Vahid Motevalli - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Vahid Motevalli
March-95 1. Risk management for fire and explosions 2. Industrial fire protection * Risk Manageme... more March-95 1. Risk management for fire and explosions 2. Industrial fire protection * Risk Management * Industrial Fire Protection U1 Undergraduate courses leading to a general degree in FPE or FSE Example: University of Maryland, Lund University U2 Undergraduate courses in other engineering disciplines with an option in FSE Example: University of Edinburgh G Graduate courses in FPE or FSE Example: WPI, University of Maryland D Studies for a PhD Example: University of California at Berkeley Subsequently, this has been changed to consideration only of the U1 and G categories. Currently, each module is structured as follows: * Division into topics and subtopics Contents Practical skills Detailed references Topical assignments * Number of lecture hours appropriate for the coverage anticipated by developer U1-Undergraduate program in FPE or FSE G-Graduate program in FPE or FSE These modules represent the efforts of the International Working Group to identify and document the body of engineering knowledge that defines the discipline of Fire Safety Engineering. The subject matter is very broad and constantly changing, so a comprehensive treatment would seem unattainable. Nonetheless, the working group feels it has achieved a reasonable start in the development of this compilation. * At what level in the organisation will the FSE be employed? * Can the skills of the FSE be fully utilised within the organisation to which he belongs? Contents: Computational methods (finite difference, finite element), standard fire timetemperature curves, heat flux conditions in fire, stress-strain effects. References: Any appropriate text book on computational methods may be used.
Technologies
Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education... more Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education institutions are practicing distance education, remote laboratories, studio pedagogies and several other approaches in order to increase their students’ retention, success, and preparedness for the job market. In engineering education, maker spaces have become popular in the last ten years in universities as well as community colleges, high schools and community innovation hubs. A large number of engineering colleges have allocated significant spaces, and at some universities entire buildings, as maker spaces to be used for curricular and extracurricular activities. Success stories of these types of spaces are well documented. This paper describes the core activities and programs held at Tennessee Tech University’s maker space called ‘iMakerSpace.’ Accomplishments include several innovative workforce development activities. The impact and effectiveness of the iMakerSpace, presented thro...
iMakerSpace Model: Shaping the 21st Century Workforce
Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education... more Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education institutions are practicing distance education, remote laboratories, studio pedagogies and several other approaches in order to increase their students’ retention, success, and preparedness for the job market. In engineering education, maker spaces have become popular in the last ten years in universities as well as community colleges, high-schools and community innovation hubs. A large number of engineering colleges have allocated significant spaces, and at some universities entire buildings as maker spaces to be used for curricular and extracurricular activities. Success stories of these types of spaces are well documented. This paper describes the activities and programs held at Tennessee Tech University’s maker space called ‘iMakerSpace.’ These accomplishments include several workforce development activities. The impact and effectiveness of the iMakerSpace is evaluated through analy...
Proceedings of the World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016
Aluminium as fuel using steam oxidant is an attractive energy source in combustion systems where ... more Aluminium as fuel using steam oxidant is an attractive energy source in combustion systems where high energy densities are desired. Most experimental and computational work has been done for combustion chamber operating at or near atmospheric pressures using oxidants of air or pure oxygen. Experimental studies conducted for particles ranging in size of 10-700 microns suggest that smaller particles may experience shorter combustion residence time. This computational analysis provides a detailed examination of metal-fuel combustion at pressures above atmospheric and shows that combustion performance of aluminium particles directly relate to the particle size and distribution. The computational model is applied to a linear-type dump combustor. The effects of a range of particle sizes are investigated using monodispersed and polydispersed particle distributions. Characterization of the combustion process is addressed by studying particle ignition delay, burn time, and particle emission as a function of particle diameter and mass fraction. The computational models include non-isotropic turbulence, empirically derived ignition and reaction rate criteria as well as convective and radiant heat transfer. The commercial computational fluid dynamics solver Fluent is used to perform these computations. Sub-models are added to the standard Fluent capability for reaction rate equations, oxide nucleation in the discrete and continuous phases, dissociation, particle emissivity, and particle drag. The numerical results indicate that polydispersed fuel can lead to better overall performance than monodispersed fuel with the same mean diameter at 20 microns and below. Ignition and burn times can become accelerated in distributions relative to the monodispersed sizes for the same mean diameters for the full range of sizes investigated. The optimum ignition time was determined to be at the 10-micron polydispersed distribution. Burn time can be optimized with a distribution mean of 10 microns, with diminishing increase and variability above a mean distribution of 20 microns, as well as very little increase in maximum burn time.
