Kurosh Salehi | Sistan and Baluchestan (original) (raw)
Papers by Kurosh Salehi
Journal of Historical Sociology, Sep 10, 2021
Mentre il governo da Torino era preoccupato e sperava che gli animi si calmassero, a Genova: I li... more Mentre il governo da Torino era preoccupato e sperava che gli animi si calmassero, a Genova: I liberali […]continuavano a lavorare alacremente […] valendosi di opuscoli forniti in larga misura dalle tipografie svizzere, preparando progetti per nuovi giornali, che venivano sistematicamente respinti, facendo circolare stampe clandestine che di giorno in giorno si facevano sempre più audaci, cercando di diffondere l'entusiasmo per le imprese compiute dalla Legione Italica di Garibaldi. 4 Ai moderati, come Cesare Balbo, che temevano la violenza e le sue conseguenze sulle faticose riforme ottenute, si contrapponevano i liberali che speravano di indurre il re ad una guerra contro l'Austria. A Chiavari, nel levante ligure, viene fondata nel 1846 l'associazione culturale l'Accademia Entellica, con chiari scopi politici, nella quale venne introdotto nel 1847 anche Goffredo Mameli quando si trasferirono a Genova presso l'Università, che si adoperò subito perché l'associazione perdesse la forma studentesca per diventare più politica, e per cambiarne il nome in Entelema. 5 Nei mesi successivi organizzarono numerose manifestazioni di impronta antiaustriaca, nelle quali prese parte anche Nino Bixio. Nacque in conseguenza un Comitato dell'Ordine, composto da volontari in vista nella società genovese, fra cui anche alcuni musicisti come Ippolito D'Aste ed Emanuele Celesia, volto a contenere le derive accese e violente che stavano prendendo piede nella Superba. Ci fu una sorta di pausa nelle tensioni quando Carlo Alberto concesse delle importanti riforme in senso liberale a Genova, e venne salutato con entusiasmo e festa nella sua annuale visita a Genova nell'autunno del 1847. In realtà le feste in onore al re, si rivelarono anche un momento di grande entusiasmo liberale, vennero intonati molti inni in quei giorni, e il 9 novembre venne organizzata, probabilmente da Mameli e Bixio, un enorme manifestazione in cui un gran numero di persone intonò per la prima volta nella storia d'Italia il "Canto degli Italiani" di Mameli con musica di Michele Novaro. Per tutta la città i tumulti sono sempre più numerosi e accompagnati dal 6 canto di inni. Il 10 dicembre 1847 ebbero luogo le manifestazioni per il centounesimo anniversario dell'insurrezione contro la dominazione austriaca, organizzata nei
Buildings with religious functions were among the extant buildings of Ancient times. Among the bu... more Buildings with religious functions were among the extant buildings of Ancient times. Among the buildings having existed since ancient history in Iran and which were regarded by Iranians as places for worship and rituals, one could refer to fire temples, idol-temples and monasteries, (synagogue and convents). Unlike the aforementioned buildings, Catacombs in ancient times were places for burying the dead. Thus, like the aforementioned buildings, they had religious functions. Many writers of works belonging to Islamic era paid attention to many of these buildings. All of the authors admitted the existence of such buildings and their religious functions although the Islamic authors did not have profound knowledge about these archeological buildings and their descriptions and reports about such buildings were intermingled with legend. The present paper is an attempt to examine the religious functions of these buildings and search in descriptions and reports of Islamic authors with a des...
During the history of India, there had been relations between Indians and Muslims. With the found... more During the history of India, there had been relations between Indians and Muslims. With the foundation of independent rulerships in the east of Iran during the 3rd and 4th Islamic centuries, the form of Muslim Arab commanders’ direct attacks on the Indian lands changed into non-Arab warrior emirs’ conquests ( against the infidels). Arising of Ghaznavids in the east of the Islamic lands and the thought of conquering India by Sultan Mahmud was the beginning of this trend. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi launched sixteen or seventeen attacks on the wealthy country of India. Of course, these attacks were started by Sabuktiginand reached their peak during the time of Sultan Mahmud and were continued by his successors severely. The reasons for these military expeditions can be dealt with from three different but related aspects: * Email: salehi@lihu.usb.ac.ir ** Email: amirshekary.fatemeh@stu.usb.ac.ir receipt: 9-5-2012 Acceptance:6-3-2013 Journal of Subcontinent Researches University of Sistan an...
