Antti Korpisaari | University of Helsinki (original) (raw)

Books by Antti Korpisaari

Arqueología Boliviana No. 4, 2018

"Arqueología Boliviana No. 4: Temas iconográficos de la cuenca del Titicaca", es una publicación ... more "Arqueología Boliviana No. 4: Temas iconográficos de la cuenca del Titicaca", es una publicación del Ministerio de Culturas y Turismo de Bolivia y de la Cooperación Técnica Belga en Bolivia. Abarca diferentes artículos de investigadores bolivianos y extranjeros en torno a la iconografía Tiwanaku de decapitadores, lito escultura Tiwanaku, etnografía actual y análisis de colecciones del Museo Nacional de Arqueología de Bolivia (MUNARQ).

Renvall Institute Publications 33, 2016

This book contains ten articles written by the former and current Ph.D. students of Professor Mar... more This book contains ten articles written by the former and current Ph.D. students of Professor Martti Pärssinen to honor his sixtieth birthday. These texts in English, Finnish, and Spanish highlight the pronouncedly multidisciplinary nature and broad scope of the Latin American Studies program at the University of Helsinki, headed by Professor Pärssinen since 1999.

Este libro recopila 12 textos elaborados en base a ponencias presentadas en el XIX Congreso Nacio... more Este libro recopila 12 textos elaborados en base a ponencias presentadas en el XIX Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena, desarrollado en Arica en octubre de 2012. Los autores son investigadores reconocidos de América del Sur, Estados Unidos y Europa. El tema más central del libro es Tiwanaku, y, sobre todo, la influencia cultural y/o política que el estado centrado en esta urbe altiplánica ejercía en las regiones vecinas de Bolivia, Chile y Perú en la segunda mitad del primer milenio de nuestra era. El estado Wari también figura de manera central en un par de capítulos, y, así, el libro ofrece un panorama amplio y actualizado de las complejas interacciones culturales que caracterizaban el Horizonte Medio (aprox. 550-1000 d. C.) de los Andes centro sur. Esperamos que este libro sea útil para cualquiera persona interesada en la prehistoria centro andina.

Renvall Institute Publications 14, 2003

Papers by Antti Korpisaari

Estudios Latinoamericanos 43, 2024

The extent to which the Inca empire was built on knowledge, experiences, and ideology inherited f... more The extent to which the Inca empire was built on knowledge, experiences, and ideology inherited from one or both of its Middle Horizon predecessors – the Tiwanaku and the Wari states – is a long-debated topic in Andean studies. In this article, we review the relevant discussions regarding ceramics, architectural styles, iconographical patterns, radiocarbon dating, and historical sources. We then proceed to discuss the new insights, especially into the Tiwanaku-Inca continuity issue, that our own archaeological research in the Lake Titicaca area offers. On the one hand, even though the Tiwanaku state probably collapsed around AD 1000, its legacy continued in ceramic iconography until the 13th century AD in the Lake Titicaca area, in northern Chile, and in southern Peru, probably indicating some ideological continuity as well. On the other hand, even though the traditional chronology of the Inca expansion, established by John H. Rowe, argues for a very late expansion into the southern part of the empire (that is, for expansion after AD 1471), mounting radiocarbon (and thermoluminescence) evidence firmly indicates that Inca-style ceramics and architecture were already present in the Lake Titicaca area in the 14th century AD. Even though many kinds of changes undoubtedly occurred, especially ca. AD 1250–1350, iconographical and ideological continuity, as well as a trajectory of similar architectural developments, can be established from the Tiwanaku to the Inca in the Lake Titicaca area (and probably also in southern Peru, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina). Thus, our results challenge the dominant Cuzco-centered view of the early political and ideological development of the Inca empire.

The International Journal of James Bond Studies 7(1), 2024

The creation of Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise strip cartoon (1963–2001) and book series (1965–... more The creation of Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise strip cartoon (1963–2001) and book series (1965–1996) took place during – and under the undeniable influence of – the "Bondmania" that swept the world in the 1960s. Still, as a strong, independent, and sexually liberated female hero, Modesty Blaise was in many ways quite new to the early 1960s. Regardless of this, however, she was regarded as a "feminine answer to James Bond", and this view continues to echo in the writings of many contemporary critics and academics.

