Tawfiq Da'adli توفيق دعادله | The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (original) (raw)
al-Lid اللد by Tawfiq Da'adli توفيق دعادله
Community Archeology in Israel/Palestine, eds. Kletter, Horowitz and Pfoh, 2024
Palestine/Israel Review, 2024
When the major changes Palestine went through during the previous century are discussed, especial... more When the major changes Palestine went through during the previous century are discussed, especially in terms of the urban and human landscape, few studies focus on the urban-social aspects. This study reconstructs the urban fabric of three neighborhoods in Ludd, one of Palestine's major cities, situated on the way from Jaffa to Jerusalem. The reconstruction attempted here is dual: On one hand, the Old City no longer exists, like many towns and villages destroyed in the Nakba; on the other hand, Ludd's indigenous inhabitants have been ethnically cleansed. Hence, we do not have traces of buildings or neighborhoods, and we have almost nobody left to tell us about their ancestors. Therefore, I reconstruct the physical contours of sections of the city and invite some ghosts from the past to lead us through the imagined neighborhoods.
This article focuses on the urban development of the city of al-Ludd (Lydda) at the end of the 19... more This article focuses on the urban development of the city of al-Ludd (Lydda) at the end of the 19 th and the turn of the 20 th century. It builds on two cases that left their mark on the city's landscape and considerably affected its social life. The first case involves the endowment deed of a woman who used the revenues from her estate to help the poor and pilgrims. The second case, documented in the archive of the Supreme Muslim Council, has to do with the building of a market adjacent to a newly-established mosque. The first case came to its conclusion after the woman passed away, whereas the market continued to develop. These cases are both illustrative of urban and social dynamics that also shaped topography by changing the face of the city map.
Journal of Urban History, 2022
This article discusses a half century of urban transformation in one relatively minor town in Pal... more This article discusses a half century of urban transformation in one relatively minor town in Palestine, situated on a major road, under two regimes: the late Ottoman Empire and British Mandate. The changes in Ludd/Lydda are examined through the planning prism. Given the lack of any systematic, official planning in that town before World War I, an attempt is made to reconstruct such a plan out of available documents. Both the real plan one produced by the British colonial mind and the imagined one-produced so to speak by the Indigenous inhabitants as reconstructed here-serve as case study for tracing how the town's Palestinian inhabitants coped with different regimes until their town was occupied by the Israeli military and they became refugees.
The location of the city of al-Ludd, between the lowlands and the coastal plain, made it an attra... more The location of the city of al-Ludd, between the lowlands and the coastal plain, made it an attractive settlement site through the ages. This location brought with it, on the one hand, a fertile catchment area and on the other, caravans looking for a safe inland route. The last settlement phase that resulted in the medieval town was extant until the mid-twentieth century, whence it was demolished leaving only a dozen buildings standing. Those remains are the starting point for this study in which we discuss topics such as shrines, sheikhs' tombs, the soap industry and public bath, presented here as part of a preliminary survey that lays the ground for further discussion of the town's urban dynamics.
משפט והמפנה החומרי, 2024
הרשימה שלפניכם מבקשת לחזור אחורה בזמן לעיר לוד של סוף המאה התשע עשרה ולנסות לשחזר שלוש שכונות מרכ... more הרשימה שלפניכם מבקשת לחזור אחורה בזמן לעיר לוד של סוף המאה התשע עשרה ולנסות לשחזר שלוש שכונות מרכזיות בתוכה. החזרה בזמן כאן היא אל שכונות שנמחקו מעל פני האדמה אחרי יולי 1948. שלוש השכונות היו סמוכות זו לזו ואף ממוקמות על ציר שחצה את העיר ממזרח למערב. כדי לדמיין את השכונות הללו במידה המרבית הרשימה נדרשת למגוון מקורות, מתוכם שניים מאפשרים שחזור בסיסי של המרקם העירוני. האחד הוא תוכנית עיר שהוכנה בשנות העשרים של המאה העשרים אשר מתארת את קווי הבניינים, החצרות והרחובות. תעודות מבית הדין השרעי, המקור השני, מגלות טפח מחיי האנשים שאכלסו את המרחב המשורטט לתקופת מה. כך, באמצעות שני מקורות, נוצרות למעשה שתי שכבות, האחת יוצרת מתווה על הקרקע והאחרת מתארת חיים על אותם קווים. כדי שהקווים יקבלו יותר ממדים ורובדי חיים, נעשה שימוש גם במידע העולה מחפירה
ארכאולוגית, צילום אוויר וקרקע, זיכרונות ורשמים מהעיר.
