Howard Lune | Hunter College (original) (raw)

Papers by Howard Lune

Contemporary Drug Problems, 2001

We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected ... more We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected needle-sharing and sexual-risk behaviors for injection drug users. We interviewed, qualitatively and quantitatively, 244 participants. Our analysis focuses on comparisons in HIV/AIDS-risk behaviors for a subcategory of “new” injectors: those initiating after the introduction of needle-exchange services in 1988 (n=57). We found that some new injectors benefited from the presence of “safer-injection mentors.” That is, those with someone to teach them harm reduction from their initiation of injection drug use were somewhat more likely to report safer injection practices at the time of interview. We also found that the mentoring process included sharing of information about needle-exchange services. Our results point to evidence of the effectiveness of needle-exchange services in contributing to a culture of harm reduction for injection drug users.

Contemporary Sociology, May 1, 2022

Contemporary Sociology, Dec 27, 2022

Journal of American History

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology

Sociological Inquiry

Mentors for adolescents are widely believed to improve life chances and reduce problem behavior. ... more Mentors for adolescents are widely believed to improve life chances and reduce problem behavior. Using 42 retrospective qualitative interviews with undergraduate former high school athletes and social learning theory as a framework, we investigate what it means to adolescents to matter to their school‐based natural mentors. Findings indicate that natural mentors represent a fundamental social connection that helped participants feel like they mattered. We identify three structural domains of social identity in which mattering operates: relationship, gender, and athletic. Natural mentoring led to connecting with non‐kin, feeling important, and creating accountability to significant others. Mentorship and mattering were deeply gendered; in reinforcing attributes of athletic success and physical or mental growth, mentor relationships both contributed to and helped subvert the structure of traditional gender roles and provide insight into the ways men and women navigate the contested an...

Contemporary Drug Problems, 2001

We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected ... more We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected needle-sharing and sexual-risk behaviors for injection drug users. We interviewed, qualitatively and quantitatively, 244 participants. Our analysis focuses on comparisons in HIV/AIDS-risk behaviors for a subcategory of “new” injectors: those initiating after the introduction of needle-exchange services in 1988 (n=57). We found that some new injectors benefited from the presence of “safer-injection mentors.” That is, those with someone to teach them harm reduction from their initiation of injection drug use were somewhat more likely to report safer injection practices at the time of interview. We also found that the mentoring process included sharing of information about needle-exchange services. Our results point to evidence of the effectiveness of needle-exchange services in contributing to a culture of harm reduction for injection drug users.

Irish Journal of Sociology, 2015

Organised movements that challenge a government must construct and frame their own visions of the... more Organised movements that challenge a government must construct and frame their own visions of the nation that legitimate their challenge. To do so, they may attempt to mobilise a cultural nationalism to supersede dominant political nationalisms. An alternative cultural nationalism can appeal to patriotism while undermining the legitimacy of a standing government. Such work is subtle, particularly when direct challenges to authority are proscribed by law. Organisational rituals of belonging are powerful tools in this process. Ritual repetition of key framing ideas can unite members around the cultural construct of the movement without directly addressing their targets. This paper examines the organisation of the Society of United Irishmen (1791–98) and their use of a membership ‘test’ ritual. The test epitomised the primary work of the society which entailed the construction of a new vision of Irish nationalism. As the Society transitioned from its rhetorical function to organising a...

Qualitative Sociology, 1998

People with HIV infection are subjected to prejudice, discrimination and hostility related to the... more People with HIV infection are subjected to prejudice, discrimination and hostility related to the stigmatization of AIDS. To manage the stigma of their disease, they mount complex coping strategies. This paper reports results from a qualitative study that examined gay/bisexual men's experiences of living with HIV infection. Unstructured interviews from a diverse sample of 139 men were analyzed to examine