Comparing Ian Fleming's original Bond stories and O'Donnell's books, this article will discuss and question the validity of seeing Modesty Blaise and her world as "derivatives" of Bond. The article pays special attention to the similarities and differences in the skillsets, life histories, and personalities of James Bond, Modesty Blaise, and her trusted companion in arms, Willie Garvin. It also explores the nature of the operations that Bond and Blaise and Garvin undertake; the former as an agent of the British Secret Service, the latter two as independently wealthy "freelancers" or "vigilantes". A closely related issue is the way in which the chiefs of British Intelligence, Fleming's M and O'Donnell's Sir Gerald Tarrant, are portrayed in and figure into the narratives.

Although Fleming's influence is clearly present in the first Modesty Blaise stories, the article will argue that the Modesty Blaise and James Bond series have many more dissimilarities than similarities and that the former merits increased academic attention in its own right.

Global James Bond: (Re)Imagining and Transplanting a Popular Culture Icon, edited by Lisa Funnell and Klaus Dodds, pp. 83–101. Lexington Books, Lanham & London., 2023

Celebrating 100 Years of Archaeology at the University of Helsinki: Past, Present, and Future (Iskos 27), edited by Liisa Kunnas, Marko Marila, Volker Heyd, Elisabeth Holmqvist, Kristin Ilves, Antti Lahelma, and Mika Lavento, pp. 120–138. The Finnish Antiquarian Society, Helsinki., 2023

South American archaeology became one of the focus areas of the Department of Archaeology of the ... more South American archaeology became one of the focus areas of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Helsinki in the 1980s. Martti Pärssinen, then of the University of Turku, first contacted professor Ari Siiriäinen during that time, and these two developed a close partnership that resulted in four major archaeological-historical research projects in the Bolivian Andes and one in the Bolivian Amazon. Several students of archaeology took part in these projects, some of them (Antti Korpisaari, Sanna Saunaluoma, and Risto Kesseli) gradually developing into specialists in South American archaeology. From 1999, when Pärssinen became the first professor of Latin American Studies at the University of Helsinki, until the retirement of Siiriäinen in 2003 (and his premature death in 2004), South American archaeology was arguably at its strongest at the University of Helsinki. Since those years, the institutional home of this research in Helsinki has shifted to Latin American Studies, under the auspices of which archaeological research in Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile has continued to prosper. Considering the small number of researchers and the relatively meagre funding, Finnish archaeological research in South America has produced remarkable results. Two of its most important achievements are the discovery of the ceremonial ceramic destruction deposits of Pariti Island, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, which contained some of the finest pre-Columbian pottery ever found in the Andean highlands, and the scientific discovery and long-term, multidisciplinary study of the ancient geoglyph-building society of western Amazonia in the state of Acre, Brazil.

Radiocarbon

Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s... more Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper’s goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired 14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of 14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the 14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated 14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to...

The International Journal of James Bond Studies 4(1), 2021

On screen, James Bond has repeatedly travelled to Latin America. The cinematic landscapes of Lati... more On screen, James Bond has repeatedly travelled to Latin America. The cinematic landscapes of Latin America portrayed in the film series often appear as visual spectacles, exotic locations of adventure and enticement. However, these cinematic representations also carry metaphorical dimensions, whereby Latin American topographies take on various political, cultural, and social meanings. In this article, we focus on representational politics and the ways in which the Bond franchise has presented continental Latin America in three films: Moonraker (1979), Licence to Kill (1989), and Quantum of Solace (2008); we argue that these films, in particular, utilise and reference a capitalist-colonial heritage which "others" Central and South America in the popular imagination. In Moonraker, Brazil provides a visually spectacular background for undesirable Westerners, with little to no agency afforded to Latin American spaces and peoples; Licence to Kill presents a sordid image of Central America which emphasises the threat of drug trafficking to both Latin America and the West at large; and Quantum of Solace highlights the illicit exploits of global capitalism and the self-interested politics of Western governments, taking a refreshingly critical stance towards the many ways in which the West has traditionally used Latin America as its own back yard.

