Michael Beizer | The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (original) (raw)

Books by Michael Beizer

A Time to Sow Refusenik Life in Leningrad, 1979–1989, 2025

A Time to Sow offers a glimpse into the unofficial Jewish life in 1980s Leningrad, shaped by nume... more A Time to Sow offers a glimpse into the unofficial Jewish life in 1980s Leningrad, shaped by numerous long-term refusals from authorities to grant exit visas to Jews seeking to migrate to Israel. The book reveals how the lives of the “refuseniks” were marked by a continuous struggle for the right to emigrate, as well as by the formation of an informal community. It traces how the community provided mutual assistance in times of distress, particularly offering support to imprisoned activists and their families. The community also maintained contacts with co-religionist supporters visiting from abroad, engaged in Hebrew teaching, facilitated religious revival, celebrated Jewish holidays as a group, disseminated samizdat publications, conducted popular lectures on Jewish history and culture, and pursued Jewish studies. The book divulges how all these activities took place in private, despite the ban and persecution by the authorities.

Drawing from analyses of historical sources, rare archival materials, as well as personal experiences including interviews with activists, the book provides a rich and nuanced understanding of this unique period. Ultimately, A Time to Sow presents a critical, non-apologetic perspective to uncover a distinctive, little-known chapter of Russian Jewish history in Leningrad, one of Russia’s most important cities.

Drawing on historical documents and personal experiences, A Time to Sow provides an insight into Jewish life in Leningrad during the 1980s.

Punctured Lines, 2020

NOVEMBER 18, 2020 ~ OLGA ZILBERBOURG Most of us who grew up in the Soviet Union will remember Sam... more NOVEMBER 18, 2020 ~ OLGA ZILBERBOURG Most of us who grew up in the Soviet Union will remember Samuil Marshak's rhyming dramatic tale Koshkin dom-The Cat's House. A wealthy angora cat builds herself a new residence. Two destitute kittens show up at her doorstep, begging her to share her house with them: We're your nephews, they say. We're poor orphans. Won't you let us in and feed us? The wealthy angora cat has her servant shoo them away, setting off the action of the drama in which the angora cat eventually gets her punishment for refusing help to the kittens in need, and the orphan kittens prove to be in the position to give her shelter.

Academic Studies Press, 2019

East European Jewish Affairs, 2018

ABSTRACT This article is a first-hand report of a participant and leader of a number of undergrou... more ABSTRACT
This article is a first-hand report of a participant and leader of a
number of underground initiatives within the “refuseniks’”
community which aimed to encourage Jewish studies. These
underground initiatives involved seminars (scholarly as well as
public), excursions through Jewish historical sites, and the
publication of a samizdat journal. In short, these initiatives sought
to recover and disseminate knowledge of Jewish history and culture.

Завершающий том настоящего трехтомника «История еврейского народа в России» посвящен ХХ веку, в ... more Завершающий том настоящего трехтомника «История еврейского народа в России» посвящен ХХ веку, в основном советскому периоду: политике государства по отношению к еврейскому меньшинству, демографическим, социоэкономическим процессам в еврейской среде, еврейским общественным течениям, включая сионизм, религиозной и культурной жизни, в том числе культуре неашкеназских общин. Особое место уделено Холокосту на территории СССР и участию евреев в победе над нацизмом. Авторами тома являются ведущие исследователи Израиля, США и России.

Я прочёл воспоминания Абы Таратута от начала и до конца. Они содержат первоклассный, подробный и ... more Я прочёл воспоминания Абы Таратута от начала и до конца. Они содержат первоклассный, подробный и захватывающий рассказ о еврейском движении в Ленинграде 1970-х - 1980-х годов. Воспоминания написаны одним из главных героев движения, человеком, который, занимал в нём центральное место и был широко признан как таковой в своем городе, в Москве, а также в Израиле и на Западе. Таким образом, перед нами наиболее авторитетное свидетельство о еврейской деятельности в важнейшем после Москвы центре движения советских евреев.
Более того, Таратута не только непосредственно участвовал в разнообразных формах еврейской активности, но и оказывал на них весомое влияние. Поэтому в его рассказе присутствуют все аспекты движения: изучение иврита, культурные и научные семинары, подготовка, хранение и распространение еврейского самиздата, контакты с Москвой, Израилем и Западом. Его квартира превратилась в место паломничества «туристов», которые привозили книги и другие материалы, а также различные предметы на продажу – электрические и электронные приборы, джинсы и другие ценные вещи.
И, наконец, ценность настоящих воспоминаний и в том, что они были составлены не только по памяти по прошествии более, чем двух десятилетий, но и на основании почти ежедневных дневниковых записей, которые фиксировали события в реальном времени.
Воспоминания Абы Таратуты – это солидный вклад в эпопею еврейского ренессанса в городе, где евреи весьма русифицировались и ассимилировались, играя, при этом, важную роль в его культурной и научной жизни.
Профессор Яков Рои,
Израиль