The following paper summarizes ten years of excavation in the Old City of Lod, which was nearly c... more The following paper summarizes ten years of excavation in the Old City of Lod, which was nearly completely destroyed in the years following 1948. The excavations at Khan el-Hilu are a window to the city’s near past, unlike most salvage excavations which took place in the northern part of the city, exposing Bronze Age and prehistoric layers. Despite the limited scope and slow pace of the excavations in the Khan, they allow a glimpse into several occupational phases in the heart of the
town. The earliest phase which was detected is dated to the Byzantine period, and includes only pottery shards without architectural features. The Byzantine remains were exposed only in a small area; hence they merely provide a bottom benchmark for, the time being, for the excavations at the site of the Khan. Above the Byzantine layer, fills and floors dating to the Mamluk period were laid. The Mamluk layers as well were only partially exposed, and therefore difficult to interpret.
A part of an industrial complex was unearthed, including an ashlar-built round installation, that may also be dated to the Mamluk period. Through a comparison to similar installations in two olive-press facilities in the city, it may be that the round installation could be a part of olive oil production or soap manufacturing – but this theory requires more research. Superimposing the installation and other elements found within the Khan compound, fills were laid during the ottoman period, serving as foundation layer for the Khan’s courtyard and room floors. It is in this phase that the different parts of the Khan were constructed – first the northern wing, then the east and finally the southern wing, which included an ornate gate, a series of shops and the guestrooms in two stories. Alongside the excavation in the Khan and its immediate vicinity, a second area was excavated a few dozen meters to the northwest, exposing an intersection. Here one of the main streets was discovered, crossing the city from the church and mosque area at the south, northwards. Some of the houses bordering this street were excavated as well. Although this paper will focus on the ancient settlement, it is the work with the present-day local community which was the focus of the last ten years of excavation.
This paper analyzes a single frozen moment in time, the morning of Friday, June 26th 1936, as cap... more This paper analyzes a single frozen moment in time, the morning of Friday, June 26th 1936, as captured by an aerial photograph taken from a British airplane. The paper tracks the different elements in the picture: the buildings, streets and monuments, and piecing them together with historical and archaeological evidence. That, in order to reconstruct a part of the everyday life, culture, trade and religion which altered and nearly ceased to exist as a bit more than a decade later.
Journal of Levantine Studies, 2019
https://soundcloud.com/ashamsradio/06112017a-5
عبثي, 2018
الشيء حتمي وانت مجرد ناظر حتى لو أنك تحاول فلسفه الأمور وان تعتلي منصات وترتب الكلام وتطبعه بالفص... more الشيء حتمي وانت مجرد ناظر حتى لو أنك تحاول فلسفه الأمور وان تعتلي منصات وترتب الكلام وتطبعه بالفصحى لكي تثبت للتاريخ الذي هو انت انك قائم او انك موجود وليست هي ظلالك التي تسرد وتتابع ما لا حيلة لك عليه الا ان تتبعه وتسرده لنفسك اكثر من ان تتلوه على الآخرين.