Journal of Iran History, 2020
Background: In ancient time, the existence of castles has been considered a factor of stability a... more Background: In ancient time, the existence of castles has been considered a factor of stability and power of governments and the construction of these buildings has been one of the measures taken by kings for expanding the scope of their influence and power. In Islamic descriptions, castles have had a special standing. In most cases, Islamic historians have attributed their date of construction and name of constructors to mythological era and considered them to be the most important after altars. Although the main reasons for the construction of these buildings by kings have been less mentioned, it can be said that, considering their main functions, these buildings have been constructed by mythological or historical heroes and kings with a defensive and protective purpose. Objective: we want to explain Ancient Intracity Castles of Iran. Results: Among the main reasons for the construction of these buildings by the constructors is protection from themselves and their subordinates aga...
kurosh salehi
بررسی تغییرات ماهوی فتوح اولیه هند و فاتحان مسلمان
kurosh salehi
Ya'qub-success in establishing and organizing a government with a highly armed militia, advertant... more Ya'qub-success in establishing and organizing a government with a highly armed militia, advertantly or inadvertently, led to the formation of a defensive shield upon the northwest portals of India. Such a significant event opened up an opportunity for Hindus to rebuild their community and to postpone the penetration of Islam into their territories for more than a century. Even those cities in which Islamic communities had emerged were gradually assimilated into the Hindu community so that the citizens either followed the looks, customs and rituals, if not the belifes, of the indigenous people or entered into the domestic crisis of the East Islamic World. Among all the Saffarid assaults on their enemies, it was only the war with the Ratbilan that was within the boders of India and was, thus, directed to the east. Applying a historical method, the present paper investigates the influence of the Saffarids on the cessation of the Arab conquests and migrations to India. The findings also demonstrate that the breakdown of the circle of conquered territories of the Abbasid Caliphate in the east Islamic terrain speeded up with the emergence of the Saffarids. Although such a trend prolonged and even changed they way Muslims, through militaristic measures of the caliphate system, penetrated into India and Indus, it also paved the way for the emergence of the devotees of other opposing religions such as thte Ismailis who were at odds with the Abbasid caliphate.
kurosh salehi
With the entrance of the Arab Moslems into Iran and the first-degree Sasani wealthies extinction,... more With the entrance of the Arab Moslems into Iran and the first-degree Sasani wealthies extinction, the peasants as local governors and village rulers (kadag-xwadāy) undertake Iran's public leadership. And because they did not have any hope for Sasani's old system to come back, they decided to establish a relationship with Islamic forces. Also Arab Moslems, who at first had required the peasants to help them supervise country, made peace with the local ruler clique and established them in charge of the work they were doing in the Sasanid period. In this process, the peasants in the west and the east part of the Sasanid territory were different in terms of acceptance or non-acceptance of Islam and Arabic language. That was influenced by the time of conquests and geographical distance from the capital of Islamic caliphate. Entrance of Arab and Turks in the first and third century was the most significant element of the peasants' decline in Iran. The approach of this stady and its methods in gathering data are historical.
Analytical study of Arab-Islamic sources and mnemohistory historiography in the internal changes ... more Analytical study of Arab-Islamic sources and mnemohistory historiography in the internal changes of Iranshahri society shows that the function of divergent forces in the decline of the Sassanid government and weakening the reactions of the revivalist forces of the Iranian government until the emergence of the Khorasanian movement was not simple without historical and social change. This article seeks to document the changes in the main social institutions and lower strata of Iranian society in the process of diverging from the Sassanid rule and then joining these components to the caliphate and then changing their orientation from caliphate to an unsuccessful attempt to reorganize power and revive the thinking of Iranshahri government. Offer the era of the Umayyad caliphs and using the method of interdisciplinary studies, ie information in history and close theories in sociology, to answer the question of what was the role and function of divergent forces in Iranian society from the decline of the Sassanids to the rise of the Khorasanian movement? It is assumed that the function of divergent forces in Iranian society since the middle of the Sassanid period has been more to secede from the Sassanid system. As at the time of the fall of the Sassanids, most components of power became divergent factors, and with successive defeats in the war against the Muslim Arabs, a period began to absorb and compromise with the new center of power, the caliphate. The Sassanid regime joined the new caliphate system. The findings of the research show that the infrastructure of developments related to the fall of the Sassanids and the continuation of the rule of the Arab governors, in terms of the function of divergent forces from the government of Iranshahri (in this period), has acted differently in internal and external dimensions. Despite the narrative and motivational views about this period, it seems that several factors were involved in the fall of the Sassanids and the continuing lack of government in Iran, factors that were mainly formed during the Sassanid period and some of them were strongly encouraged by Arab governors and immigrants. Contrary to the general context of historical sources and research, the reasons for incoherence in this period have been multifaceted.