The Need for a National Review of the Federal Fire Safety R&D Issues and Activities
Journal of Applied Fire Science, 1999
Characterization of the confined ceiling jet in the presence of an upper layer in transient and steady-state conditions
Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under grant number 60NA... more Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under grant number 60NANBOD1049. The statements and conclusions contained in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute of ...
Fire Safety Science, 1994
A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires.... more A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires. Extensive application of the model is discussed with regard to turbulent buoyant jet fires wherein radiation is controlled by soot and the flame size is such that it produces optically thin conditions. The local soot concentration is modelled, according to previous results, to be 1) proportional to the inverse smoke-point heat release rate, Y,-l /~, and 2) a function of the local mixture fraction and temperature. The local volumetric emissive power is averaged over the turbulent fluctuations to obtain the radiation losses for optically thin flame situations. Combustion is modelled, in a standard way, by an ensemble of laminar flamelets whose chemical composition of species is known from state relationships. The combustion model is an integral model that has been validated by extensive data from turbulent buoyant jet flames whereas the radiation model is validated here by comparison with propane turbulent jet flames; this comparison allows the determination of a proportionality coefficient for the soot concentration and radiation term. The generality and soundness of the model has been determined by applying it to predict the jet flame radiation from another fuel, propylene (while maintaining the same proportionality constant for the soot as for the propane). Preliminary results and favorable comparisons with experiments are also shown for pool fires of diameter up to 1 m. The proposed methodology and the model can be applied to an arbitrary burning material whose laminar smoke-point heat release rate has been measured in laboratory experiments.
Application of Electric Vehicle System Design to Grand Prix EV Kart
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2011
Cross-Correlation Velocimetry for Measurement of Velocity and Temperature Profiles in Low-Speed, Turbulent, Nonisothermal Flows
Journal of Heat Transfer, 1992
A technique utilizing thermocouple pairs as sensors to measure velocity and temperature profiles ... more A technique utilizing thermocouple pairs as sensors to measure velocity and temperature profiles in low-speed, turbulent, nonisothermal flows is described here. In this technique, Cross-Correlation Velocimetry (CCV), the temperature-time records from a pair of thermocouples, one downstream of the other, are cross-correlated to determine the flow’s preferred mean velocity while temperature is measured directly. The velocity measurements have undergone extensive verification using hotwire, pitot tube, and Laser-Doppler Velocimetry to determine the degree of confidence in this technique. This work demonstrates that the CCV technique is quite reliable and can measure the mean preferred component of the convective velocity with better than ±5 percent certainty. Application of this technique to the measurement of velocities in a ceiling jet induced by a fire plume is briefly presented here.