Substance Use & Misuse, 2012

The research collected in these four papers does not form a single comparative study across multi... more The research collected in these four papers does not form a single comparative study across multiple nations. Yet, reading these works together, one cannot help but notice a great consistency among the issues faced by each of the community-based initiatives supporting and protecting drug users even across such different social and political contexts. As well, there are clear trends in the relations between the organizations that emerge from these communities and the state and city agencies with which they most interact. For all of the differences in public health and criminal justice policies, these street-level organizations appear to be in the same boat, trying to address similar problems. What political processes, strategies, and constraints do these similarities reveal? First, we can see that across national settings, the organizations dedicated to harm reduction, education, and protection among active drug users recognize each other as part of the same social world. Each of the four papers demonstrates how these groups look to one another for support, how they form or join transnational advocacy groups, and how they share information, expertise, and personnel. Simply put, they network. Small et al. (this issue), for example, note that community-led syringe exchange organizations in Vancouver and elsewhere provided the basis for health workers and advocates to create an injection support team in Vancouver. This program soon established a separate governance structure that relied extensively on active and former drug injectors. After a lengthy process of weighing risks and benefits, this community-based organization initiated a model safe injecting program which began operating on the very boundaries of legality which they now, in turn, seek to propagate and reproduce among other communities. It is also important to note that these community-based networks generally reflect the structures of state-centered national and transnational drug policy institutions that these groups must navigate. That is, as Hayashi et al.

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2005

The authors examine the organizational transformation of Prevention Point, the San Francisco-base... more The authors examine the organizational transformation of Prevention Point, the San Francisco-based syringe exchange program. Their purposes are to explore the processes of organizational change, focus on the impact of formalization on members and organizational goals, and contextualize these in light of belonging to an underground organization. They highlight the volunteers’ motivation and commitment, and their responses to the organizational changes. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 56 service providers, conducted from 1993 to 1995, the authors document the changes in the organization and the members’ perceptions of it as it moved from an illegal, deviant group to a socially sanctioned service organization. This transition is shown to have ultimately undermined much of the basis for volunteer commitment, reinforcing the shift in responsibility from the membership to a new management structure. These findings have implications for the larger problem of maintaining volunteer en...

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2014

Journal of Drug Issues, 2004

From a process evaluation, participants in San Francisco's syringe exchange program (SEP) are... more From a process evaluation, participants in San Francisco's syringe exchange program (SEP) are described. Three groups, primary, secondary, and nonexchangers, were interviewed for a total of 244 study participants recruited from eight needle exchange sessions. Fifty percent of all primary exchangers exchanged for one or more injecting drug user(s) (IDUs). Three general routes of syringe distribution were identified between primary and secondary exchangers: between close friends and lovers; for people who lived in close proximity to them; and with customers who bought drugs from them. Focusing on why some go to SEPs and why some rely on others to go for them, findings are summarized primarily as the barriers for not attending SEPs, including exposure, legal status, illness, drug lifestyle, and conflicts with service provision. The secondary exchangers had similar risk reduction profiles to the SEP users that overall were better than the nonexchangers. For example, they shared syri...

