John Done | University of Hertfordshire (original) (raw)
Papers by John Done
In handwriting the drawing or copying of an individual letter involves a process of linearising w... more In handwriting the drawing or copying of an individual letter involves a process of linearising whereby the form of the letter is broken down into a temporal sequence of strokes for production. In experienced writers, letters are produced consistently using the same production methods that are economic in terms of movement. This regularity permits a rule-based description of such production processes, which can be used in the teaching of handwriting skills. In this paper, the outstanding question from rule-based descriptions as to how consistent and stable letter production behaviour emerges as a product of practice and experience is addressed through the implementation of a connectionist model of sequential letter production. This model: (1) examines the emergence of letter production behaviour, namely- the linearising process, (2) explores how letters may be internally represented across both spatial and temporal dimensions, and (3) investigates the impact of learning certain lett...
Rheumatoid arthritis – prognosis, predictors and outcome, 2018
Schizophrenia Research, 2008
![Research paper thumbnail of BHPR: Research [278-290]: 278. What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Measure? Evidence of a Bifactor Structure and Item Bias](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96852329/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2011
Introduction. Hearing voices occurs in people without psychosis. Why hearing voices is such a key... more Introduction. Hearing voices occurs in people without psychosis. Why hearing voices is such a key pathological feature of psychosis whilst remaining a manageable experience in nonpsychotic people is yet to be understood. We hypothesised that religious voice hearers would interpret voices in accordance with their beliefs and therefore experience less distress. Methods. Three voice hearing groups, which comprised: 20 mentally healthy Christians, 15 Christian patients with psychosis, and 14 nonreligious patients with psychosis. All completed (1) questionnaires with rating scales measuring the perceptual and emotional aspects of hallucinated voices, and (2) a semistructured interview to explore whether religious belief is used to make sense of the voice hearing experience. Results. The three groups had perceptually similar experiences when hearing the voices. Mentally healthy Christians appeared to assimilate the experience with their religious beliefs (schematic processing) resulting in positive interpretations. Christian patients tended not to assimilate the experience with their religious beliefs, frequently reporting nonreligious interpretations that were predominantly negative. Nearly all participants experienced voices as powerful, but mentally healthy Christians reported the power of voices positively. Conclusion. Religious belief appeared to have a profound, beneficial influence on the mentally healthy Christians' interpretation of hearing voices, but had little or no influence in the case of Christian patients.
of young people toward driving after smoking cannabis or after
Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2019
OBJECTIVES The 5-item Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology (CQR5) proved reliability and val... more OBJECTIVES The 5-item Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology (CQR5) proved reliability and validity in respect of identification of patients likely to be high adherers (HAs) to anti-rheumatic treatment, or low adherers (LAs), i.e. taking<80% of their medications correctly. The objective of the study was to validate an Italian version of CQR5 (I-CQR5) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to investigate factors associated with high adherence. METHODS RA patients, undergoing treatment with ≥1 self-administered conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) or biological DMARD (bDMARD), were enrolled. The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of I-CQR5 followed standardised guidelines. I-CQR5 was completed by patients on one occasion. Data were subjected to factor analysis and Partial Credit model Parametrisation (PCM) to assess construct validity of I-CQR5. Analysis of factors associated with high adherence included demographic, social, clinical an...
A review of the current dopamine theories of schizophrenia reveals a likely imbalance between cor... more A review of the current dopamine theories of schizophrenia reveals a likely imbalance between cortical and subcortical microcircuits due to an insufficient inhibitory brake, leading to a disruption of the dopamine system and the classic positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits associated with the disorder. Recent computational models have modelled the role of dopamine as a reward prediction error, using Temporal Difference and have successfully shown how these symptoms could arise from a disturbance to the dopamine system. We review these models in the light of dopamine theories of schizophrenia and highlight some of the major points that should be addressed by future computational models.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Running Title: pragmatic use of language in pre-morbid adolescents Abstract At eleven years of ag... more Running Title: pragmatic use of language in pre-morbid adolescents Abstract At eleven years of age all children in a UK national birth cohort wrote short stories about the life they expected to be leading at age 25. Using a data linkage exercise, we identified those who later developed schizophrenia , affective psychosis , or other non-psychotic psychiatric disorders in later life based on the PSE CATEGO diagnostic system. The majority of these had completed the written essays. Controls from the reference population were selected , matched for gender, IQ and social and economic status. The essays were scored using well established methods for assessing pragmatic use of language, namely narrative coherence and linguistic cohesion. We hypothesised that children pre-morbid for schizophrenia (Pre-Scz) would obtain low scores on all these measures. However this general hypothesis was largely disproved by the data, although some unpredicted gender effects were found. It is concluded that ...