Fire Safety Journal, 1998
This work is motivated by the urgent need to find an alternative to the banned halogen-based fire... more This work is motivated by the urgent need to find an alternative to the banned halogen-based fire suppressing agents. Fine water mist is a contending alternative especially in total flooding applications. To obtain an optimum design of a water mist fire suppression system, one needs to understand the mechanisms of fire suspension by water mist. This paper presents a study of the relative contributions of the suppression mechanisms in a gaseous diffusion flame. A modified Wolfhard-Parker burner was used to measure temperature drops in a 2D methane diffusion flame, when various quantities of nitrogen, steam and water mist were added independently in a co-flow arrangement. A simple model of the flame was used to estimate the heat generation and loss processes taking place in the flame when small amounts of various suppressants were added. The results of both experiments and the analysis show that in a co-flow arrangement the addition of small quantities of fine water mist has more gas phase cooling effect on the flame than oxygen dilution effect. Published by
Material Pyrolysis Properties, Part II: Methodology for the Derivation of Pyrolysis Properties for Charring Materials
Combustion Science and Technology, 1995
A methodology for deriving material pyrolysis properties is proposed and validated by using three... more A methodology for deriving material pyrolysis properties is proposed and validated by using three charring materials (pure cellulose, and two different particle boards designated as N and F). The methodology uses experimental data obtained in a pyrolysis apparatus together with an accurate integral thermal pyrolysis model for the charring pyrolysis process (see CST, 88, 309-328, 1993). The effects of various
Fire Safety Science, 1994
A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires.... more A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires. Extensive application of the model is discussed with regard to turbulent buoyant jet fires wherein radiation is controlled by soot and the flame size is such that it produces optically thin conditions. The local soot concentration is modelled, according to previous results, to be 1) proportional to the inverse smoke-point heat release rate, Y,-l /~, and 2) a function of the local mixture fraction and temperature. The local volumetric emissive power is averaged over the turbulent fluctuations to obtain the radiation losses for optically thin flame situations. Combustion is modelled, in a standard way, by an ensemble of laminar flamelets whose chemical composition of species is known from state relationships. The combustion model is an integral model that has been validated by extensive data from turbulent buoyant jet flames whereas the radiation model is validated here by comparison with propane turbulent jet flames; this comparison allows the determination of a proportionality coefficient for the soot concentration and radiation term. The generality and soundness of the model has been determined by applying it to predict the jet flame radiation from another fuel, propylene (while maintaining the same proportionality constant for the soot as for the propane). Preliminary results and favorable comparisons with experiments are also shown for pool fires of diameter up to 1 m. The proposed methodology and the model can be applied to an arbitrary burning material whose laminar smoke-point heat release rate has been measured in laboratory experiments.
Quantifying Metrics of External Airport Risk Exposure in Vicinity of Public Use, Nontowered Airports
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2010
Page 1. therefore be critical to mitigate any subsequent increased external risk as well as facil... more Page 1. therefore be critical to mitigate any subsequent increased external risk as well as facilitate societal acceptance of risk exposure. With-out societal acceptance, the introduction of high-volume operations at nontowered airports could be forestalled. ...
Modeling Hazard and Threat Risks to Populations Surrounding Public-Use, Non-Towered Airports due to General Aviation Operations
Volume 15: Safety, Reliability and Risk; Virtual Podium (Posters), 2013
Aviation Safety Priorities in Emerging Air Transport Systems
Journal of Aircraft, 2008
Flame Length Measurements of Burning Fuel Puffs
Combustion Science and Technology, 1993
... This is certainly unexpected and a possible cause may be the difference between the present p... more ... This is certainly unexpected and a possible cause may be the difference between the present puff generation mechanism and that of aqueous experiments (Johari, 1992 ... Figure 7 is a plot of normalized flame length versus duty-cycle for injection times of 25, 50, 100, and 150 ms. ...
Modeling Hazard and Threat Risks to Populations Surrounding Public-Use, Non-Towered Airports due to General Aviation Operations
Volume 15: Safety, Reliability and Risk; Virtual Podium (Posters), 2013
Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Solid Metal Fuel Particle Characteristics on the Combustion Process
ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference, Volume 1, 2007
Positive ion chemistry related to hydrocarbon flames doped with CF3 Br
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1992
... 95 Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam Positive ion chemistry related to hydrocarbon fl... more ... 95 Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam Positive ion chemistry related to hydrocarbon flames doped with CF3 Br Robert A. Morris', Eileen R. Brown a,1,Z ... The value of 3.3 x 10' cm3 s' for reaction (4) measured by Heckel and Hanrahan [6] in an ion sourcetimeofflight mass ...
