article discusses the... more Using Pennsylvania State University's responses to an identity threat, this article discusses the social construction of organizational identity as a negotiated outcome between various stakeholders. The authors propose four main characteristics of the social construction of organizational identity-intentional, temporal, relational, and external-that extend Ran and Duimering's demarcation of two identity construction processes: the linguistic and the social construction. The authors also provide some guidance for public institutions, universities, or nonprofit organizations as they construct, maintain, and negotiate a positive identity in the context of threatening changes.
Public Management Review, 2024
This study contributes to co-production research by enhancing the less-focused citizen-centric pe... more This study contributes to co-production research by enhancing the less-focused citizen-centric perspective, traditionally overshadowed by a government-centric view that prioritizes tangible outcomes, while the mechanisms that lead to intangible results like value co-creation are less focused. Through a detailed analysis of Shanghai's community service regeneration projects, this study elucidates the structured sequential mechanisms of citizen-centric co-production, stemming from the institutional and relational incentives that drive co-production to value co-creation. This research enriches the theoretical discourse on co-production and offers practical insights for citizen-centric public service delivery, highlighting the importance of the interplay of institutional and relational dynamics in value co-creation.
Public Management Review
This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its ... more This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its enigmatic nature by comprehensively and systematically extricating and codifying different paradoxes and proposing both paradox-handling mechanisms and paradox-based research agendas. We present a framework consisting of paradoxes between normative principles, paradoxes between normative principles and real-life practices, and paradoxes in the real-life practices of collaborative governance. We discuss how to handle these inherent paradoxes and propose research agendas for scholars and practical guidance for administrators based on the paradox perspective, which will enrich collaborative governance research and practices.
Public Management Review, Feb 28, 2023
Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront... more Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront of ongoing public debate. Using a systematic literature review of 470 articles on government transparency, this article identifies eight paradoxes and dilemmas related to government transparency including regulation, public safety, media interpretation, collaborative governance, functional ability, risk-taking, privacy, and personal interpretation. We then propose a comprehensive framework on how to reconcile these paradoxes and dilemmas towards achieving better transparency outcomes and ultimately effective public administration.
Center for Rural Pennsylvania, 2023
Historical population decline in rural Pennsylvania runs counter to polling data suggesting that ... more Historical population decline in rural Pennsylvania runs counter to polling data suggesting that many Americans prefer to live in rural areas if they could live anywhere they wished. The purpose of this study was to explore this disconnect guided by two research questions: What are the factors that lure (i.e., pull toward) or block (i.e., push away) people from relocating to, and staying in, rural areas, and how do those factors align with existing population shrinkage strategies, specifically for rural communities? To explore these research questions, the researchers conducted an online survey that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative data collected from residents of Pennsylvania and 10 states adjacent to Pennsylvania. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Overall, the results of the study support the argument that there are individuals living in both neighboring states and in non-rural Pennsylvania that are not attached to where they currently live, would prefer to live in a rural area, and may respond positively to relocation incentives that are tailored to their needs and wants. Key highlights include: respondents from both samples who are married, white, have school-aged children in their household, have some level of student debt, hold conservative political views, and currently work remote in some capacity seem to be more likely than respondents without those characteristics to be open to relocating to rural Pennsylvania. The results from both samples revealed that primary healthcare access is not as prominent in the minds of respondents when considering relocation to rural Pennsylvania, compared to factors such as a strong K-12 education system or seemingly secondary needs like access to outdoor activities, a relaxed pace of life, and opportunities for civic involvement. Pennsylvania residents appear receptive to a 10-year state income tax credit as a relocation incentive.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2023
The study of social identity has been at the forefront of social psychology and behavioral resear... more The study of social identity has been at the forefront of social psychology and behavioral research for decades. Social identity theory and self-categorization theory emerged as approaches to conceptualize how the self-concept relates to identities in social contexts and how these identities impact intergroup dynamics and information processing. However, the role of social identity in an increasingly networked society is not well understood. The ubiquitous flow of algorithmized information impacts identity, behavior, and cognition in complex ways. Social media and other information and communications technology (ICT) organizations use personalization algorithms to model a person's identity, which then influences the kinds of information shared with the person, and the options and resources presented to them in different decision situations (e.g., ads/offers targeted for certain demographics). Thus, social category membership can influence an individual's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, which in turn affects how they perceive and interpret events, make decisions, and collaborate with others to solve problems. Such effects have been linked to increased polarization in society, but little is known about the underlying psychological and cognitive processes involved. This special Research Topic within Frontiers in Psychology on “Social identity dynamics in a networked society” has curated eight articles that begin to address the knowledge gap noted above in three ways.
Public Management Review, 2023
This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its ... more This article aims to move collaborative governance research beyond a fragmented consensus on its enigmatic nature by comprehensively and systematically extricating and codifying different paradoxes and proposing both paradox-handling mechanisms and paradox-based research agendas. We present a framework consisting of paradoxes between normative principles, paradoxes between normative principles and real-life practices, and paradoxes in the real-life practices of collaborative governance. We discuss how to handle these inherent paradoxes and propose research agendas for scholars and practical guidance for administrators based on the paradox perspective, which will enrich collaborative governance research and practices.