A Model of Dopamine and Uncertainty Using Temporal Difference Angela J. Thurnham* (a.j.thurnham@h... more A Model of Dopamine and Uncertainty Using Temporal Difference Angela J. Thurnham* (a.j.thurnham@herts.ac.uk), D. John Done** (d.j.done@herts.ac.uk), Neil Davey* (n.davey@herts.ac.uk), Ray J. Frank* (r.j.frank@herts.ac.uk) School of Computer Science,* School of Psychology, **University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. AL10 9AB United Kingdom from their electrophysiological characteristics, during a delay paradigm of classical conditioning to receive a fixed juice reward, while manipulating the probability of receipt of the reward. Two related but distinct parameters of reward were identified from the activation produced, after learning had taken place: (i) A phasic burst of activity, or reward prediction error, at the time of the expected reward, whose magnitude increased as probability decreased; and (ii) a new slower, sustained activity, above baseline, related to motivationally relevant stimuli, which developed with increasing levels of uncertainty, and var...
A Connectionist Model of the Role of Dopamine in Incentive Salience and Temporal Difference learn... more A Connectionist Model of the Role of Dopamine in Incentive Salience and Temporal Difference learning Angela J. Thurnham* (a.j.thurnham@herts.ac.uk), D. John Done** (d.j.done@herts.ac.uk), Neil Davey* (n.davey@herts.ac.uk), Ray J. Frank* (r.j.frank@herts.ac.uk) School of Computer Science,* School of Psychology, **University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. AL10 9AB England Dopamine as a Prediction Error (PE) Signal in Reinforcement Learning Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and disruption to this system has long been associated with the neuropsychiatric disorder, schizophrenia. Current theories of the effects of dopamine on behaviour focus on the role of dopamine in Reinforcement Learning, where organisms learn to organise their behaviour under the influence of goals, and expected future reward is believed to drive action selection. Reward Prediction Hypothesis Schultz and colleagues have demonstrated that dopamine neurons in the midbrain regions are particularly...
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
Archives of Neuropsychiatry
Brain Sciences
Reinforcement learning studies in rodents and primates demonstrate that goal-directed and habitua... more Reinforcement learning studies in rodents and primates demonstrate that goal-directed and habitual choice behaviors are mediated through different fronto-striatal systems, but the evidence is less clear in humans. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected whilst participants (n = 20) performed a conditional associative learning task in which blocks of novel conditional stimuli (CS) required a deliberate choice, and blocks of familiar CS required an intuitive choice. Using standard subtraction analysis for fMRI event-related designs, activation shifted from the dorso-fronto-parietal network, which involves dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for deliberate choice of novel CS, to ventro-medial frontal (VMPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex for intuitive choice of familiar CS. Supporting this finding, psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis, using the peak active areas within the PFC for novel and familiar CS as seed regions, showed funct...
In handwriting the drawing or copying of an individual letter involves a process of linearising w... more In handwriting the drawing or copying of an individual letter involves a process of linearising whereby the form of the letter is broken down into a temporal sequence of strokes for production. In experienced writers, letters are produced consistently using the same production methods that are economic in terms of movement. This regularity permits a rule-based description of such production processes, which can be used in the teaching of handwriting skills. In this paper, the outstanding question from rule-based descriptions as to how consistent and stable letter production behaviour emerges as a product of practice and experience is addressed through the implementation of a connectionist model of sequential letter production. This model: (1) examines the emergence of letter production behaviour, namely- the linearising process, (2) explores how letters may be internally represented across both spatial and temporal dimensions, and (3) investigates the impact of learning certain lett...
Rheumatoid arthritis – prognosis, predictors and outcome, 2018
Schizophrenia Research, 2008
Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2011
Introduction. Hearing voices occurs in people without psychosis. Why hearing voices is such a key... more Introduction. Hearing voices occurs in people without psychosis. Why hearing voices is such a key pathological feature of psychosis whilst remaining a manageable experience in nonpsychotic people is yet to be understood. We hypothesised that religious voice hearers would interpret voices in accordance with their beliefs and therefore experience less distress. Methods. Three voice hearing groups, which comprised: 20 mentally healthy Christians, 15 Christian patients with psychosis, and 14 nonreligious patients with psychosis. All completed (1) questionnaires with rating scales measuring the perceptual and emotional aspects of hallucinated voices, and (2) a semistructured interview to explore whether religious belief is used to make sense of the voice hearing experience. Results. The three groups had perceptually similar experiences when hearing the voices. Mentally healthy Christians appeared to assimilate the experience with their religious beliefs (schematic processing) resulting in positive interpretations. Christian patients tended not to assimilate the experience with their religious beliefs, frequently reporting nonreligious interpretations that were predominantly negative. Nearly all participants experienced voices as powerful, but mentally healthy Christians reported the power of voices positively. Conclusion. Religious belief appeared to have a profound, beneficial influence on the mentally healthy Christians&amp;amp;amp;#39; interpretation of hearing voices, but had little or no influence in the case of Christian patients.
of young people toward driving after smoking cannabis or after
Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2019
OBJECTIVES The 5-item Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology (CQR5) proved reliability and val... more OBJECTIVES The 5-item Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology (CQR5) proved reliability and validity in respect of identification of patients likely to be high adherers (HAs) to anti-rheumatic treatment, or low adherers (LAs), i.e. taking<80% of their medications correctly. The objective of the study was to validate an Italian version of CQR5 (I-CQR5) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to investigate factors associated with high adherence. METHODS RA patients, undergoing treatment with ≥1 self-administered conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) or biological DMARD (bDMARD), were enrolled. The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of I-CQR5 followed standardised guidelines. I-CQR5 was completed by patients on one occasion. Data were subjected to factor analysis and Partial Credit model Parametrisation (PCM) to assess construct validity of I-CQR5. Analysis of factors associated with high adherence included demographic, social, clinical an...