The Need for a National Review of the Federal Fire Safety R&D Issues and Activities
Journal of Applied Fire Science, 1999
March-95 1. Risk management for fire and explosions 2. Industrial fire protection * Risk Manageme... more March-95 1. Risk management for fire and explosions 2. Industrial fire protection * Risk Management * Industrial Fire Protection U1 Undergraduate courses leading to a general degree in FPE or FSE Example: University of Maryland, Lund University U2 Undergraduate courses in other engineering disciplines with an option in FSE Example: University of Edinburgh G Graduate courses in FPE or FSE Example: WPI, University of Maryland D Studies for a PhD Example: University of California at Berkeley Subsequently, this has been changed to consideration only of the U1 and G categories. Currently, each module is structured as follows: * Division into topics and subtopics Contents Practical skills Detailed references Topical assignments * Number of lecture hours appropriate for the coverage anticipated by developer U1-Undergraduate program in FPE or FSE G-Graduate program in FPE or FSE These modules represent the efforts of the International Working Group to identify and document the body of engineering knowledge that defines the discipline of Fire Safety Engineering. The subject matter is very broad and constantly changing, so a comprehensive treatment would seem unattainable. Nonetheless, the working group feels it has achieved a reasonable start in the development of this compilation. * At what level in the organisation will the FSE be employed? * Can the skills of the FSE be fully utilised within the organisation to which he belongs? Contents: Computational methods (finite difference, finite element), standard fire timetemperature curves, heat flux conditions in fire, stress-strain effects. References: Any appropriate text book on computational methods may be used.
Technologies
Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education... more Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education institutions are practicing distance education, remote laboratories, studio pedagogies and several other approaches in order to increase their students’ retention, success, and preparedness for the job market. In engineering education, maker spaces have become popular in the last ten years in universities as well as community colleges, high schools and community innovation hubs. A large number of engineering colleges have allocated significant spaces, and at some universities entire buildings, as maker spaces to be used for curricular and extracurricular activities. Success stories of these types of spaces are well documented. This paper describes the core activities and programs held at Tennessee Tech University’s maker space called ‘iMakerSpace.’ Accomplishments include several innovative workforce development activities. The impact and effectiveness of the iMakerSpace, presented thro...
iMakerSpace Model: Shaping the 21st Century Workforce
Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education... more Innovations in engineering education are undergoing a noticeable transformation. Higher education institutions are practicing distance education, remote laboratories, studio pedagogies and several other approaches in order to increase their students’ retention, success, and preparedness for the job market. In engineering education, maker spaces have become popular in the last ten years in universities as well as community colleges, high-schools and community innovation hubs. A large number of engineering colleges have allocated significant spaces, and at some universities entire buildings as maker spaces to be used for curricular and extracurricular activities. Success stories of these types of spaces are well documented. This paper describes the activities and programs held at Tennessee Tech University’s maker space called ‘iMakerSpace.’ These accomplishments include several workforce development activities. The impact and effectiveness of the iMakerSpace is evaluated through analy...
Proceedings of the World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016
Aluminium as fuel using steam oxidant is an attractive energy source in combustion systems where ... more Aluminium as fuel using steam oxidant is an attractive energy source in combustion systems where high energy densities are desired. Most experimental and computational work has been done for combustion chamber operating at or near atmospheric pressures using oxidants of air or pure oxygen. Experimental studies conducted for particles ranging in size of 10-700 microns suggest that smaller particles may experience shorter combustion residence time. This computational analysis provides a detailed examination of metal-fuel combustion at pressures above atmospheric and shows that combustion performance of aluminium particles directly relate to the particle size and distribution. The computational model is applied to a linear-type dump combustor. The effects of a range of particle sizes are investigated using monodispersed and polydispersed particle distributions. Characterization of the combustion process is addressed by studying particle ignition delay, burn time, and particle emission as a function of particle diameter and mass fraction. The computational models include non-isotropic turbulence, empirically derived ignition and reaction rate criteria as well as convective and radiant heat transfer. The commercial computational fluid dynamics solver Fluent is used to perform these computations. Sub-models are added to the standard Fluent capability for reaction rate equations, oxide nucleation in the discrete and continuous phases, dissociation, particle emissivity, and particle drag. The numerical results indicate that polydispersed fuel can lead to better overall performance than monodispersed fuel with the same mean diameter at 20 microns and below. Ignition and burn times can become accelerated in distributions relative to the monodispersed sizes for the same mean diameters for the full range of sizes investigated. The optimum ignition time was determined to be at the 10-micron polydispersed distribution. Burn time can be optimized with a distribution mean of 10 microns, with diminishing increase and variability above a mean distribution of 20 microns, as well as very little increase in maximum burn time.