Encyclopédie des historiographies: Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Volume 1 – Tome 2, edited by Pierre Ragon, pp. 1063–1070. OpenEdition Books, Presses de l'Inalco, Paris., 2020

Located in the lower Urubamba Valley of Peru, Machu Picchu is one of the most emblematic archaeol... more Located in the lower Urubamba Valley of Peru, Machu Picchu is one of the most emblematic archaeological sites of the Americas. It has come to symbolize the Inca Empire, which originated in Cuzco, in the south Peruvian highlands. In the 15th and early 16th centuries AD, the Incas rapidly conquered huge areas, before they succumbed to the Spaniards in the 1530s. Not long after Machu Picchu's scientific discovery in 1911, rather fanciful interpretations regarding the ancient nature and function of this "lost city of the Incas" began to circulate. Since the 1980s, however, ethnohistorical and archaeological knowledge regarding the site has increased considerably. Scholars now agree: Machu Picchu was no typical Inca settlement, but, rather, a private royal estate of the emperor Pachacuti, probably built around the mid‑fifteenth century AD.

Images in Action: The Southern Andean Iconographic Series, edited by William H. Isbell, Mauricio I. Uribe, Anne Tiballi, and Edward P. Zegarra, pp. 213–237. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles., 2018

Arqueología Boliviana, 2018

El presente artículo enfoca la creación, evolución y simbolismo del ritual de "beber en la cabeza... more El presente artículo enfoca la creación, evolución y simbolismo del ritual de "beber en la cabeza del enemigo" desde su origen en culturas como Moche, Wari y los Incas. Focalizándose en la aparición en Tiwanaku de metáforas y/o significantes en cerámica de este ritual, como son los vasos en forma de calavera humana en Pariti. Considerando la continuidad de este ritual al sur de Bolivia con ejemplos etnográficos interpretados desde una óptica arqueológica y etnohistórica.

Multidisciplinary Latin American Studies: Festschrift in Honor of Martti Pärssinen, edited by Harri Kettunen and Antti Korpisaari, pp. 5–22. Renvall Institute Publications 33. Department of World Cultures, University of Helsinki, Helsinki., 2016

El Horizonte Medio: Nuevos aportes para el sur de Perú, norte de Chile y Bolivia, edited by Antti Korpisaari and Juan Chacama R., pp. 9–28. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos & Universidad de Tarapacá, Lima & Arica., 2015

Arqueología Boliviana No. 4, 2018

"Arqueología Boliviana No. 4: Temas iconográficos de la cuenca del Titicaca", es una publicación ... more "Arqueología Boliviana No. 4: Temas iconográficos de la cuenca del Titicaca", es una publicación del Ministerio de Culturas y Turismo de Bolivia y de la Cooperación Técnica Belga en Bolivia. Abarca diferentes artículos de investigadores bolivianos y extranjeros en torno a la iconografía Tiwanaku de decapitadores, lito escultura Tiwanaku, etnografía actual y análisis de colecciones del Museo Nacional de Arqueología de Bolivia (MUNARQ).

Renvall Institute Publications 33, 2016

This book contains ten articles written by the former and current Ph.D. students of Professor Mar... more This book contains ten articles written by the former and current Ph.D. students of Professor Martti Pärssinen to honor his sixtieth birthday. These texts in English, Finnish, and Spanish highlight the pronouncedly multidisciplinary nature and broad scope of the Latin American Studies program at the University of Helsinki, headed by Professor Pärssinen since 1999.

Este libro recopila 12 textos elaborados en base a ponencias presentadas en el XIX Congreso Nacio... more Este libro recopila 12 textos elaborados en base a ponencias presentadas en el XIX Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena, desarrollado en Arica en octubre de 2012. Los autores son investigadores reconocidos de América del Sur, Estados Unidos y Europa. El tema más central del libro es Tiwanaku, y, sobre todo, la influencia cultural y/o política que el estado centrado en esta urbe altiplánica ejercía en las regiones vecinas de Bolivia, Chile y Perú en la segunda mitad del primer milenio de nuestra era. El estado Wari también figura de manera central en un par de capítulos, y, así, el libro ofrece un panorama amplio y actualizado de las complejas interacciones culturales que caracterizaban el Horizonte Medio (aprox. 550-1000 d. C.) de los Andes centro sur. Esperamos que este libro sea útil para cualquiera persona interesada en la prehistoria centro andina.