Slavica, Bloomington, Indiana, 2015

Contents Foreword Introduction. American Jews and Russian Jews on the Eve of World War I Part... more Contents
Foreword
Introduction. American Jews and Russian Jews on the Eve of World War I
Part I. A Time of War. Shaping a Modus Operandi of Cooperation
Chapter 1. The Joint Distribution Committee and the Jewish Committee for the Relief of War Victims
Chapter 2. In Siberia under the Whites
Chapter 3. In the Former Pale of Settlement
Part 2. From Charity to "Productivization", 1920-1923
Chapter 4. Evobshchestkom: JDC between the old and the new Jewish activists
Chapter 5. Under the auspices of ARA
Chapter 6. From a painful "divorce" from the ARA to Sovnarkom backing
Chapter 7. Last Year of Relief Work – 1923
Chapter 8. Reconstruction work. Assessment of the situation and selection of preferential areas of work

Afterword
Bibliography

Index

A Time to Sow Refusenik Life in Leningrad, 1979–1989, 2025

Drawing on historical documents and personal experiences, A Time to Sow provides an insight into Jewish life in Leningrad during the 1980s.

Punctured Lines, 2020

Academic Studies Press, 2019

East European Jewish Affairs, 2018

Slavica, Bloomington, Indiana, 2015

Afterword
Bibliography

Index

ДАВИД ИОФФЕ И ЕГО СЕМЬЯ, 2023

Если кто и имел уходящую в глубь веков и состоящую из признанных талмудических авторитетов родосл... more Если кто и имел уходящую в глубь веков и состоящую из признанных талмудических авторитетов родословную (шалшелет йухасин), так это скончавшийся 11 февраля 2023 года в Хайфе в возрасте 91 года доктор Давид Владимировича Иоффе. Иоффе умер мгновенно, без мучений, до последнего дня сохраняя ясность мышления, как и положено праведнику.

Нумiзматика i фалеристика, 2021

Значки организации «Борьба студентов за советских евреев» Михаэль Бейзер, доктор философии Владим... more Значки организации «Борьба студентов за советских евреев» Михаэль Бейзер, доктор философии Владимир Бернштам, доктор философии (Израиль) Журнал «Нумізматика і фалеристика» уже обращался к теме борьбы за право на свободный выезд советских евреев на историческую родину (алию) в статье, описывающей медальоны «Отпусти народ мой» и значки израильского Центра информации о советском еврействе. Данная статья, развивающая эту тему, посвящена значкам американской общественной студенческой организации Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ-Борьба студентов за советских евреев), одной из первых, самых активных и неутомимых в движении на Западе за свободную репатриацию советских евреев.

Нумезматика и фалеристика, 2021

Данная статья посвящена значкам израильской общественной организации, боровшейся за свободную а... more Данная
статья посвящена значкам израильской общественной организации, боровшейся
за свободную алию из Советского Союза.

Вступительная статья к энциклопедии "Еврейский Петербург", 2019

В статье дана история евреев в Санкт Петербурга в сжатой форме

The article is a firsthand report of a participant and a leader of a number of underground initia... more The article is a firsthand report of a participant and a leader of a number of underground initiatives, primarily among the "refuseniks'" community, to encourage Jewish studies, to conduct such seminars (scholarly as well as public), to guide excursions through Jewish historical sites of the city, and to publish a samizdat journal with the results of these studies – in short – to recover and disseminate knowledge on Jewish history and culture.