The Need for a National Review of the Federal Fire Safety R&D Issues and Activities
Journal of Applied Fire Science, 1999
Characterization of the confined ceiling jet in the presence of an upper layer in transient and steady-state conditions
Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under grant number 60NA... more Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under grant number 60NANBOD1049. The statements and conclusions contained in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute of ...
Fire Safety Science, 1994
A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires.... more A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires. Extensive application of the model is discussed with regard to turbulent buoyant jet fires wherein radiation is controlled by soot and the flame size is such that it produces optically thin conditions. The local soot concentration is modelled, according to previous results, to be 1) proportional to the inverse smoke-point heat release rate, Y,-l /~, and 2) a function of the local mixture fraction and temperature. The local volumetric emissive power is averaged over the turbulent fluctuations to obtain the radiation losses for optically thin flame situations. Combustion is modelled, in a standard way, by an ensemble of laminar flamelets whose chemical composition of species is known from state relationships. The combustion model is an integral model that has been validated by extensive data from turbulent buoyant jet flames whereas the radiation model is validated here by comparison with propane turbulent jet flames; this comparison allows the determination of a proportionality coefficient for the soot concentration and radiation term. The generality and soundness of the model has been determined by applying it to predict the jet flame radiation from another fuel, propylene (while maintaining the same proportionality constant for the soot as for the propane). Preliminary results and favorable comparisons with experiments are also shown for pool fires of diameter up to 1 m. The proposed methodology and the model can be applied to an arbitrary burning material whose laminar smoke-point heat release rate has been measured in laboratory experiments.
Application of Electric Vehicle System Design to Grand Prix EV Kart
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2011
Cross-Correlation Velocimetry for Measurement of Velocity and Temperature Profiles in Low-Speed, Turbulent, Nonisothermal Flows
Journal of Heat Transfer, 1992
A technique utilizing thermocouple pairs as sensors to measure velocity and temperature profiles ... more A technique utilizing thermocouple pairs as sensors to measure velocity and temperature profiles in low-speed, turbulent, nonisothermal flows is described here. In this technique, Cross-Correlation Velocimetry (CCV), the temperature-time records from a pair of thermocouples, one downstream of the other, are cross-correlated to determine the flow’s preferred mean velocity while temperature is measured directly. The velocity measurements have undergone extensive verification using hotwire, pitot tube, and Laser-Doppler Velocimetry to determine the degree of confidence in this technique. This work demonstrates that the CCV technique is quite reliable and can measure the mean preferred component of the convective velocity with better than ±5 percent certainty. Application of this technique to the measurement of velocities in a ceiling jet induced by a fire plume is briefly presented here.