Jerusalem القدس by Tawfiq Da'adli توفيق دعادله
Levant, Jan 1, 2011
Māmillā cemetery was the largest Islamic cemetery in Jerusalem. During the Mamlūk period it was t... more Māmillā cemetery was the largest Islamic cemetery in Jerusalem. During the Mamlūk period it was the burial ground for most of the important citizens. This article contains newly discovered Mamlūk epitaphs from the cemetery offered in an effort to trace the original locations, and to examine the relocations. Photos and plans prepared mainly during the British Mandate have been used to track the original locations. The historico-topographical presentation by Mujīr al-Dīn al-‘Ulaymī is the main historical source used to illustrated these inscriptions. Finally, the evidence of the relocation leads to the conclusion that a sacred axis existed at the eastern end of the cemetery, along which the existence of two mausolea and several graves have been discovered
Following the discovery of a Mamlūk public bath and a vaulted hall to the south of the Cotton Mar... more Following the discovery of a Mamlūk public bath and a vaulted hall to the south of the Cotton Market in the Old City of Jerusalem, this article proposes a new evaluation of the urban fabric in close proximity to the focal point of the Islamic area ‒ the Ḥaram al-Sharīf. We argue here that what once was considered a project constructed under the supervision of the district governor Saif al-Dīn Tankiz, and financed by the Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn, was in fact initiated by Tankiz. He first erected a double ḥammām, and then a Khān, which was presumably connected to a market street. In its final incarnation, the Sūq was monumental in scale, extending all the way to the Ḥaram. The final product, a market street connecting the Ḥaram with one of the main streets of the city, providing facilities to believers in the form of a double ḥammām and a Khān that served merchants and also pilgrims, was by far the most ambitious project of the Mamlūk era in Jerusalem.
Der Islam 97 (2): 421-455, 2020
Maqām al-Nabī Mūsā, situated just off the route connecting Jerusalem to Jericho and to Amman furt... more Maqām al-Nabī Mūsā, situated just off the route connecting Jerusalem to Jericho and to Amman further to the east, was a meeting place for thousands of pilgrims that gathered around the shrine during the mawsim (festival). Sultans, clerks, muftis, and wealthy families, who sought the saint’s blessing, put efforts into building facilities for those pilgrims. The earliest products of those donations, still identifiable on the ground, are the mausoleum built by the order of Sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) in the early days of the Mamluk era and the manāra (minaret) and the riwāq (open arcade) added by the order of Sultan al-Ashraf Qāytbāy (r. 1468–1496) toward the end of that era. Both building phases bear the imprint of local masons who were active in building Mamluk Jerusalem. Those masons developed their own regional style that differed from that of their counterparts in major Mamluk centers like Damascus and Cairo. A concomitant theme in this article is thus regional styles in architecture.
Community Archeology in Israel/Palestine, eds. Kletter, Horowitz and Pfoh, 2024
Palestine/Israel Review, 2024
When the major changes Palestine went through during the previous century are discussed, especial... more When the major changes Palestine went through during the previous century are discussed, especially in terms of the urban and human landscape, few studies focus on the urban-social aspects. This study reconstructs the urban fabric of three neighborhoods in Ludd, one of Palestine's major cities, situated on the way from Jaffa to Jerusalem. The reconstruction attempted here is dual: On one hand, the Old City no longer exists, like many towns and villages destroyed in the Nakba; on the other hand, Ludd's indigenous inhabitants have been ethnically cleansed. Hence, we do not have traces of buildings or neighborhoods, and we have almost nobody left to tell us about their ancestors. Therefore, I reconstruct the physical contours of sections of the city and invite some ghosts from the past to lead us through the imagined neighborhoods.
This article focuses on the urban development of the city of al-Ludd (Lydda) at the end of the 19... more This article focuses on the urban development of the city of al-Ludd (Lydda) at the end of the 19 th and the turn of the 20 th century. It builds on two cases that left their mark on the city's landscape and considerably affected its social life. The first case involves the endowment deed of a woman who used the revenues from her estate to help the poor and pilgrims. The second case, documented in the archive of the Supreme Muslim Council, has to do with the building of a market adjacent to a newly-established mosque. The first case came to its conclusion after the woman passed away, whereas the market continued to develop. These cases are both illustrative of urban and social dynamics that also shaped topography by changing the face of the city map.