Jewish Religious Life in Leningrad (LERO); struggle for control of it led by the Lubavicher rebb... more Jewish Religious Life in Leningrad (LERO); struggle for control of it led by the Lubavicher rebbe Yosef Yitzhak Shneerson; anti-religious campaign of the second half of the 1920s and the arrest of Rabbi Shneerson; fight over the Choral Synagogue and the liquidation of LERO.

The Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population (OZE in Russian abbreviatio... more The Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population (OZE in Russian abbreviation) was founded on August 7, 1912 in St. Petersburg, Russian Imperial capital.
The members of the OZE Committee, who were inspired with the narodnichestvo ideals, advocated accessible and free medical care for all. However, the existing healthcare system in Russia was not readily accessible for shtetl Jews, while Jewish philanthropic medicine was insufficient, chaotic and haphazard.
Relying on the contemporary achievements of Jewish social studies in the West, and on their own experience, the OZE founders believed that Jews, due to their special lifestyle, and history of persecution, formed a unique psycho-physical profile, as well as a susceptibility to some diseases and immunity to others.
OZE strove to create a public network of its own, providing medical and sanitation services, as well as preventive medical care among the Jewish masses. This network was to became an important brick in the building of the Jewish national extra-territorial autonomy in Russia, promoted by Semyon Dubnov and his followers. It would compensate for the social and legal discrimination against Jews, address specific "Jewish" illnesses, and give proper consideration to religious and ethnic traditions. OZE's ultimate aim was nothing less than the physical and psychological revival of the Jewish People.
A new regulation issued in 1906, as one of the achievements of the 1905-07 revolution, made official registration of public organizations of non-Slavic minorities far easier. As St. Petersburg was the main center of science and medicine, and also the chief headquarters of the "organized Jewish public," it was only natural that the Society for Jewish Healthcare was destined to be established there.

A sample of a private correspondence presented in this publication reflects the difficult fate of... more A sample of a private correspondence presented in this publication reflects the difficult fate of the St. Petersburg pre-revolutionary Jewish public elite in the 1920s. These outstanding lawyers, medical doctors, economists, journalists and lay communal leaders turned into “splinters” of the formerly diverse and formidable capital’s Jewish life. The list of the authors of the letters includes such outstanding
figures, as Oscar Gruzenberg, Boris Brutskus, Solomon Posner, and others, while the addressees are Maxim Vinaver, Boris Bogen, and Olga Kameneva. The letters are located in the archives of New York, Cincinnati and Moscow.

Воспоминания об обучении в 239-й физмат школе г. Ленинграда в 1960-х гг.

У автора этих мемуаров, Леи Трахтман-Палхан (1913-1995) , необычная судьба. В 1922 году, девятиле... more У автора этих мемуаров, Леи Трахтман-Палхан (1913-1995) , необычная судьба. В 1922 году, девятилетней девочкой родители привезли ее из украинского местечка Соколивка в "маленький Тель-Авив" подмандатной Палестины. А когда ей не исполнилось и восемнадцати, британцы выслали ее в СССР за подпольную коммунистическую деятельность.

В 1922 году, родители привезли Лею Трахтман (1913-1995) из украинского местечка Соколивка в "мал... more В 1922 году, родители привезли Лею Трахтман (1913-1995) из украинского местечка Соколивка в "маленький Тель-Авив" подмандатной Палестины. А когда ей не исполнилось и восемнадцати, британцы выслали ее в СССР за подпольную коммунистическую деятельность. Статья анализирует главу "Воспоминаний" Леи Трахтман-Палхан, описывающую войну и эвакуацию в Томске.

Encyclopaedia Judaica Decennial Book 1983-1992

«Джойнту» не раз приходилось и приходится оказывать помощь в странах, переживающих социально-пол... more «Джойнту» не раз приходилось и приходится оказывать помощь в странах, переживающих социально-политические потрясения, далеких от филантропов по своему географическому местонахождению, общественному устройству и ментальности населения, в условиях противоречивости и ненадежности поступающей оттуда информации. Именно в таком контексте и следует рассматривать и оценивать деятельность «Джойнта» в России-СССР.

