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• Child Marriage, Family Law, and Religion
  (Taylor and Francis
  ,
  2015-10-23
  )
  Child marriage, defined as marrying before the age of 18, is a practice that affects mostly girls and often leads to violations of human rights for the girls who have to marry early. UNICEF estimates that 140 million girls will marry early in the next decade or up to 40,000 per day. Especially when marriage takes place very early (well below the age of 18), it profoundly affects a girl’s life through lowering her education and future earnings prospects. It may also lead to health complications, compromised psychological wellbeing, intimate partner violence, and a lack of participation and voice for the girls in their community and society at large.
• Basic Profile of Child Marriage in the Democratic Republic of Congo
  (World Bank, Washington, DC
  ,
  2016-03
  )
  Male, Chata; Wodon, Quentin
  Measures of child marriage are high in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The share of women ages 18-22 who married as children is 35.9 percent, but it has declined over time. The share of girls marrying very early, before the age of 15, at just under 10 percent has also declined. Child marriage is associated with lower wealth, lower education levels, and higher labor force participation. These are however only correlations, not necessarily causal effects. In order to design programs and policies to reduce child marriage, information is needed on the trend in the practice over time, where it is most prevalent in a country, and what the characteristics of girls marrying early are.
• Basic Profile of Child Marriage in Ghana
  (World Bank, Washington, DC
  ,
  2016-03
  )
  Malé, Chata; Wodon, Quentin
  This brief has provided a basic profile of child marriage in Ghana. Measures of child marriage are very high. The share of women aged 18-22 who married as children is 17.2 percent and it has declined substantially over time. The share of girls marrying very early, before the age of 15, has also declined. Other measures of child marriage have declined as well over the last 25 years. Child marriage is associated with lower wealth, lower education levels, and higher labor force participation. These are however only correlations, not necessarily causal effects. Other briefs in this series look at potential causal effects.
• Basic Profile of Child Marriage in the Republic of Congo
  (World Bank, Washington, DC
  ,
  2016-03
  )
  Male, Chata; Wodon, Quentin
  Measures of child marriage are high in the Republic of Congo. The share of women ages 18-22 who married as children is 34.0 percent, and it has decreased only slightly over time. The share of girls marrying very early, before the age of 15, has also declined slightly. Child marriage is associated with lower wealth, lower education levels, and higher labor force participation. These are however only correlations, not necessarily causal effects. In order to design programs and policies to reduce child marriage, information is needed on the trend in the practice over time, where it is most prevalent in a country, and what the characteristics of girls marrying early are.
• Basic Profile of Child Marriage in the Dominican Republic
  (World Bank, Washington, DC
  ,
  2016-03
  )
  Male, Chata; Wodon, Quentin
  Measures of child marriage are high in the Dominican Republic. The share of women ages 18-22 who married as children is 34.6 percent and it has not decreased substantially over time. The share of girls marrying very early, before the age of 15, has decreased. Child marriage is associated with lower wealth, lower education levels, and lower labor force participation. These are however only correlations, not necessarily causal effects. In order to design programs and policies to reduce child marriage, information is needed on the trend in the practice over time, where it is most prevalent in a country, and what the characteristics of girls marrying early are.

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• Supporting Youth at Risk
  (World Bank, Washington, DC
  ,
  2008
  )
  Cohan, Lorena M.; Cunningham, Wendy; Naudeau, Sophie; McGinnis, Linda
  The World Bank has produced this policy Toolkit in response to a growing demand from our government clients and partners for advice on how to create and implement effective policies for at-risk youth. The author has highlighted 22 policies (six core policies, nine promising policies, and seven general policies) that have been effective in addressing the following five key risk areas for young people around the world: (i) youth unemployment, underemployment, and lack of formal sector employment; (ii) early school leaving; (iii) risky sexual behavior leading to early childbearing and HIV/AIDS; (iv) crime and violence; and (v) substance abuse. The objective of this Toolkit is to serve as a practical guide for policy makers in middle-income countries as well as professionals working within the area of youth development on how to develop and implement an effective policy portfolio to foster healthy and positive youth development.