Journal of Urban History, 2022
This article discusses a half century of urban transformation in one relatively minor town in Pal... more This article discusses a half century of urban transformation in one relatively minor town in Palestine, situated on a major road, under two regimes: the late Ottoman Empire and British Mandate. The changes in Ludd/Lydda are examined through the planning prism. Given the lack of any systematic, official planning in that town before World War I, an attempt is made to reconstruct such a plan out of available documents. Both the real plan one produced by the British colonial mind and the imagined one-produced so to speak by the Indigenous inhabitants as reconstructed here-serve as case study for tracing how the town's Palestinian inhabitants coped with different regimes until their town was occupied by the Israeli military and they became refugees.
The location of the city of al-Ludd, between the lowlands and the coastal plain, made it an attra... more The location of the city of al-Ludd, between the lowlands and the coastal plain, made it an attractive settlement site through the ages. This location brought with it, on the one hand, a fertile catchment area and on the other, caravans looking for a safe inland route. The last settlement phase that resulted in the medieval town was extant until the mid-twentieth century, whence it was demolished leaving only a dozen buildings standing. Those remains are the starting point for this study in which we discuss topics such as shrines, sheikhs' tombs, the soap industry and public bath, presented here as part of a preliminary survey that lays the ground for further discussion of the town's urban dynamics.
משפט והמפנה החומרי, 2024
הרשימה שלפניכם מבקשת לחזור אחורה בזמן לעיר לוד של סוף המאה התשע עשרה ולנסות לשחזר שלוש שכונות מרכ... more הרשימה שלפניכם מבקשת לחזור אחורה בזמן לעיר לוד של סוף המאה התשע עשרה ולנסות לשחזר שלוש שכונות מרכזיות בתוכה. החזרה בזמן כאן היא אל שכונות שנמחקו מעל פני האדמה אחרי יולי 1948. שלוש השכונות היו סמוכות זו לזו ואף ממוקמות על ציר שחצה את העיר ממזרח למערב. כדי לדמיין את השכונות הללו במידה המרבית הרשימה נדרשת למגוון מקורות, מתוכם שניים מאפשרים שחזור בסיסי של המרקם העירוני. האחד הוא תוכנית עיר שהוכנה בשנות העשרים של המאה העשרים אשר מתארת את קווי הבניינים, החצרות והרחובות. תעודות מבית הדין השרעי, המקור השני, מגלות טפח מחיי האנשים שאכלסו את המרחב המשורטט לתקופת מה. כך, באמצעות שני מקורות, נוצרות למעשה שתי שכבות, האחת יוצרת מתווה על הקרקע והאחרת מתארת חיים על אותם קווים. כדי שהקווים יקבלו יותר ממדים ורובדי חיים, נעשה שימוש גם במידע העולה מחפירה
ארכאולוגית, צילום אוויר וקרקע, זיכרונות ורשמים מהעיר.
The following paper summarizes ten years of excavation in the Old City of Lod, which was nearly c... more The following paper summarizes ten years of excavation in the Old City of Lod, which was nearly completely destroyed in the years following 1948. The excavations at Khan el-Hilu are a window to the city’s near past, unlike most salvage excavations which took place in the northern part of the city, exposing Bronze Age and prehistoric layers. Despite the limited scope and slow pace of the excavations in the Khan, they allow a glimpse into several occupational phases in the heart of the
town. The earliest phase which was detected is dated to the Byzantine period, and includes only pottery shards without architectural features. The Byzantine remains were exposed only in a small area; hence they merely provide a bottom benchmark for, the time being, for the excavations at the site of the Khan. Above the Byzantine layer, fills and floors dating to the Mamluk period were laid. The Mamluk layers as well were only partially exposed, and therefore difficult to interpret.
A part of an industrial complex was unearthed, including an ashlar-built round installation, that may also be dated to the Mamluk period. Through a comparison to similar installations in two olive-press facilities in the city, it may be that the round installation could be a part of olive oil production or soap manufacturing – but this theory requires more research. Superimposing the installation and other elements found within the Khan compound, fills were laid during the ottoman period, serving as foundation layer for the Khan’s courtyard and room floors. It is in this phase that the different parts of the Khan were constructed – first the northern wing, then the east and finally the southern wing, which included an ornate gate, a series of shops and the guestrooms in two stories. Alongside the excavation in the Khan and its immediate vicinity, a second area was excavated a few dozen meters to the northwest, exposing an intersection. Here one of the main streets was discovered, crossing the city from the church and mosque area at the south, northwards. Some of the houses bordering this street were excavated as well. Although this paper will focus on the ancient settlement, it is the work with the present-day local community which was the focus of the last ten years of excavation.