Publication of documents. Co-author - Anatolii Karasev

The Jewish Refuseniks' Movement in Leningrad in the 1980s

East European Jewish Affairs, 2004

Samuil (Shmuel-Aba) Efimovich (Haimovich) Lubarsky was born on December 30, 1878 (Julian calendar... more Samuil (Shmuel-Aba) Efimovich (Haimovich) Lubarsky was born on December 30, 1878 (Julian calendar) 2 in the town of Alexandria in the Kherson Gubernia 3 , now the Kirovograd Region. His family lived in a brick two-storey house. His father owned a brick kiln on the opposite bank of the small Ingulets River and traded in building materials. There were 5 children in the family besides Samuil. In 1900, Samuil passed his school matriculation examinations as an external student 4 , entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute and graduated in 1907 as an agronomist. His studies lasted longer than usual because he was expelled for a period of two years for taking part in student unrest in 1901. Once he was even arrested and detained for 3-4 days. His parents could not afford to send him abroad to study since at that time Yakov and Berta, their two elder children were already being educated in Munich and Lausanne. In 1904, while still a student, Samuil married Zinaida Iosifovna (Osipovna) Boguslavskaya, also a native of Alexandria. A year later their daughter Lea was born, which was a heavy strain on their small budget 5. It was not easy for a Jewish agronomist to get a good job. After graduation, in 1908-1909, Samuil Lubarsky worked at the Kiev Gubernia Zemstvo 6 , but this was not a permanent job. In 1909, he was offered a position at the Novo-Poltavsky Jewish Agricultural School where children of farmers from Jewish agricultural colonies in Kherson and Yekaterinoslav Gubernias 7 studied. In 1910, he began teaching in the school, and in 1911 became a principal of the school and manager of its farm. This work was completely consonant with Samuil's weltanschauung. He was not religious, saw no future for Zionism and seemed to uphold the "ORT view" that "productivization," that is, productive labor, was the way to make the Jewish people healthier, and ensure their future contentment 8. The school was located near the Novo-Poltavka Jewish agricultural colony, 80 verst 9 from the town of Nikolayev. It had been established and was run by the Department for Agriculture and 1 This article was written with support of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, JDC. The author is grateful to Jonathan Dekel-Chen for his critique. A newspaper version of the article entitled "Lubarsky's Life Story" was published in Israel's Vesty newspaper on 8.8.2002. The author would like to thank Yan Toporovsky for helping him write and publish the newspaper version of the article. 2 See a copy of the birth certificate of S. Lubarsky in the family archives of Abram Samuilovich Lubarsky, the son of S. E. Lubarsky. Further see archives of A. Lubarsky. The author would like to thank A. S. Lubarsky (Maalot, Israel) for allowing access to his archives and for a wonderful story about his father; Lea Levintan, A few words about my father Samuil Efimovich Lubarsky. Manuscript. P. 1. (More: About my father). The archive of A. Lubarsky. 3 An administrative territorial unit in the Russian Empire. 4 A copy of the certificate of high school examinations, 1901. The archive of A. Lubarsky.

East European Jewish Affairs, Jan 2, 2018

This article is a first-hand report of a participant and leader of a number of underground initia... more This article is a first-hand report of a participant and leader of a number of underground initiatives within the "refuseniks'" community which aimed to encourage Jewish studies. These underground initiatives involved seminars (scholarly as well as public), excursions through Jewish historical sites, and the publication of a samizdat journal. In short, these initiatives sought to recover and disseminate knowledge of Jewish history and culture. KEYWORDS Soviet refuseniks; history of the Jews in the Soviet Union; Jews in Leningrad; ethnic minorities in the USSR; Jewish studies in the USSR; samizdat Background of the rise of underground Jewish studies in the city There are always non-conformists who will conduct research and write about topics simply out of passion and lacking incentives, even putting their own well-being at risk. However, the rapid increase of interest in Jewish history, religion, and culture, especially unsanctioned research in the field of Jewish studies in 1980s Leningrad was stimulated by the sharp suppression of Jewish emigration. In other words, the more refuseniks there were, the more underground Jewish studies took place. Of course, there was no career incentive among refuseniks, who were essentially excommunicated from Soviet society for their application to emigrate from the country. But for those who were still undecided about where to emigrate, engagement with the Jewish studies underground had several positive effects. First, it helped them make an informed choice between Israel and other countries. They hoped that such research and engagement would facilitate their rapid integration into Israeli society at some point in the future. Studying Jewish history strengthened one's pride in being Jewish and, thus, engendered a feeling of inner superiority over the oppressor. Perhaps most important, being popular in the Jewish studies underground increased one's chances of obtaining an elusive exit visa once the authorities had decided to eliminate this "harmful influence" on others. The long period of refusal, which ranged from seven to nine years, allowed one to go deep into self-education and research. I myself was interested in Jewish history from my youth, but only during the 1980s "years of refusal" was I able to give enough time to Jewish studies.