Renvall Institute Publications 14, 2003

Estudios Latinoamericanos 43, 2024

The extent to which the Inca empire was built on knowledge, experiences, and ideology inherited f... more The extent to which the Inca empire was built on knowledge, experiences, and ideology inherited from one or both of its Middle Horizon predecessors – the Tiwanaku and the Wari states – is a long-debated topic in Andean studies. In this article, we review the relevant discussions regarding ceramics, architectural styles, iconographical patterns, radiocarbon dating, and historical sources. We then proceed to discuss the new insights, especially into the Tiwanaku-Inca continuity issue, that our own archaeological research in the Lake Titicaca area offers. On the one hand, even though the Tiwanaku state probably collapsed around AD 1000, its legacy continued in ceramic iconography until the 13th century AD in the Lake Titicaca area, in northern Chile, and in southern Peru, probably indicating some ideological continuity as well. On the other hand, even though the traditional chronology of the Inca expansion, established by John H. Rowe, argues for a very late expansion into the southern part of the empire (that is, for expansion after AD 1471), mounting radiocarbon (and thermoluminescence) evidence firmly indicates that Inca-style ceramics and architecture were already present in the Lake Titicaca area in the 14th century AD. Even though many kinds of changes undoubtedly occurred, especially ca. AD 1250–1350, iconographical and ideological continuity, as well as a trajectory of similar architectural developments, can be established from the Tiwanaku to the Inca in the Lake Titicaca area (and probably also in southern Peru, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina). Thus, our results challenge the dominant Cuzco-centered view of the early political and ideological development of the Inca empire.

The International Journal of James Bond Studies 7(1), 2024

The creation of Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise strip cartoon (1963–2001) and book series (1965–... more The creation of Peter O'Donnell's Modesty Blaise strip cartoon (1963–2001) and book series (1965–1996) took place during – and under the undeniable influence of – the "Bondmania" that swept the world in the 1960s. Still, as a strong, independent, and sexually liberated female hero, Modesty Blaise was in many ways quite new to the early 1960s. Regardless of this, however, she was regarded as a "feminine answer to James Bond", and this view continues to echo in the writings of many contemporary critics and academics.

Comparing Ian Fleming's original Bond stories and O'Donnell's books, this article will discuss and question the validity of seeing Modesty Blaise and her world as "derivatives" of Bond. The article pays special attention to the similarities and differences in the skillsets, life histories, and personalities of James Bond, Modesty Blaise, and her trusted companion in arms, Willie Garvin. It also explores the nature of the operations that Bond and Blaise and Garvin undertake; the former as an agent of the British Secret Service, the latter two as independently wealthy "freelancers" or "vigilantes". A closely related issue is the way in which the chiefs of British Intelligence, Fleming's M and O'Donnell's Sir Gerald Tarrant, are portrayed in and figure into the narratives.

Although Fleming's influence is clearly present in the first Modesty Blaise stories, the article will argue that the Modesty Blaise and James Bond series have many more dissimilarities than similarities and that the former merits increased academic attention in its own right.

Global James Bond: (Re)Imagining and Transplanting a Popular Culture Icon, edited by Lisa Funnell and Klaus Dodds, pp. 83–101. Lexington Books, Lanham & London., 2023

Celebrating 100 Years of Archaeology at the University of Helsinki: Past, Present, and Future (Iskos 27), edited by Liisa Kunnas, Marko Marila, Volker Heyd, Elisabeth Holmqvist, Kristin Ilves, Antti Lahelma, and Mika Lavento, pp. 120–138. The Finnish Antiquarian Society, Helsinki., 2023