A review of the current dopamine theories of schizophrenia reveals a likely imbalance between cor... more A review of the current dopamine theories of schizophrenia reveals a likely imbalance between cortical and subcortical microcircuits due to an insufficient inhibitory brake, leading to a disruption of the dopamine system and the classic positive psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits associated with the disorder. Recent computational models have modelled the role of dopamine as a reward prediction error, using Temporal Difference and have successfully shown how these symptoms could arise from a disturbance to the dopamine system. We review these models in the light of dopamine theories of schizophrenia and highlight some of the major points that should be addressed by future computational models.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Running Title: pragmatic use of language in pre-morbid adolescents Abstract At eleven years of ag... more Running Title: pragmatic use of language in pre-morbid adolescents Abstract At eleven years of age all children in a UK national birth cohort wrote short stories about the life they expected to be leading at age 25. Using a data linkage exercise, we identified those who later developed schizophrenia , affective psychosis , or other non-psychotic psychiatric disorders in later life based on the PSE CATEGO diagnostic system. The majority of these had completed the written essays. Controls from the reference population were selected , matched for gender, IQ and social and economic status. The essays were scored using well established methods for assessing pragmatic use of language, namely narrative coherence and linguistic cohesion. We hypothesised that children pre-morbid for schizophrenia (Pre-Scz) would obtain low scores on all these measures. However this general hypothesis was largely disproved by the data, although some unpredicted gender effects were found. It is concluded that ...
A Model of Dopamine and Uncertainty Using Temporal Difference Angela J. Thurnham* (a.j.thurnham@h... more A Model of Dopamine and Uncertainty Using Temporal Difference Angela J. Thurnham* (a.j.thurnham@herts.ac.uk), D. John Done** (d.j.done@herts.ac.uk), Neil Davey* (n.davey@herts.ac.uk), Ray J. Frank* (r.j.frank@herts.ac.uk) School of Computer Science,* School of Psychology, **University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. AL10 9AB United Kingdom from their electrophysiological characteristics, during a delay paradigm of classical conditioning to receive a fixed juice reward, while manipulating the probability of receipt of the reward. Two related but distinct parameters of reward were identified from the activation produced, after learning had taken place: (i) A phasic burst of activity, or reward prediction error, at the time of the expected reward, whose magnitude increased as probability decreased; and (ii) a new slower, sustained activity, above baseline, related to motivationally relevant stimuli, which developed with increasing levels of uncertainty, and var...
A Connectionist Model of the Role of Dopamine in Incentive Salience and Temporal Difference learn... more A Connectionist Model of the Role of Dopamine in Incentive Salience and Temporal Difference learning Angela J. Thurnham* (a.j.thurnham@herts.ac.uk), D. John Done** (d.j.done@herts.ac.uk), Neil Davey* (n.davey@herts.ac.uk), Ray J. Frank* (r.j.frank@herts.ac.uk) School of Computer Science,* School of Psychology, **University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. AL10 9AB England Dopamine as a Prediction Error (PE) Signal in Reinforcement Learning Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and disruption to this system has long been associated with the neuropsychiatric disorder, schizophrenia. Current theories of the effects of dopamine on behaviour focus on the role of dopamine in Reinforcement Learning, where organisms learn to organise their behaviour under the influence of goals, and expected future reward is believed to drive action selection. Reward Prediction Hypothesis Schultz and colleagues have demonstrated that dopamine neurons in the midbrain regions are particularly...
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
Archives of Neuropsychiatry
Brain Sciences
Reinforcement learning studies in rodents and primates demonstrate that goal-directed and habitua... more Reinforcement learning studies in rodents and primates demonstrate that goal-directed and habitual choice behaviors are mediated through different fronto-striatal systems, but the evidence is less clear in humans. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected whilst participants (n = 20) performed a conditional associative learning task in which blocks of novel conditional stimuli (CS) required a deliberate choice, and blocks of familiar CS required an intuitive choice. Using standard subtraction analysis for fMRI event-related designs, activation shifted from the dorso-fronto-parietal network, which involves dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for deliberate choice of novel CS, to ventro-medial frontal (VMPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex for intuitive choice of familiar CS. Supporting this finding, psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis, using the peak active areas within the PFC for novel and familiar CS as seed regions, showed funct...