SECTION I. WHERE TO BEGIN Comparative Perspectives and Competing Explanations: Taking on the Newl... more SECTION I. WHERE TO BEGIN Comparative Perspectives and Competing Explanations: Taking on the Newly Configured Reductionist Challenge to Sociology (2006) - Troy Duster Great Divides: The Cultural, Cognitive, and Social Bases of the Global Subordination of Women (2007) - Cynthia Fuchs Epstein The Positive Functions of Poverty (1975) - Herbert J. Gans Theodicy and Life Satisfaction Among Black and White Americans (2000) - Marc A. Musick SECTION II. RESEARCH DESIGN Conceptualizing Urban Poverty (1995) - Ellen Wratten Conceptualizing Work-Family Balance: Implications for Practice and Research (2007) - Joseph G. Grzywacz and Dawn S. Carlson The Violence of Adolescent Life: Experiencing and Managing Everyday Threats (2004) - Katherine Irwin SECTION III. ETHICS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH Code of Ethics Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (1997) - American Sociological Association Policies and Procedures (1997) - Committee on Professional Ethics, American Sociological Association Project Camelot and the 1960s Epistemological Revolution: Rethinking the Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus (2001) - Mark Solovey SECTION IV. QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION Mapping Global Values (2006) - Ronald Inglehart Measuring Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): You May Only Get What You Ask For (2005) - Eve Waltermaurer Ethnicity, Gender, and Perceptions of Task Competence (1990) - Martha Foschi and Shari Buchan SECTION V. QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION Religion and Immigration in Comparative Perspective: Catholic and Evangelical Salvadorans in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Phoenix (2004) - Cecilia Menjivar A Focus Group Study of the Motivation to Invest: "Ethical/Green" and "Ordinary" Investors Compared (2001) - Alan Lewis The Pub and the People [Excerpt] (1942) - Mass Observation "Afterword" From Sidewalk by Mitch Duneier (2000) - Hakim Hasan SECTION VI. QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Gender Bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: A Comparative Analysis (2003) - Catriona T. Higgs, Karen H. Weiller, and Scott B. Martin Residential Segregation on the Island: The Role of Race and Class in Puerto Rican Neighborhoods (2007) - Nancy A. Denton and Jacqueline Villarrubia SECTION VII. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Weathering the Storm: Nonprofit Organization Survival Strategies in a Hostile Climate (2002) - Howard Lune Social Context and Musical Content of Rap Music, 1979-1995 (2006) - Jennifer C. Lena The Changing Culture of Fatherhood in Comic-Strip Families: A Six-Decade Analysis (2000) - Raph LaRossa, Charles Jaret, Malati Gadgil, and G. Robert Wynn SECTION VIII. MIXED METHODS Theorizing Disaster: Analogy, Historical Ethnography, and the Challenger Accident (2004) - Diane Vaughan Men and Women's Experiences with Hazing in a Male-Dominated Elite Military Institution (2006) - Jana L. Pershing The World-System After the Cold War (1993) - Immanuel Wallerstein SECTION IX. LAST WORD GLOSSARY

The American Historical Review, 1997

The majority of American women supported the Allied cause during World War II and made sacrifices... more The majority of American women supported the Allied cause during World War II and made sacrifices on the home-front to benefit the war effort. But US intervention was opposed by a movement led by ultra-right women whose professed desire to keep their sons out of combat was mixed with militant Christianity, anticommunism and anti-Semitism. This book is a history of the self-styled "mothers' movement", so called because among its component groups were the National Legion of Mothers of America, the Mothers of Sons Forum and the National Blue Star Mothers. Unlike leftist antiwar movements, the mothers' movement was not pacifist; its members opposed the war on Germany because they regarded Hitler as an ally against the spread of atheistic communism. They also differed from leftist women in their endorsement of patriarchy and nationalism. God, they believed, wanted them to fight the New Deal liberalism that imperiled their values and the internationalists, communists and Jews, whom they saw as subjugating Christian America. Drawing on files kept by the FBI and other confidential documents, Jeansonne examines the motivations of these women, the political and social impact of their movement, and their collaborations with men of the Far Right and also with mainstream isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh. Glen Jeansonne's books include "Transformation and Reaction: America, 1921-45" and biographies of Huey P. Long, Gerald L.K. Smith and Leander Perez.

AIDS Education and Prevention, 2014

This pilot study explores the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Staying Safe Interventi... more This pilot study explores the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Staying Safe Intervention, an innovative, strengths-based program to facilitate prevention of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and with the hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs (PWID). The authors explored changes in the intervention's two primary endpoints: (a) frequency and amount of drug intake, and (b) frequency of risky injection practices. We also explored changes in hypothesized mediators of intervention efficacy: planning skills, motivation/self-efficacy to inject safely, skills to avoid PWID-associated stigma, social support, drug-related withdrawal symptoms, and injection network size and risk norms. A 1-week, five-session intervention (10 hours total) was evaluated using a pre-versus 3-month posttest design. Fifty-one participants completed pre