South American archaeology became one of the focus areas of the Department of Archaeology of the ... more South American archaeology became one of the focus areas of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Helsinki in the 1980s. Martti Pärssinen, then of the University of Turku, first contacted professor Ari Siiriäinen during that time, and these two developed a close partnership that resulted in four major archaeological-historical research projects in the Bolivian Andes and one in the Bolivian Amazon. Several students of archaeology took part in these projects, some of them (Antti Korpisaari, Sanna Saunaluoma, and Risto Kesseli) gradually developing into specialists in South American archaeology. From 1999, when Pärssinen became the first professor of Latin American Studies at the University of Helsinki, until the retirement of Siiriäinen in 2003 (and his premature death in 2004), South American archaeology was arguably at its strongest at the University of Helsinki. Since those years, the institutional home of this research in Helsinki has shifted to Latin American Studies, under the auspices of which archaeological research in Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile has continued to prosper. Considering the small number of researchers and the relatively meagre funding, Finnish archaeological research in South America has produced remarkable results. Two of its most important achievements are the discovery of the ceremonial ceramic destruction deposits of Pariti Island, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, which contained some of the finest pre-Columbian pottery ever found in the Andean highlands, and the scientific discovery and long-term, multidisciplinary study of the ancient geoglyph-building society of western Amazonia in the state of Acre, Brazil.

Radiocarbon

Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s... more Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper’s goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired 14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of 14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the 14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated 14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to...

The International Journal of James Bond Studies 4(1), 2021

On screen, James Bond has repeatedly travelled to Latin America. The cinematic landscapes of Lati... more On screen, James Bond has repeatedly travelled to Latin America. The cinematic landscapes of Latin America portrayed in the film series often appear as visual spectacles, exotic locations of adventure and enticement. However, these cinematic representations also carry metaphorical dimensions, whereby Latin American topographies take on various political, cultural, and social meanings. In this article, we focus on representational politics and the ways in which the Bond franchise has presented continental Latin America in three films: Moonraker (1979), Licence to Kill (1989), and Quantum of Solace (2008); we argue that these films, in particular, utilise and reference a capitalist-colonial heritage which "others" Central and South America in the popular imagination. In Moonraker, Brazil provides a visually spectacular background for undesirable Westerners, with little to no agency afforded to Latin American spaces and peoples; Licence to Kill presents a sordid image of Central America which emphasises the threat of drug trafficking to both Latin America and the West at large; and Quantum of Solace highlights the illicit exploits of global capitalism and the self-interested politics of Western governments, taking a refreshingly critical stance towards the many ways in which the West has traditionally used Latin America as its own back yard.

Encyclopédie des historiographies: Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Volume 1 – Tome 2, edited by Pierre Ragon, pp. 1063–1070. OpenEdition Books, Presses de l'Inalco, Paris., 2020

Located in the lower Urubamba Valley of Peru, Machu Picchu is one of the most emblematic archaeol... more Located in the lower Urubamba Valley of Peru, Machu Picchu is one of the most emblematic archaeological sites of the Americas. It has come to symbolize the Inca Empire, which originated in Cuzco, in the south Peruvian highlands. In the 15th and early 16th centuries AD, the Incas rapidly conquered huge areas, before they succumbed to the Spaniards in the 1530s. Not long after Machu Picchu's scientific discovery in 1911, rather fanciful interpretations regarding the ancient nature and function of this "lost city of the Incas" began to circulate. Since the 1980s, however, ethnohistorical and archaeological knowledge regarding the site has increased considerably. Scholars now agree: Machu Picchu was no typical Inca settlement, but, rather, a private royal estate of the emperor Pachacuti, probably built around the mid‑fifteenth century AD.

Images in Action: The Southern Andean Iconographic Series, edited by William H. Isbell, Mauricio I. Uribe, Anne Tiballi, and Edward P. Zegarra, pp. 213–237. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles., 2018

Arqueología Boliviana, 2018

El presente artículo enfoca la creación, evolución y simbolismo del ritual de "beber en la cabeza... more El presente artículo enfoca la creación, evolución y simbolismo del ritual de "beber en la cabeza del enemigo" desde su origen en culturas como Moche, Wari y los Incas. Focalizándose en la aparición en Tiwanaku de metáforas y/o significantes en cerámica de este ritual, como son los vasos en forma de calavera humana en Pariti. Considerando la continuidad de este ritual al sur de Bolivia con ejemplos etnográficos interpretados desde una óptica arqueológica y etnohistórica.

