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Papers by Kris Markman

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 Gaze direction is represented in line-by-line transcripts. Gaze of the speaker is marked above ... more  Gaze direction is represented in line-by-line transcripts. Gaze of the speaker is marked above an utterance, and that of the recipient is marked below it.  A line indicates that the party marked is gazing toward the other.  ..... Dots mark the transition movement from nongaze to gaze.  ,,,,,,,, Commas are used to indicate the withdrawal of gaze.  J Initial at the beginning of a gaze line indicates the person being gazed at.

Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 2014

This article presents the results of a follow-up study examining the motivations of independent p... more This article presents the results of a follow-up study examining the motivations of independent podcasters. Results from a web-based survey found that podcasting continues to be dominated by educated, professional males over 30, most of whom are not podcasting full-time. Podcasters are highly engaged with their audiences and continue to seek new business models to support potential full-time podcasting. Motivations for podcasting are consistent with Bruns’ (2008) theory of produsage, which stresses the importance of community, feedback, and continual improvement. Podcasters take their activities seriously and see podcasting as an alternative to traditional radio.

Journal of Language & Social Psychology

Research on communication accommodation theory in online communication has documented convergence... more Research on communication accommodation theory in online communication has documented convergence primarily in terms of lexical variables. This article presents the results of two studies that investigate convergence in structural variables in instant messaging (IM) conversations. Study 1 examines zero-history, intragroup dyads participating in a task-based IM conversation. Study 2 examines IM conversations between friends and contrasts social and task-based interactions. Results show interlocutors have a general tendency toward convergence on both the length and duration of individual contributions. Results also show differences reflecting relational (friends vs. strangers) and conversational (task vs. social) context that affect levels of convergence as the conversation continues.

This paper employs both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore the pragmatics of LOL in... more This paper employs both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore the pragmatics of LOL in instant messenger (IM) conversations. Data were collected from 104 undergraduate students who engaged in both task-based and social IM conversations. Although LOL was initially an acronym for the phrase “laughing out loud,” this paper provides evidence that suggests that LOL has become lexicalized (to lol) and can be understood as sharing characteristics typically associated with discourse markers. Several recurring patterns of lol usage are described, including the stand-alone lol, transmission-final lol, and transmission-initial lol. While lol was found significantly more frequently in social vs. task conversations, but there were no broad gender differences in lol usage. However, dyad composition (mixed-sex vs. same-sex) did significantly affect frequency of use.

This article presents an exploratory, empirical investigation of one under-studied type of user-g... more This article presents an exploratory, empirical investigation of one under-studied type of user-generated content: independent audio podcasting. While other forms of user-generated content, particularly blogging, have received significant attention from scholars, research on podcasting, particularly on podcasters themselves, is still uncommon. I address this gap through the development of a preliminary profile of independent podcasters and their motivations for podcasting. Results from a web-based qualitative questionnaire indicate that podcasters fit the profile of Pro-Ams (older, educated, professional males) working primarily in the niche markets of the long tail. The study found six major categories of motivations for podcasting: technology/media, content, interpersonal, personal, process, and financial. Comparisons are also drawn between motivations of the podcasters reported in this study and previous research on the motivations of bloggers.

… of the twelfth annual Symposium About …, Jan 1, 2005

This paper presents an exploratory look into the pragmatic functions of emoticons in a variety of... more This paper presents an exploratory look into the pragmatic functions of emoticons in a variety of computer-mediated discourse (CMD) contexts. Emoticons, also called" smileys," are constructed through the use of punctuation marks and are generally thought to function as paralinguistic devices that add to the emotional tone of a text-only message (eg Derks, Bos, & von Grumbkow, 2007; Murray, 2000; Rivera, Cooke, Rowe, & Bauhs, 1994; Utz, 2000; Werry, 1996).

ABSTRACT: This paper argues for the necessity of studying online communication as an embodied pra... more ABSTRACT: This paper argues for the necessity of studying online communication as an embodied practice. It describes how the view of cyberspace as a disembodied environment is related to the philosophy of Cartesian dualism and the lack of research frameworks which specifically articulate how the communication researcher can study embodiment in online interaction.

Abstract: This paper presents a microanalytic perspective on one phenomenon in organizational com... more Abstract: This paper presents a microanalytic perspective on one phenomenon in organizational communication, specifically, meeting talk. This paper also represents an intersection of different interest areas in communication, as I apply methods from language and social interaction to the topic under study. Using the framework of conversation analysis, I examine the structure of interaction in a series of computer-mediated team meetings.

Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative study of the ways listservs can support face-to-face ... more Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative study of the ways listservs can support face-to-face interaction among geographically dispersed group members. The data for this project were drawn from an adjunct faculty organization's listserv archive. An ethnographic content analysis (Altheide, 1996) revealed that discussions about meetings were the primary way in which the listserv supported the organization's goals.

San Francisco, CA 1. Introduction This paper draws from data collected as part of a larger case s... more San Francisco, CA 1. Introduction This paper draws from data collected as part of a larger case study on conversation in computer-‐mediated team meetings (see also Markman, 2007, 2009, 2010). A group of five undergraduate students at a large, public university in the southwest United States were recruited for a summer-‐semester(five and one-‐half weeks) independent study course under the supervision of the director of the Science, Technology, and Society program.

Annual meeting of the …, Jan 1, 2005

Talks by Kris Markman

Much of the recent public discourse around higher education has focused on the "disruptive innova... more Much of the recent public discourse around higher education has focused on the "disruptive innovation" that online education introduces to existing models and systems.