Contemporary Drug Problems, 2001

We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected ... more We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected needle-sharing and sexual-risk behaviors for injection drug users. We interviewed, qualitatively and quantitatively, 244 participants. Our analysis focuses on comparisons in HIV/AIDS-risk behaviors for a subcategory of “new” injectors: those initiating after the introduction of needle-exchange services in 1988 (n=57). We found that some new injectors benefited from the presence of “safer-injection mentors.” That is, those with someone to teach them harm reduction from their initiation of injection drug use were somewhat more likely to report safer injection practices at the time of interview. We also found that the mentoring process included sharing of information about needle-exchange services. Our results point to evidence of the effectiveness of needle-exchange services in contributing to a culture of harm reduction for injection drug users.

Contemporary Sociology, May 1, 2022

Contemporary Sociology, Dec 27, 2022

Journal of American History

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology

Sociological Inquiry

Mentors for adolescents are widely believed to improve life chances and reduce problem behavior. ... more Mentors for adolescents are widely believed to improve life chances and reduce problem behavior. Using 42 retrospective qualitative interviews with undergraduate former high school athletes and social learning theory as a framework, we investigate what it means to adolescents to matter to their school‐based natural mentors. Findings indicate that natural mentors represent a fundamental social connection that helped participants feel like they mattered. We identify three structural domains of social identity in which mattering operates: relationship, gender, and athletic. Natural mentoring led to connecting with non‐kin, feeling important, and creating accountability to significant others. Mentorship and mattering were deeply gendered; in reinforcing attributes of athletic success and physical or mental growth, mentor relationships both contributed to and helped subvert the structure of traditional gender roles and provide insight into the ways men and women navigate the contested an...

Contemporary Drug Problems, 2001

We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected ... more We examine one way in which needle-exchange services in the San Francisco Bay Area have affected needle-sharing and sexual-risk behaviors for injection drug users. We interviewed, qualitatively and quantitatively, 244 participants. Our analysis focuses on comparisons in HIV/AIDS-risk behaviors for a subcategory of “new” injectors: those initiating after the introduction of needle-exchange services in 1988 (n=57). We found that some new injectors benefited from the presence of “safer-injection mentors.” That is, those with someone to teach them harm reduction from their initiation of injection drug use were somewhat more likely to report safer injection practices at the time of interview. We also found that the mentoring process included sharing of information about needle-exchange services. Our results point to evidence of the effectiveness of needle-exchange services in contributing to a culture of harm reduction for injection drug users.

Irish Journal of Sociology, 2015

Organised movements that challenge a government must construct and frame their own visions of the... more Organised movements that challenge a government must construct and frame their own visions of the nation that legitimate their challenge. To do so, they may attempt to mobilise a cultural nationalism to supersede dominant political nationalisms. An alternative cultural nationalism can appeal to patriotism while undermining the legitimacy of a standing government. Such work is subtle, particularly when direct challenges to authority are proscribed by law. Organisational rituals of belonging are powerful tools in this process. Ritual repetition of key framing ideas can unite members around the cultural construct of the movement without directly addressing their targets. This paper examines the organisation of the Society of United Irishmen (1791–98) and their use of a membership ‘test’ ritual. The test epitomised the primary work of the society which entailed the construction of a new vision of Irish nationalism. As the Society transitioned from its rhetorical function to organising a...

Qualitative Sociology, 1998

People with HIV infection are subjected to prejudice, discrimination and hostility related to the... more People with HIV infection are subjected to prejudice, discrimination and hostility related to the stigmatization of AIDS. To manage the stigma of their disease, they mount complex coping strategies. This paper reports results from a qualitative study that examined gay/bisexual men's experiences of living with HIV infection. Unstructured interviews from a diverse sample of 139 men were analyzed to examine

