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Papers by ABDUL N A S E R NOORZAD

As a megaproject, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has a vital role in the economic development, st... more As a megaproject, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has a vital role in the economic development, strategic policies and social development of member countries. This study investigates the potential of BRI on the economic development of member countries. A qualitative approach, particularly desk review, has been adapted. This study focuses on key economic development issues like the geographical importance of economic corridors, geographical coverage, the implication for manufacturing industries, markets, infrastructures, stimulating trade, regional connectivity, and internationalization of Chinese currency. The study reveals that BRI considerably impacts all the elements of economic development. The BRI has already started contributing to partner countries' mainstream economies. Some challenges remain in its implementation stages, such as funding, time of accomplishment, geography and topography, geopolitical barriers, and security issues. This study recommends a periodical assessment of the challenging problems in the context of member countries to gain full advantages of the BRI.

Securitization which is usually being talked in Copenhagen school, is talking about individuals w... more Securitization which is usually being talked in Copenhagen school, is talking about individuals who poses a remarkable place in the society and is trying to transform a general and ordinary subject by bringing it to a proper position and makes it to a threat for the referent object. In this process, the issues which become securitized, do not necessarily represent a real and existential threat, rather than a speech act. In this area, there are a lot of discordance between the Weaver from Copenhagen school and Balzacq from Paris school. The first one, positions the audience in center and tries to evolve ever single securitizing act around it and the later brings the institution in the hub of securitization discourse. Securitization explains to understand "who securitizes (securitizing actor), on what issues (threats), for whom (referent object), why, with what results, and not least, under what conditions. In the securitization process three things are more important such character of public opinion, the general acceptance, a specific policy is being tried to be changed to a securitized intention. Securitization theory has three elements like speech act, the thing which is influenced by speech act and requires urgent action and then the cause that this issue which is being securitized is actually breaking the rules.

A calm and at the same time, the speedy process under the pretext of supporting the government me... more A calm and at the same time, the speedy process under the pretext of supporting the government merely named privatization is taking place in Afghan society. Namely, it is called, pro-state supporting measures which not only jeopardizes the role of a state as a main political actor but also enable the government to meet the majority's will.

A competitive and confronting world order by the US, has led Russia to raise once again and maint... more A competitive and confronting world order by the US, has led Russia to raise once again and maintain the current situation in its favor

In most cases, the abnormalities, irregularities and inconsistencies caused by the inadequacy of ... more In most cases, the abnormalities, irregularities and inconsistencies caused by the inadequacy of the situation, are beyond the external dimension, which is also tied to the national leadership and is due to the lack of national leadership. The national leadership in Afghanistan has never been formed and if formed, leaders emerged at the peak of the national crisis and were pushed unintentionally to the side of region and the language, and branded the label of fanatic. It has various factors and causes that addressing the most important of them necessitates the writing and introduction of this section as the reasons for the lack of formation of national leadership in this country.

In this article, it has been tried to withdraw all incorrect and non-warranted visions and change... more In this article, it has been tried to withdraw all incorrect and non-warranted visions and change them to a rational analyze with respect of generalization of democracy's power with free market within a society which restrains every kind of state's intervention in economic affairs. Also it here has been tried to change any kind of radical left perspective to rational and realistic one instead of changing it to a right vision (liberal vision on free market) which without any doubt would require an impartial analyze and study of both left economic vision and the right one which needs a professional and vocational overview to understand their basics.

Common threats like terrorism, drugs and increasing religious fundamentalism are the most urgent ... more Common threats like terrorism, drugs and increasing religious fundamentalism are the most urgent challenges of a region that require strengthening friendly relations and proper cooperation for their bridling in one hand and further regional convergence on the other. Common cultural, religious and social roots are the bases of relations among Afghanistan and the central Asian countries that emphasizes on proper friendly relations with these countries.

Drafts by ABDUL N A S E R NOORZAD

The presence of foreign terrorist groups among the Taliban is a proven fact with sufficient evide... more The presence of foreign terrorist groups among the Taliban is a proven fact with sufficient evidence. Even before the presence of America, this group hosted foreign terrorist groups from Central Asian countries, China, Bangladesh, Chechen, Pakistan and Arab countries as guests.

The Taliban are currently stationed in Afghanistan. They appear to show that they are in the figh... more The Taliban are currently stationed in Afghanistan. They appear to show that they are in the fight with ISIL in Khorasan and have a great effort to suppress their armed opponents in its width and get a score from the region and the world. On the other hand, in the field of diplomacy and politics, the group's two-year efforts have failed. Even representatives of the group at regional meetings that are held in Afghanistan are either not invited, or are a remarkable presence. What message does this issue do for the future of Afghanistan?

In the position of examining the role of language in acquiring and consolidating political power ... more In the position of examining the role of language in acquiring and consolidating political power among Tajiks and using the security theory of the Copenhagen school, which is the product of mental and visual and non-objective work, an attempt is made to create a new narrative as a security issue that The political authority of the Tajiks, the security player who are the Tajik elites, and the audience who is the general Tajik people, should be clarified in the context of starting a discourse and in the form of a speech act, which means the existence of a manifesto. As long as we don't raise this discourse by making security and the subjectivity of Tajik people's authority, the possibility of gaining access to political power will be impossible. In this article, I try to examine this issue by relying on the Copenhagen school's arrangements. In the end, we come to the conclusion that in addition to creating discourse and generalizing it as a central issue, this issue should be brought from a peripheral and general issue to a specific field and become more political. The main goal of this article is to make the issue of Tajik political authority secure through spoken language and practical approach. If any political order is not currently implementing this process, it doesn't matter because governments usually make security issues, but according to the nature of the issue and its urgency, anyone who has the ability to make an issue security can make it security. At this point, we are currently considering the Tajik political elite by launching a speech act and a practical approach, so that the issue of Tajik political authority becomes secure and central.