• State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2024
  (Washington, DC: World Bank
  ,
  2024-05-21
  )
  World Bank
  This report provides an up-to-date overview of existing and emerging carbon pricing instruments around the world, including international, national, and subnational initiatives. It also investigates trends surrounding the development and implementation of carbon pricing instruments and some of the drivers seen over the past year. Specifically, this report covers carbon taxes, emissions trading systems (ETSs), and crediting mechanisms. Key topics covered in the 2024 report include uptake of ETSs and carbon taxes in low- and middle- income economies, sectoral coverage of ETSs and carbon taxes, and the use of crediting mechanisms as part of the policy mix.
• Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2024: Better Education for Stronger Growth
  (Washington, DC: World Bank
  ,
  2024-10-17
  )
  Izvorski, Ivailo; Kasyanenko, Sergiy; Lokshin, Michael M.; Torre, Iván
  Economic growth in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) is likely to moderate from 3.5 percent in 2023 to 3.3 percent this year. This is significantly weaker than the 4.1 percent average growth in 2000-19. Growth this year is driven by expansionary fiscal policies and strong private consumption. External demand is less favorable because of weak economic expansion in major trading partners, like the European Union. Growth is likely to slow further in 2025, mostly because of the easing of expansion in the Russian Federation and Turkiye. This Europe and Central Asia Economic Update calls for a major overhaul of education systems across the region, particularly higher education, to unleash the talent needed to reinvigorate growth and boost convergence with high-income countries. Universities in the region suffer from poor management, outdated curricula, and inadequate funding and infrastructure. A mismatch between graduates' skills and the skills employers are seeking leads to wasted potential and contributes to the region's brain drain. Reversing the decline in the quality of education will require prioritizing improvements in teacher training, updated curricula, and investment in educational infrastructure. In higher education, reforms are needed to consolidate university systems, integrate them with research centers, and provide reskilling opportunities for adult workers.
• Digital Progress and Trends Report 2023
  (Washington, DC: World Bank
  ,
  2024-03-05
  )
  World Bank
  Digitalization is the transformational opportunity of our time. The digital sector has become a powerhouse of innovation, economic growth, and job creation. Value added in the IT services sector grew at 8 percent annually during 2000–22, nearly twice as fast as the global economy. Employment growth in IT services reached 7 percent annually, six times higher than total employment growth. The diffusion and adoption of digital technologies are just as critical as their invention. Digital uptake has accelerated since the COVID-19 pandemic, with 1.5 billion new internet users added from 2018 to 2022. The share of firms investing in digital solutions around the world has more than doubled from 2020 to 2022. Low-income countries, vulnerable populations, and small firms, however, have been falling behind, while transformative digital innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) have been accelerating in higher-income countries. Although more than 90 percent of the population in high-income countries was online in 2022, only one in four people in low-income countries used the internet, and the speed of their connection was typically only a small fraction of that in wealthier countries. As businesses in technologically advanced countries integrate generative AI into their products and services, less than half of the businesses in many low- and middle-income countries have an internet connection. The growing digital divide is exacerbating the poverty and productivity gaps between richer and poorer economies. The Digital Progress and Trends Report series will track global digitalization progress and highlight policy trends, debates, and implications for low- and middle-income countries. The series adds to the global efforts to study the progress and trends of digitalization in two main ways: · By compiling, curating, and analyzing data from diverse sources to present a comprehensive picture of digitalization in low- and middle-income countries, including in-depth analyses on understudied topics. · By developing insights on policy opportunities, challenges, and debates and reflecting the perspectives of various stakeholders and the World Bank’s operational experiences. This report, the first in the series, aims to inform evidence-based policy making and motivate action among internal and external audiences and stakeholders. The report will bring global attention to high-performing countries that have valuable experience to share as well as to areas where efforts will need to be redoubled.
• Macroeconomic and Fiscal Implications of Population Aging in Bulgaria
  (World Bank, Washington, DC
  ,
  2014-02
  )
  Pestieau, Pierre; Onder, Harun; Ley, Eduardo
  Bulgaria is in the midst of a serious demographic transition that will shrink its population at one of the highest rates in the world within the next few decades. This study analyzes the macroeconomic and fiscal implications of this demographic transition by using a long-term model, which integrates the demographic projections with social security, fiscal and real economy dimensions in a consistent manner. The simulations suggest that, even under fairly optimistic assumptions, Bulgaria's demographic transition will exert significant fiscal pressures and depress the economic growth in the medium and long term. However, the results also demonstrate that the Government of Bulgaria can play a significant role in mitigating some of these effects. Policies that induce higher labor force participation, promote productivity and technological improvement, and provide better education outcomes are found to counteract the negative consequences of the demographic shift.