Multidisciplinary Latin American Studies: Festschrift in Honor of Martti Pärssinen, edited by Harri Kettunen and Antti Korpisaari, pp. 5–22. Renvall Institute Publications 33. Department of World Cultures, University of Helsinki, Helsinki., 2016

El Horizonte Medio: Nuevos aportes para el sur de Perú, norte de Chile y Bolivia, edited by Antti Korpisaari and Juan Chacama R., pp. 9–28. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos & Universidad de Tarapacá, Lima & Arica., 2015

El Horizonte Medio: Nuevos aportes para el sur de Perú, norte de Chile y Bolivia, edited by Antti Korpisaari and Juan Chacama R., pp. 83–113. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos & Universidad de Tarapacá, Lima & Arica., 2015

Funerary Practices and Models in the Ancient Andes: The Return of the Living Dead, edited by Peter Eeckhout and Lawrence S. Owens, pp. 137–157. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015

Chachapuma: Revista de Arqueología Boliviana, 2015

En este artículo discuto como la cronología absoluta propuesta por Carlos Ponce Sanginés para las... more En este artículo discuto como la cronología absoluta propuesta por Carlos Ponce Sanginés para las épocas I a V de la cultura Tiwanaku ha soportado el tiempo. A la luz de estudios recientes, la fase pre-estatal de Tiwanaku empezó mucho más tarde de lo que Ponce argumentó, y las denominaciones Tiwanaku I, II y III ya no suelen ser usadas por estudiosos contemporáneos, habiendo sido sustituidas por el período Formativo Tardío y sus subdivisiones internas. Las épocas Tiwanaku IV y V, sin embargo, siguen en uso, con algunos ajustes cronológicos.

Latin American Antiquity, 25(4): 409–426, 2014

The nature and extent of the political and cultural influence of the Tiwanaku state (ca. A.D. 500... more The nature and extent of the political and cultural influence of the Tiwanaku state (ca. A.D. 500–1100) in the Azapa Valley of northern Chile are debated topics. The absolute chronology of these contacts also remains somewhat unclear. Much of the debate has centered on the origins and chronological position of the Tiwanaku-related black-on-red ceramic style called Cabuza. In order to reevaluate the chronological position of the Cabuza, Maytas-Chiribaya, and San Miguel ceramic styles and associated cultural phases of the Azapa Valley, we obtained a total of 16 new radiocarbon dates for the Azapa-6, Azapa-71a, Azapa-141, and Azapa-143 cemeteries. All but one sample dated to the Late Intermediate period (ca. A.D. 1000–1450). We compare our results with previously published radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates and carry out Bayesian probability calculations, establishing the most likely chronological ranges for the three ceramic styles. Based on this research, we argue that the undeniable Tiwanaku influence seen in the Azapa Valley more likely reflects processes set in motion by the collapse of the Tiwanaku state rather than an attempt to colonize or indirectly control the Azapa Valley during the Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 550–1000).

Chachapuma: Revista de Arqueología Boliviana, No. 7: 18–30, 2014

En este artículo se describe y analiza un grupo altamente naturalista de vasos retrato, vasijas e... more En este artículo se describe y analiza un grupo altamente naturalista de vasos retrato, vasijas efigie humana y figurinas humanas recuperados en la isla Pariti. Estos hallazgos, datados en aprox. 1000 d.C., ofrecen posibilidades sin precedentes para la investigación de los tipos de ornamentos personales, tocados y ropa usados por los pueblos de la cuenca sureña del Titicaca en el período Tiwanaku V (aprox. 800–1100 d.C.). Tradicionalmente, vasos retrato y vasijas efigie humana han sido interpretados como representaciones de líderes, sacerdotes y otros miembros de la élite de Tiwanaku. Esta interpretación también parece ser apropiada en el caso del material de Pariti. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo algunas diferencias en los peinados, rasgos faciales, tocados y ornamentos de los seres humanos representados probablemente hacen referencia a diferencias étnicas, y, por consiguiente, apoyan la idea emergente de la naturaleza multiétnica del estado Tiwanaku.

Conchopata: Revista de arqueología, 4: 77–148, 2014

Estudios Atacameños, 46: 83–108, 2014

Latinalainen Amerikka: Ihmiset, kulttuuri, yhteiskunta, edited by Harri Kettunen and Elina Vuola, pp. 37–54. Vastapaino, Tampere., 2014

Diálogo Andino, 39: 91–122, 2012

Latin American Antiquity, 30(1): 237–239, 2019

American Anthropologist, Vol. 116, No. 4: 895–896, 2014