ABDUL NASER NOORZAD, 2023

Gathering of jihadists behind the gate of Central Asia The issue is being hot and soon will have ... more Gathering of jihadists behind the gate of Central Asia The issue is being hot and soon will have effect in the region For a long time, the issue of possible dangers from the jihadists based in Afghanistan has been directed at the security of Central Asia. In this regard, the countries of Central Asia and Russia have increased their level of preparation. It is believed that in case of war, jihadists will be destroyed completely. Because there is a high level of war, prepreparedness and security consensus in the region and any terrorist movement will face a serious and sharp reaction from the countries of the region. At present, the north and northeast of Afghanistan are safe havens for terrorist groups, and the Taliban, on the orders of the United States, provide necessary support and essentials with operational fields for these foreign terrorist groups, which are mainly from Central Asian countries, China, and Chechen. For this reason, sources in Afghan media are highlighting, say that a wave of armed attacks is coming from the borders of Afghanistan to the countries of Central Asia. New jihadist attacks against Tajikistan from Afghanistan are likely in the near future 1. This issue aslo, can be obtained from the estimates of experts close to the special services of the region. At least the news related to the security of Central Asia shows these issues so much serious.

Afghanistan security delimma, 2022

The security complex theory is derived from the theory of Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver in the theor... more The security complex theory is derived from the theory of Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver in the theoretical form of the Copenhagen School is more attractive in analyzing security settings at each level. The present article seeks to identify the types of elements that have led to creation of enmity models in this security complex and has affected its effectiveness. Elements such as patterns of friendship and enmity, borders, competition for regional supremacy, anarchic structure, interdependence of security, polarization, and the influence of foreign powers are important components of the findings which are considered to be more important in creation of enmity factors in this area. These issues mentioned above are very important based in the regional security complex theory which can be considered an

The present paper addresses the central question of what is the new type of terrorism and what ar... more The present paper addresses the central question of what is the new type of terrorism and what are its pivotal rules. In total three approaches can be identified in countering terrorism, which include the "War approach", "Criminal justice approach" and "Intelligence approach". The first two approaches are reactive and focus on the stage after the terrorist act. However, in countering new terrorism, including Takfiri terrorism, it has always been said that prevention is a priority rather than to respond. So, the approach recommended in dealing with this new species is an Intelligence approach. With regards to implementation of the intelligence approach, it means the use of various intelligence methods and tactics, including gathering, analyzing, estimating, warning, penetrating, streaming, etc., firstly prevents the formation of Takfiri groups and the gathering of distant people both for the formation of these groups and, secondly, in the event of formation, preventing them from reaching their decision and making their decision to carry out the attack.

Nearly a century after Afghanistan's independence in 1919, the issue of independence and initiati... more Nearly a century after Afghanistan's independence in 1919, the issue of independence and initiative in the geopolitical discourse in the twentieth century is still one of the most controversial issues in the country. After independence, Afghanistan was in a special situation due to the competition of the world's great powers. Geopolitical developments over the past century have had a direct impact on the country's internal and external situation. This article is an attempt to answer the question of what effect the geopolitical developments in the region have had on the internal situation of Afghanistan from the time of independence until the events of September 11, 2001? The present paper is descriptive-analytical in which the geopolitical relationship of the region and its impact on Afghanistan is examined. The geopolitical situation in Afghanistan, which has shaped the theoretical discussion of writing in the geopolitical theory based on the theory of Saul Kohen. According to him, Afghanistan, as a quasi-independent state in the region's geopolitics, not only had its own characteristics during the Cold War; However, that situation had been prominent since the country's independence. The findings of this article show that after independence in the periods of geopolitical order and change in the security and geopolitical structure of the region, Afghanistan has been more inclined to the strategy of neutrality and balance in establishing relations with the great powers of each period and whenever it has distanced itself from such strategy, its independent or quasi-independent position in the region's geopolitics has altered with the strategy of accompanying the great power of one of the regions which as a result of that, coups, revolutions, and even military occupations have taken place in this country and has resulted in regimes' changes. 2

In this article, an attempt has been made to provide an accurate definition of ethnicity by analy... more In this article, an attempt has been made to provide an accurate definition of ethnicity by analyzing the concept of ethnicity and nationalism in accordance with the conditions of Afghanistan. Then, the second and main part of this article deals with theoretical approaches that are discussed in the academic circles of the day. In this section, five theoretical approaches have been carefully analyzed and evaluated, and the cases that could be explained by these approaches were also mentioned. The main purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical framework to explain the causes of ethnicity in Afghanistan in the post-Taliban era. The five approaches considered in this article are: 1. Ethnic competition 2. How to do state-nation-building 3. Relative deprivation 4. Competition of ethnic elites 5. Ethnic symbolism. Finally, a hybrid framework consisting of the above five approaches and the relationship between them is presented in the form of a schematic model.