East European Jewish Affairs, Apr 1, 2009

The article discusses a mission of Dr Frank Rosenblatt, a representative of the Joint Distributio... more The article discusses a mission of Dr Frank Rosenblatt, a representative of the Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for the Relief of Jewish War Sufferers to Siberia and the Russian Far East in 1919. This committee, then a young and little known philanthropic organisation, later changed its name to the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC), and became world famous. After World War I, the JDC got involved in aiding German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Jewish origin in Siberian camps, and Jewish war victims and refugees from European Russia. Siberia was then under the rule of a Russian White leader, Admiral Kolchak, who was backed by Great Britain, France, Japan and the US. In the course of his mission, Rosenblatt was concerned with protecting the Jews in Siberia from the antisemitic attitudes of the Russian authorities, army, and general populace. The article concludes that the intervention of American troops provided the JDC representative with a degree of operational opportunity.

East European Jewish Affairs, Jun 1, 1999

... 43 Immediately following the October Revolution, a delegation of the Petrograd Jewish com-mun... more ... 43 Immediately following the October Revolution, a delegation of the Petrograd Jewish com-munity headed by the chief rabbi (apparently Moysey ... 80 On the renaming of streets see Gorodskiyeimena segodnya i vchera (Names of Towns Today and Yesterday) (Leningrad 1990 ...

Academic Studies Press eBooks, Dec 31, 2019

The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

Jewish Social Studies, 2009

This article focuses on a little-known episode: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee'... more This article focuses on a little-known episode: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee's (JDC) package program on behalf of Soviet Jewry in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union, from its inception through the Six Day War in 1967. The article reveals JDC clandestine activity on behalf of Soviet Jewry, in cooperation with the Israeli government, when the JDC was officially banned from working there. This package program was an expression of Western Cold War policy to support discriminated-against Soviet ethnic and religious minorities. I explore the dimensions and dynamics of the package program, its share of the total JDC East European aid and its unique style of administration, its outreach and impact, and the response of the beneficiaries. Soviet policy regarding Western aid to its citizens was often guided by pragmatic rather than ideological considerations; therefore, the stream of packages was never entirely stopped. This article reveals that both Israeli and "establishment" American Jewish organizations' activities on behalf of Soviet Jewry were considerably greater than American grassroots organizations claim. The story is also an encouraging example of mutual involvement of the three largest Jewish communities in the world, even when one of them was behind the Iron Curtain.

Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 21

They were all emigrants from Galicia, and all four died during the Second World War. Ba≥aban, Sch... more They were all emigrants from Galicia, and all four died during the Second World War. Ba≥aban, Schiper, and Ringelblum fell at the hands of the Nazis, but Schorr died in exile in Uzbekistan after almost two years of detention in Soviet prisons. By a tragic irony of fate, all three of his colleagues who had remained in German-occupied territories survived for a time after Schorr's death. The investigatory documents published here, which are been preserved in the Central Archive of the Federal Security Service (FSB) in Moscow, allow us to clarify the details of his confinement. background Moses (Moshe, Moisei, Mojz. esz) Schorr was born in Przemyśl (in Russian, Peremyshl), Galicia. He received his education at the Jewish Theological Institute (also known as the Rabbinical Seminary) in Vienna 2 (he was ordained in 1900), and

East European Jewish Affairs, 2018

Page 1. THC jews or ST PCTCRSBURG CXCURSIONS THROUGH A NOBL6 PAST MIKHAIL BCIZCR edited, with an ... more Page 1. THC jews or ST PCTCRSBURG CXCURSIONS THROUGH A NOBL6 PAST MIKHAIL BCIZCR edited, with an introduction and maps, by MARTIN GILBCRT F ">S^ >/"-i '-.x*./ t-*'j I^B 1 ^I^ITI ^iw« LVAWWMW: » s « .- £, _B£*S&*&irt *i*' il* »\i T$»^ fV^-^ Page 2. ...