Journal of Historical Sociology, Sep 10, 2021
Mentre il governo da Torino era preoccupato e sperava che gli animi si calmassero, a Genova: I li... more Mentre il governo da Torino era preoccupato e sperava che gli animi si calmassero, a Genova: I liberali […]continuavano a lavorare alacremente […] valendosi di opuscoli forniti in larga misura dalle tipografie svizzere, preparando progetti per nuovi giornali, che venivano sistematicamente respinti, facendo circolare stampe clandestine che di giorno in giorno si facevano sempre più audaci, cercando di diffondere l'entusiasmo per le imprese compiute dalla Legione Italica di Garibaldi. 4 Ai moderati, come Cesare Balbo, che temevano la violenza e le sue conseguenze sulle faticose riforme ottenute, si contrapponevano i liberali che speravano di indurre il re ad una guerra contro l'Austria. A Chiavari, nel levante ligure, viene fondata nel 1846 l'associazione culturale l'Accademia Entellica, con chiari scopi politici, nella quale venne introdotto nel 1847 anche Goffredo Mameli quando si trasferirono a Genova presso l'Università, che si adoperò subito perché l'associazione perdesse la forma studentesca per diventare più politica, e per cambiarne il nome in Entelema. 5 Nei mesi successivi organizzarono numerose manifestazioni di impronta antiaustriaca, nelle quali prese parte anche Nino Bixio. Nacque in conseguenza un Comitato dell'Ordine, composto da volontari in vista nella società genovese, fra cui anche alcuni musicisti come Ippolito D'Aste ed Emanuele Celesia, volto a contenere le derive accese e violente che stavano prendendo piede nella Superba. Ci fu una sorta di pausa nelle tensioni quando Carlo Alberto concesse delle importanti riforme in senso liberale a Genova, e venne salutato con entusiasmo e festa nella sua annuale visita a Genova nell'autunno del 1847. In realtà le feste in onore al re, si rivelarono anche un momento di grande entusiasmo liberale, vennero intonati molti inni in quei giorni, e il 9 novembre venne organizzata, probabilmente da Mameli e Bixio, un enorme manifestazione in cui un gran numero di persone intonò per la prima volta nella storia d'Italia il "Canto degli Italiani" di Mameli con musica di Michele Novaro. Per tutta la città i tumulti sono sempre più numerosi e accompagnati dal 6 canto di inni. Il 10 dicembre 1847 ebbero luogo le manifestazioni per il centounesimo anniversario dell'insurrezione contro la dominazione austriaca, organizzata nei
Buildings with religious functions were among the extant buildings of Ancient times. Among the bu... more Buildings with religious functions were among the extant buildings of Ancient times. Among the buildings having existed since ancient history in Iran and which were regarded by Iranians as places for worship and rituals, one could refer to fire temples, idol-temples and monasteries, (synagogue and convents). Unlike the aforementioned buildings, Catacombs in ancient times were places for burying the dead. Thus, like the aforementioned buildings, they had religious functions. Many writers of works belonging to Islamic era paid attention to many of these buildings. All of the authors admitted the existence of such buildings and their religious functions although the Islamic authors did not have profound knowledge about these archeological buildings and their descriptions and reports about such buildings were intermingled with legend. The present paper is an attempt to examine the religious functions of these buildings and search in descriptions and reports of Islamic authors with a des...
During the history of India, there had been relations between Indians and Muslims. With the found... more During the history of India, there had been relations between Indians and Muslims. With the foundation of independent rulerships in the east of Iran during the 3rd and 4th Islamic centuries, the form of Muslim Arab commanders’ direct attacks on the Indian lands changed into non-Arab warrior emirs’ conquests ( against the infidels). Arising of Ghaznavids in the east of the Islamic lands and the thought of conquering India by Sultan Mahmud was the beginning of this trend. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi launched sixteen or seventeen attacks on the wealthy country of India. Of course, these attacks were started by Sabuktiginand reached their peak during the time of Sultan Mahmud and were continued by his successors severely. The reasons for these military expeditions can be dealt with from three different but related aspects: * Email: salehi@lihu.usb.ac.ir ** Email: amirshekary.fatemeh@stu.usb.ac.ir receipt: 9-5-2012 Acceptance:6-3-2013 Journal of Subcontinent Researches University of Sistan an...