Fire Safety Journal, 1998
This work is motivated by the urgent need to find an alternative to the banned halogen-based fire... more This work is motivated by the urgent need to find an alternative to the banned halogen-based fire suppressing agents. Fine water mist is a contending alternative especially in total flooding applications. To obtain an optimum design of a water mist fire suppression system, one needs to understand the mechanisms of fire suspension by water mist. This paper presents a study of the relative contributions of the suppression mechanisms in a gaseous diffusion flame. A modified Wolfhard-Parker burner was used to measure temperature drops in a 2D methane diffusion flame, when various quantities of nitrogen, steam and water mist were added independently in a co-flow arrangement. A simple model of the flame was used to estimate the heat generation and loss processes taking place in the flame when small amounts of various suppressants were added. The results of both experiments and the analysis show that in a co-flow arrangement the addition of small quantities of fine water mist has more gas phase cooling effect on the flame than oxygen dilution effect. Published by
Material Pyrolysis Properties, Part II: Methodology for the Derivation of Pyrolysis Properties for Charring Materials
Combustion Science and Technology, 1995
A methodology for deriving material pyrolysis properties is proposed and validated by using three... more A methodology for deriving material pyrolysis properties is proposed and validated by using three charring materials (pure cellulose, and two different particle boards designated as N and F). The methodology uses experimental data obtained in a pyrolysis apparatus together with an accurate integral thermal pyrolysis model for the charring pyrolysis process (see CST, 88, 309-328, 1993). The effects of various
Fire Safety Science, 1994
A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires.... more A methodology and a model are presented for the calculation of radiation distribution from fires. Extensive application of the model is discussed with regard to turbulent buoyant jet fires wherein radiation is controlled by soot and the flame size is such that it produces optically thin conditions. The local soot concentration is modelled, according to previous results, to be 1) proportional to the inverse smoke-point heat release rate, Y,-l /~, and 2) a function of the local mixture fraction and temperature. The local volumetric emissive power is averaged over the turbulent fluctuations to obtain the radiation losses for optically thin flame situations. Combustion is modelled, in a standard way, by an ensemble of laminar flamelets whose chemical composition of species is known from state relationships. The combustion model is an integral model that has been validated by extensive data from turbulent buoyant jet flames whereas the radiation model is validated here by comparison with propane turbulent jet flames; this comparison allows the determination of a proportionality coefficient for the soot concentration and radiation term. The generality and soundness of the model has been determined by applying it to predict the jet flame radiation from another fuel, propylene (while maintaining the same proportionality constant for the soot as for the propane). Preliminary results and favorable comparisons with experiments are also shown for pool fires of diameter up to 1 m. The proposed methodology and the model can be applied to an arbitrary burning material whose laminar smoke-point heat release rate has been measured in laboratory experiments.
Quantifying Metrics of External Airport Risk Exposure in Vicinity of Public Use, Nontowered Airports
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2010
Page 1. therefore be critical to mitigate any subsequent increased external risk as well as facil... more Page 1. therefore be critical to mitigate any subsequent increased external risk as well as facilitate societal acceptance of risk exposure. With-out societal acceptance, the introduction of high-volume operations at nontowered airports could be forestalled. ...
Modeling Hazard and Threat Risks to Populations Surrounding Public-Use, Non-Towered Airports due to General Aviation Operations
Volume 15: Safety, Reliability and Risk; Virtual Podium (Posters), 2013
Aviation Safety Priorities in Emerging Air Transport Systems
Journal of Aircraft, 2008
Flame Length Measurements of Burning Fuel Puffs
Combustion Science and Technology, 1993
... This is certainly unexpected and a possible cause may be the difference between the present p... more ... This is certainly unexpected and a possible cause may be the difference between the present puff generation mechanism and that of aqueous experiments (Johari, 1992 ... Figure 7 is a plot of normalized flame length versus duty-cycle for injection times of 25, 50, 100, and 150 ms. ...
Modeling Hazard and Threat Risks to Populations Surrounding Public-Use, Non-Towered Airports due to General Aviation Operations
Volume 15: Safety, Reliability and Risk; Virtual Podium (Posters), 2013
Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Solid Metal Fuel Particle Characteristics on the Combustion Process
ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference, Volume 1, 2007
Positive ion chemistry related to hydrocarbon flames doped with CF3 Br
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1992
... 95 Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam Positive ion chemistry related to hydrocarbon fl... more ... 95 Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam Positive ion chemistry related to hydrocarbon flames doped with CF3 Br Robert A. Morris', Eileen R. Brown a,1,Z ... The value of 3.3 x 10' cm3 s' for reaction (4) measured by Heckel and Hanrahan [6] in an ion sourcetimeofflight mass ...
The Need for a National Review of the Federal Fire Safety R&D Issues and Activities
Journal of Applied Fire Science, 1999