The Laryngoscope, Nov 1, 1989

Results of olfactory function tests (threshold determination and odor identification) in three ca... more Results of olfactory function tests (threshold determination and odor identification) in three cases of bilateral and one case of unilateral choanal atresia are reported. All four patients underwent successful repair of choanal atresia at relatively advanced ages (8 to 31 years). Test results showed that patients who had suffered from bilateral atresia had permanent olfactory deficits, while the patient who had suffered from unilateral atresia appeared to have normal olfactory acuity. Although these results should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of cases examined, they suggest the possibility that early sensory exposure might be needed for the normal development of central olfactory functions in analogy to the visual system.

East European Jewish Affairs, 2018

East European Jewish Affairs, 2009

... In January 1919, the Jews of Siberia organised themselves into modern democratic communities ... more ... In January 1919, the Jews of Siberia organised themselves into modern democratic communities along ethnic (national) rather than religious lines, according to historian Simon Dubnov&amp;#x27;s ideas of Jewish autonomism, following the example of the rest of Russian Jewry a year ...

Jewish Social Studies History Culture and Society, 2009

Abstract This article focuses on a little-known episode: the American Jewish Joint Distribution C... more Abstract This article focuses on a little-known episode: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee&#x27;s (JDC) package program on behalf of Soviet Jewry in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union, from its inception through the Six Day War in 1967. The article ...

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 13501679908577889, Jun 19, 2008

East European Jewish Affairs, Jun 1, 1999

http://www.soviet-jews-exodus.com/English/JewishHistory\_s/JH\_BeizerMovement\_Essence\_En.shtml

Реформы Александра II привели к быстрому росту численности еврейского населения в столице вследст... more Реформы Александра II привели к быстрому росту численности еврейского населения в столице вследствие предоставления "права жительств" более "полезным" с точки зрения правительства евреям. В результате такой селективной политики петербургские евреи отличались сравнительно более высокими доходами, лучшим образованием и более высокой степенью аккультурации в русскую культуру от своих единоверцев в "черте оседлости". Их религиозная жизнь была менее ортодоксальной. Рос слой интеллигенции, включавшей врачей, адвокатов, художников и поэтов. Появились первые евреи-революционеры.

Евреи Петербурга. Лекция 1. От Петра I до Николая I.

Крещёные евреи Петра: Шафиров, Девиер, Лакоста. Сожжение Возницина и Лейбова. Лейб-медик Антонио ... more Крещёные евреи Петра: Шафиров, Девиер, Лакоста. Сожжение Возницина и Лейбова. Лейб-медик Антонио Санхес. Заключение р. Шнеура Залмана в Петропавловский крепости. Лейба Невахович и его "Вопль дщери иудейской". Людвиг Штиглиц - придворный банкир Николая I. Визит сэра Мозеса Монтефиоре.

Jewish Review of Books, 2019

On "Daughter of the Shtetl. The Memoirs of Doba Mera Medvedeva"

ביקורת על "תולדות יהודי רוסיה. מהמהפכות 1917 עד נפילת ברית המועצות". סגולה #71, עמ' 60-62

One of the strengths of this book is to place the development of ideas about rockets and space ex... more One of the strengths of this book is to place the development of ideas about rockets and space exploration into a global as well as national context, tracing the exchange of ideas between Russians, Americans, and Germans, and other Europeans. The author has mined both Russian and Soviet archival sources as well as U.S. archives in Washington, DC, especially the NASA headquarters library and archive, which contains ample materials, both American and Russian, on the history of spaceflight and exploration.

Published in Glasnost', #8, Moscow, November 1987.

Рецензия впервые опублиоквана в бюллетени "Гласность", №8, ноябрь, 1987. Затем - в "Русской мысли... more Рецензия впервые опублиоквана в бюллетени "Гласность", №8, ноябрь, 1987. Затем - в "Русской мысли" 8 января 1988 г.

Obituary on Sir Martin Gilbert