Journal of Iran History, 2020
Background: In ancient time, the existence of castles has been considered a factor of stability a... more Background: In ancient time, the existence of castles has been considered a factor of stability and power of governments and the construction of these buildings has been one of the measures taken by kings for expanding the scope of their influence and power. In Islamic descriptions, castles have had a special standing. In most cases, Islamic historians have attributed their date of construction and name of constructors to mythological era and considered them to be the most important after altars. Although the main reasons for the construction of these buildings by kings have been less mentioned, it can be said that, considering their main functions, these buildings have been constructed by mythological or historical heroes and kings with a defensive and protective purpose. Objective: we want to explain Ancient Intracity Castles of Iran. Results: Among the main reasons for the construction of these buildings by the constructors is protection from themselves and their subordinates aga...
kurosh salehi
بررسی تغییرات ماهوی فتوح اولیه هند و فاتحان مسلمان
kurosh salehi
Ya'qub-success in establishing and organizing a government with a highly armed militia, advertant... more Ya'qub-success in establishing and organizing a government with a highly armed militia, advertantly or inadvertently, led to the formation of a defensive shield upon the northwest portals of India. Such a significant event opened up an opportunity for Hindus to rebuild their community and to postpone the penetration of Islam into their territories for more than a century. Even those cities in which Islamic communities had emerged were gradually assimilated into the Hindu community so that the citizens either followed the looks, customs and rituals, if not the belifes, of the indigenous people or entered into the domestic crisis of the East Islamic World. Among all the Saffarid assaults on their enemies, it was only the war with the Ratbilan that was within the boders of India and was, thus, directed to the east. Applying a historical method, the present paper investigates the influence of the Saffarids on the cessation of the Arab conquests and migrations to India. The findings also demonstrate that the breakdown of the circle of conquered territories of the Abbasid Caliphate in the east Islamic terrain speeded up with the emergence of the Saffarids. Although such a trend prolonged and even changed they way Muslims, through militaristic measures of the caliphate system, penetrated into India and Indus, it also paved the way for the emergence of the devotees of other opposing religions such as thte Ismailis who were at odds with the Abbasid caliphate.
kurosh salehi
With the entrance of the Arab Moslems into Iran and the first-degree Sasani wealthies extinction,... more With the entrance of the Arab Moslems into Iran and the first-degree Sasani wealthies extinction, the peasants as local governors and village rulers (kadag-xwadāy) undertake Iran's public leadership. And because they did not have any hope for Sasani's old system to come back, they decided to establish a relationship with Islamic forces. Also Arab Moslems, who at first had required the peasants to help them supervise country, made peace with the local ruler clique and established them in charge of the work they were doing in the Sasanid period. In this process, the peasants in the west and the east part of the Sasanid territory were different in terms of acceptance or non-acceptance of Islam and Arabic language. That was influenced by the time of conquests and geographical distance from the capital of Islamic caliphate. Entrance of Arab and Turks in the first and third century was the most significant element of the peasants' decline in Iran. The approach of this stady and its methods in gathering data are historical.
Analytical study of Arab-Islamic sources and mnemohistory historiography in the internal changes ... more Analytical study of Arab-Islamic sources and mnemohistory historiography in the internal changes of Iranshahri society shows that the function of divergent forces in the decline of the Sassanid government and weakening the reactions of the revivalist forces of the Iranian government until the emergence of the Khorasanian movement was not simple without historical and social change. This article seeks to document the changes in the main social institutions and lower strata of Iranian society in the process of diverging from the Sassanid rule and then joining these components to the caliphate and then changing their orientation from caliphate to an unsuccessful attempt to reorganize power and revive the thinking of Iranshahri government. Offer the era of the Umayyad caliphs and using the method of interdisciplinary studies, ie information in history and close theories in sociology, to answer the question of what was the role and function of divergent forces in Iranian society from the decline of the Sassanids to the rise of the Khorasanian movement? It is assumed that the function of divergent forces in Iranian society since the middle of the Sassanid period has been more to secede from the Sassanid system. As at the time of the fall of the Sassanids, most components of power became divergent factors, and with successive defeats in the war against the Muslim Arabs, a period began to absorb and compromise with the new center of power, the caliphate. The Sassanid regime joined the new caliphate system. The findings of the research show that the infrastructure of developments related to the fall of the Sassanids and the continuation of the rule of the Arab governors, in terms of the function of divergent forces from the government of Iranshahri (in this period), has acted differently in internal and external dimensions. Despite the narrative and motivational views about this period, it seems that several factors were involved in the fall of the Sassanids and the continuing lack of government in Iran, factors that were mainly formed during the Sassanid period and some of them were strongly encouraged by Arab governors and immigrants. Contrary to the general context of historical sources and research, the reasons for incoherence in this period have been multifaceted.