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Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 2014

Journal of Language & Social Psychology

… of the twelfth annual Symposium About …, Jan 1, 2005

Annual meeting of the …, Jan 1, 2005

The recent growth of service industries as well as the rise of e-commerce has increased the numbe... more The recent growth of service industries as well as the rise of e-commerce has increased the number of online customer service workers. Research on face-to-face service work has shown that these workers are expected to display certain emotions in the course of their work, a phenomenon known as emotional labor. However, little is known about emotional communication among online customer service workers. We explored emotional labor in an online context by examining the degree of emotional presence in mediated service interactions and its relationship with workers’ acting strategies (i.e., surface acting, deep acting). Further, we examined how emotional presence and acting strategies are related to job satisfaction as well as burnout. Data were collected from 130 online customer service workers via an online survey questionnaire. The results indicated online service workers in this study perceive the highest emotional presence in phone conversations, followed by email and chat. Although there was little relationship between emotional presence and acting strategies, those who engage in surface acting are more likely to experience burnout and lower job satisfaction. In addition, those who feel a higher degree of emotional presence over the phone tend to experience higher job satisfaction and less burnout. These findings suggest that it is outdated to claim that there are no emotions communicated in online environments. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.

This presentation explores turn construction practices in instant messenger (IM) conversations. A... more This presentation explores turn construction practices in instant messenger (IM) conversations. A growing body of research has begun to document the ways in which the organization of computer-mediated conversations varies from that of spoken conversation, due to the constraints and affordances of the medium (e.g., Beisswenger, 2008; Garcia & Jacobs, 1999; Herring, 1999; Markman, 2009; Rintel, Mulholland, & Pittam, 2001; Schonfeldt & Golato, 2003). As Baron (2010) notes, most of this research has examined multi-party chat conversations, with less attention paid to the dyadic conversations that take place through IM programs. This paper helps to address that gap by analyzing data from 42 IM conversations, with a particular focus on how the specific features of the IM interface, along with the conversational context, serve as resources in the turn construction process.

This paper examines independent audio podcasters as examples of what Bruns (2008) calls “produser... more This paper examines independent audio podcasters as examples of what Bruns (2008) calls “produsers,” people who are engaged in “the collaborative and continuous building and extending of existing content in pursuit of further improvement.” Drawing from survey data, I will discuss how podcasters situate themselves as creators of alternative content and as members of a podcasting community. While the desire to create is an initial motivator, it is membership in the community that sustains engagement.

“Communication on the Internet” is a cross-listed upper-division/graduate level elective course d... more “Communication on the Internet” is a cross-listed upper-division/graduate level elective course designed to give students an overview of current and historical research on computer-mediated communication (CMC) and online social interaction. In this paper I will discuss the unit on language and the Internet, including the related readings, assignments, and in-class activities. In particular, I will explore how incorporating this unit in to the course provides an opportunity to prompt reflection on a part of the students’ technology-saturated lives that normally goes unnoticed, namely how we learn to adapt our communicative resources to the ever-shifting environment of the Internet and new technology. LSI research in CMC can thus be used to spark discussions on language ideology and norms and to help explain the discomfort students sometimes experience with some forms of CMC interaction. For example, the language and the Internet unit includes mandatory participation in a chat room, the transcript of which is then used as a basis for an in-class examination of issues of synchronicity/simultaneity in interaction. After modeling LSI techniques such as conversation analysis, students are then given a chance to analyze a chat interaction, with the goal of further highlighting how the computer medium alters the way we organize our conversations. The language and the Internet unit also examines new linguistic and paralinguistic forms emerging as a result of new technologies, such as emoticons, abbreviations (LOL, OMG) and slang. In this presentation I will discuss how the juxtaposition of popular press accounts of language change with research helps the students become more aware of the complex relationship between language, identity, and self-presentation, especially as they are manifested in online spaces. This LSI unit helps prepare students for additional units in the course, as they will be asked to apply the insights from this unit to later assignments.

This paper explores the distinctions between mass and vernacular popular culture as manifested in... more This paper explores the distinctions between mass and vernacular popular culture as manifested in the fan productions of Star Trek fans. Fan-produced video represents an opportunity for ordinary people to take the means of cultural production into their own hands. However, because of its roots in an already-existing, culture industry-produced world, there may exist limits to the amount of resistance this form of vernacular culture can provide. To explore these tensions, I compare two fan film productions based on the popular Star Trek television and movie franchise. These two productions, both of which are distributed through the Internet, illustrate the different levels of attachment to and freedom from the main text that characterize much of fan film.

The goal of this graduate seminar is to examine how existing social and humanistic research metho... more The goal of this graduate seminar is to examine how existing social and humanistic research methods have been adapted to the study of human interaction through the internet and other new communication technologies (i.e. mobile phones). This course will also examine new research techniques that have arisen to take advantage of emerging online communication practices. This course will place particular emphasis on qualitative empirical methods, but other forms of data collection and analysis, such as web surveys and experiments, and text-based analyses will be included. Another important feature of this course will be intensive analysis of the ethical issues and considerations that arise when doing internet/technology research, including navigating informed consent, the public/ private boundary, and IRBs. Prior research methods experience/coursework is recommended, but not required.

This graduate seminar will examine the history and functions of communication technologies in org... more This graduate seminar will examine the history and functions of communication technologies in organizations, with a particular emphasis on the technologies themselves (i.e. smartphones, networked computers) and the various channels of communication enabled by these technologies (email, blogs, social network sites, etc.). We will examine both the theoretical explanations and practice-based examples of technology use, adoption, and dis-adoption in a variety of organizational settings. . Discrete, sequential, and follow-up use of information and communication technology by experienced ICT users. Management Communication Quarterly, 22, 197-231. Chesley, N. (2010). Technology use and employee assessments of work effectiveness, workload, and pace of life. Information, Communication & Society, 13, 485-514.