Journal of Urban Affairs
Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities... more Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities. While abundant studies have focused on the state-led or market-based governance modes of large urban regeneration projects, relatively fewer studies investigate the collaborative governance mode, especially on the numerous street-level small-scale regeneration projects. Street-level small-scale regeneration projects directly touch on citizens' life and impact governance effectiveness at grassroot level. This paper studies dynamics of collaborative governance of a street-level regeneration that can balance multiple regeneration objectives and successfully address conflicts and tensions inherent in such projects. Our findings are significant in confirming the applicability of the basic tenets of collaborative governance in grassroot level and pointing out some key differences between large-scale collaborative governance projects and street-level small-scale projects in how governance effectiveness could be achieved through different stakeholders' interactions in urban regeneration.
Public Management Review, 2023
Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront... more Over the last three decades, the concept of government transparency has remained at the forefront of ongoing public debate. Using a systematic literature review of 470 articles on government transparency, this article identifies eight paradoxes and dilemmas related to government transparency including regulation, public safety, media interpretation, collaborative governance, functional ability, risk-taking, privacy,
and personal interpretation. We then propose a comprehensive framework on how to reconcile these paradoxes and dilemmas towards achieving better transparency outcomes and ultimately effective public administration.
Journal of Urban Affairs, 2022
Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities... more Urban regeneration is one of the most important public administration issues facing modern cities. While abundant studies have focused on the state-led or market-based governance modes of large urban regeneration projects, relatively fewer studies investigate the collaborative governance mode, especially on the numerous street-level small-scale regeneration projects. Street-level small-scale regeneration projects directly touch on citizens' life and impact governance effectiveness at grassroot level. This paper studies dynamics of collaborative governance of a street-level regeneration that can balance multiple regeneration objectives and successfully address conflicts and tensions inherent in such projects. Our findings are significant in confirming the applicability of the basic tenets of collaborative governance in grassroot level and pointing out some key differences between large-scale collaborative governance projects and street-level small-scale projects in how governance effectiveness could be achieved through different stakeholders' interactions in urban regeneration.
Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs
Power is an important concept in understanding collaborative governance, however, the existing re... more Power is an important concept in understanding collaborative governance, however, the existing research is largely dominated by the functional and critical perspectives of power. Aided by a conceptual content analysis of power used in collaborative governance literature in the top public administration journals, we viewed power as a family resemblance concept that should be conceptualized through four perspectives: functional, critical, social construction, and pragmatic. We provide elaboration of each of these four perspectives and propose counterarguments to assumptions that have arisen due to the reliance on a functional or critical perspective of power. We conclude that viewing power as a family resemblance concept with at least four perspectives offers collaborative governance researchers the ability to adopt the best perspective that is the most useful for their analysis and most helpful for public administrators to understand power in their collaborative efforts.
Public Performance & Management Review
Scholars continue to stress the need to understand the relationship between public value and citi... more Scholars continue to stress the need to understand the relationship between public value and citizens to shift traditional public administration to a public-value-driven form of governance. Understanding factors that influence citizen’s perceptions of public value is becoming increasingly relevant to advance such practice, however, a citizen perspective is largely secondary to an administrator perspective in public administration research. This study adopts a citizen perrspective of public value and uses a form of stated-preference method – contingent valuation – to assess the passive-use value of Pennsylvania state forest lands by residents via a willingness-to-pay question. The monetary value is adopted as a signal of public value perceptions to explore how both traditional (demographics) and nontraditional (attitudes and experience) characteristics influence public value perceptions. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding valuation of public goods or services at a level more personal than traditional demographics, particularly regarding resident attitudes and experience. The findings also emphasize the complexity of how experience with a public service may influence subsequent valuation, with at least one experience being more influential than continued experience. This stresses the need to better understand the link between public service valuation, experience with a public service, and coproduction.
Land Use Policy
Global city formation has become an important goal for many cities in developing countries. Howev... more Global city formation has become an important goal for many cities in developing countries. However, the influence of governance strategies on a city's paths towards the formation of global city is rarely studied in literature. To explore how business-related governance strategies impact global city formation, this paper uses the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to investigate the complex causality of determinants and different paths towards future potential of global cities. The results show that three configurative interactions of sufficient conditions consisting of the cordial and clean relationship between government and business yield high potential for global city formation, including Path 1: a combination of reducing tax burdens for enterprises and government transparency with the absence of political integrity. Path 2: a combination of reducing tax burdens for enterprises, absence of government's care and support for enterprises, and government transparency. Path 3: a combination of government's services for enterprises, reducing tax burdens for enterprises, and government transparency. This research is significant in delineating causal complexity of different governance strategies and factors interacting with each other to coproduce an institutional environment that contributes to a city's paths towards global city.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
Health policies are regarded as a governance mechanism crucial for reducing health inequity and i... more Health policies are regarded as a governance mechanism crucial for reducing health inequity and improving overall health outcomes. Policies that address chronic conditions or health inequity suggest a governance shift toward active health over past decades. However, the current literature in health policy largely focused on some specific health policy changes and their tangible outcomes, or on specific inequality of health policies in gender, age, racial, or economic status, short of comprehensively responding to and addressing the shift. This is exacerbated further by a common confusion that equates health policy with health care policy, which has been burdened by increased population ageing, growing inequalities, rising expenditures, and growing social expectations. This study conducted a narrative literature review to comprehensively and critically analyze the most current knowledge on health policy in order to help us establish a theoretical framework on active health governance...