This paper analyzes a single frozen moment in time, the morning of Friday, June 26th 1936, as cap... more This paper analyzes a single frozen moment in time, the morning of Friday, June 26th 1936, as captured by an aerial photograph taken from a British airplane. The paper tracks the different elements in the picture: the buildings, streets and monuments, and piecing them together with historical and archaeological evidence. That, in order to reconstruct a part of the everyday life, culture, trade and religion which altered and nearly ceased to exist as a bit more than a decade later.
Journal of Levantine Studies, 2019
https://soundcloud.com/ashamsradio/06112017a-5
عبثي, 2018
الشيء حتمي وانت مجرد ناظر حتى لو أنك تحاول فلسفه الأمور وان تعتلي منصات وترتب الكلام وتطبعه بالفص... more الشيء حتمي وانت مجرد ناظر حتى لو أنك تحاول فلسفه الأمور وان تعتلي منصات وترتب الكلام وتطبعه بالفصحى لكي تثبت للتاريخ الذي هو انت انك قائم او انك موجود وليست هي ظلالك التي تسرد وتتابع ما لا حيلة لك عليه الا ان تتبعه وتسرده لنفسك اكثر من ان تتلوه على الآخرين.
Levant, Jan 1, 2011
Māmillā cemetery was the largest Islamic cemetery in Jerusalem. During the Mamlūk period it was t... more Māmillā cemetery was the largest Islamic cemetery in Jerusalem. During the Mamlūk period it was the burial ground for most of the important citizens. This article contains newly discovered Mamlūk epitaphs from the cemetery offered in an effort to trace the original locations, and to examine the relocations. Photos and plans prepared mainly during the British Mandate have been used to track the original locations. The historico-topographical presentation by Mujīr al-Dīn al-‘Ulaymī is the main historical source used to illustrated these inscriptions. Finally, the evidence of the relocation leads to the conclusion that a sacred axis existed at the eastern end of the cemetery, along which the existence of two mausolea and several graves have been discovered
Following the discovery of a Mamlūk public bath and a vaulted hall to the south of the Cotton Mar... more Following the discovery of a Mamlūk public bath and a vaulted hall to the south of the Cotton Market in the Old City of Jerusalem, this article proposes a new evaluation of the urban fabric in close proximity to the focal point of the Islamic area ‒ the Ḥaram al-Sharīf. We argue here that what once was considered a project constructed under the supervision of the district governor Saif al-Dīn Tankiz, and financed by the Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn, was in fact initiated by Tankiz. He first erected a double ḥammām, and then a Khān, which was presumably connected to a market street. In its final incarnation, the Sūq was monumental in scale, extending all the way to the Ḥaram. The final product, a market street connecting the Ḥaram with one of the main streets of the city, providing facilities to believers in the form of a double ḥammām and a Khān that served merchants and also pilgrims, was by far the most ambitious project of the Mamlūk era in Jerusalem.
Der Islam 97 (2): 421-455, 2020
Maqām al-Nabī Mūsā, situated just off the route connecting Jerusalem to Jericho and to Amman furt... more Maqām al-Nabī Mūsā, situated just off the route connecting Jerusalem to Jericho and to Amman further to the east, was a meeting place for thousands of pilgrims that gathered around the shrine during the mawsim (festival). Sultans, clerks, muftis, and wealthy families, who sought the saint’s blessing, put efforts into building facilities for those pilgrims. The earliest products of those donations, still identifiable on the ground, are the mausoleum built by the order of Sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) in the early days of the Mamluk era and the manāra (minaret) and the riwāq (open arcade) added by the order of Sultan al-Ashraf Qāytbāy (r. 1468–1496) toward the end of that era. Both building phases bear the imprint of local masons who were active in building Mamluk Jerusalem. Those masons developed their own regional style that differed from that of their counterparts in major Mamluk centers like Damascus and Cairo. A concomitant theme in this article is thus regional styles in architecture.
Revue biblique, 2012
The discovery of a photo taken from a Zeppelin airship in 1931 has made it possible to pinpoint t... more The discovery of a photo taken from a Zeppelin airship in 1931 has made it possible to pinpoint the location of the Mosque of Shaykh ‘Īd, identified with the Madrasa Afḍaliyya established by Saladin’s son al-Afḍal in the 1190s. The building was destroyed by Israeli authorities in 1967. A juxtaposition of this photo with the report on recent excavations west of the Western Wall leaves no doubt that they inadvertently unearthed the central and western rooms of the Madrasa, segments of the godroon arch above its entrance, and some other fragments. The Zeppelin photo, combined with the data recorded during the excavation, has enabled the building’s plan to be determined.
In Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting Tawfiq Daʿadli decodes the pictori... more In Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting Tawfiq Daʿadli decodes the pictorial language which flourished in the city of Herat, modern Afghanistan, under the rule of the last Timurid ruler, Sultan Husayn Bayqara (r.1469-1506). This study focuses on one illustrated manuscript of a poem entitled Khamsa by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi, kept in the British Library under code Or.6810. Tawfiq Daʿadli decodes the paintings, reveals the syntax behind them and thus deciphers the message of the whole manuscript. The book combines scholarly efforts to interpret theological-political lessons embedded in one of the foremost Persian schools of art against the background of the court dynamic of an influential medieval power in its final years.
לאוויר הפתוח, 2024
טבע האדם הוא שלא לשאת במשך ימים רבים רגשות עזים. כך האדם היחיד וכך העם, והארגון הצבאי מודע לכך. ה... more טבע האדם הוא שלא לשאת במשך ימים רבים רגשות עזים. כך האדם היחיד וכך העם, והארגון הצבאי מודע לכך. המשך ההתלהבות מחייב אפוא עידוד מלאכותי, ״סימום״ קבוע של הרגש, והצלפה רגשית זו יפעילו אנשי הרוח- בכנות או ברמייה, ביושר או מתוך שגרה מקצועית- המשוררים, הסופרים, העיתונאים. עליהם לתופף בתוף השנאה והם תופפו בעוז, עד שנחרשו אוזני התמימים ולבם נחרד. בצייתנות שירתו כמעט כולם את תעמולת המלחמה...
נותרה דרך אחת: להסתגר בתוכי ולשתוק כל עוד השאר קודחים וצועקים. לא קל היה הדבר. כי הבדידות בגלות, למדתי זאת די והותר, אינה קשה כבדידות במולדת. הרחקתי מעלי את ידי הוותיקים, ולחפש חדשים לא הייתה השעה כשרה. (סטפן צוויג, העולם של אתמול, מגרמנית: צבי ארד, עמ׳ 188,190)
مجلة المدينة, 2007
مقابلات مع مولانا السلطان والعبد الفقير مزود المعلومات
Sensitive Reading: the pleasure of south Asian literature in translation. Yigal Bronner and Charles Hallisey (eds)., 2022
"Thus, a rumor spread that a wise and pleasant young man is willing to sacrifice himself instead ... more "Thus, a rumor spread that a wise and pleasant young man is willing to sacrifice himself instead of a few lambs and let the earth drink the best of drinks. One morning the young man found himself hanged on two planks of wood with a thorn crown on his head."
Sacred" paths around al-Quds. Cemeteries and Mausolea scattered around the old city of Jerusalem... more Sacred" paths around al-Quds.
Cemeteries and Mausolea scattered around the old city of Jerusalem were, and in some aspects, still functioning as visiting sites. While, Muslim Pilgrims visiting Jerusalem concentrated their visit in the Haram al-Sharif, they also visited shrines in and out of the walled city. The Mamilla cemetery situated on the western part of the city is actually extending a pilgrimage path. The shape of this path, especially the section enclosed in the Mamilla cemetery and its connection to the old city will stand in the centre of this talk.