Substance Use & Misuse, 2012

The research collected in these four papers does not form a single comparative study across multi... more The research collected in these four papers does not form a single comparative study across multiple nations. Yet, reading these works together, one cannot help but notice a great consistency among the issues faced by each of the community-based initiatives supporting and protecting drug users even across such different social and political contexts. As well, there are clear trends in the relations between the organizations that emerge from these communities and the state and city agencies with which they most interact. For all of the differences in public health and criminal justice policies, these street-level organizations appear to be in the same boat, trying to address similar problems. What political processes, strategies, and constraints do these similarities reveal? First, we can see that across national settings, the organizations dedicated to harm reduction, education, and protection among active drug users recognize each other as part of the same social world. Each of the four papers demonstrates how these groups look to one another for support, how they form or join transnational advocacy groups, and how they share information, expertise, and personnel. Simply put, they network. Small et al. (this issue), for example, note that community-led syringe exchange organizations in Vancouver and elsewhere provided the basis for health workers and advocates to create an injection support team in Vancouver. This program soon established a separate governance structure that relied extensively on active and former drug injectors. After a lengthy process of weighing risks and benefits, this community-based organization initiated a model safe injecting program which began operating on the very boundaries of legality which they now, in turn, seek to propagate and reproduce among other communities. It is also important to note that these community-based networks generally reflect the structures of state-centered national and transnational drug policy institutions that these groups must navigate. That is, as Hayashi et al.

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2005

The authors examine the organizational transformation of Prevention Point, the San Francisco-base... more The authors examine the organizational transformation of Prevention Point, the San Francisco-based syringe exchange program. Their purposes are to explore the processes of organizational change, focus on the impact of formalization on members and organizational goals, and contextualize these in light of belonging to an underground organization. They highlight the volunteers’ motivation and commitment, and their responses to the organizational changes. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 56 service providers, conducted from 1993 to 1995, the authors document the changes in the organization and the members’ perceptions of it as it moved from an illegal, deviant group to a socially sanctioned service organization. This transition is shown to have ultimately undermined much of the basis for volunteer commitment, reinforcing the shift in responsibility from the membership to a new management structure. These findings have implications for the larger problem of maintaining volunteer en...

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2014

Journal of Drug Issues, 2004

From a process evaluation, participants in San Francisco's syringe exchange program (SEP) are... more From a process evaluation, participants in San Francisco's syringe exchange program (SEP) are described. Three groups, primary, secondary, and nonexchangers, were interviewed for a total of 244 study participants recruited from eight needle exchange sessions. Fifty percent of all primary exchangers exchanged for one or more injecting drug user(s) (IDUs). Three general routes of syringe distribution were identified between primary and secondary exchangers: between close friends and lovers; for people who lived in close proximity to them; and with customers who bought drugs from them. Focusing on why some go to SEPs and why some rely on others to go for them, findings are summarized primarily as the barriers for not attending SEPs, including exposure, legal status, illness, drug lifestyle, and conflicts with service provision. The secondary exchangers had similar risk reduction profiles to the SEP users that overall were better than the nonexchangers. For example, they shared syri...

SECTION I. WHERE TO BEGIN Comparative Perspectives and Competing Explanations: Taking on the Newl... more SECTION I. WHERE TO BEGIN Comparative Perspectives and Competing Explanations: Taking on the Newly Configured Reductionist Challenge to Sociology (2006) - Troy Duster Great Divides: The Cultural, Cognitive, and Social Bases of the Global Subordination of Women (2007) - Cynthia Fuchs Epstein The Positive Functions of Poverty (1975) - Herbert J. Gans Theodicy and Life Satisfaction Among Black and White Americans (2000) - Marc A. Musick SECTION II. RESEARCH DESIGN Conceptualizing Urban Poverty (1995) - Ellen Wratten Conceptualizing Work-Family Balance: Implications for Practice and Research (2007) - Joseph G. Grzywacz and Dawn S. Carlson The Violence of Adolescent Life: Experiencing and Managing Everyday Threats (2004) - Katherine Irwin SECTION III. ETHICS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH Code of Ethics Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (1997) - American Sociological Association Policies and Procedures (1997) - Committee on Professional Ethics, American Sociological Association Project Camelot and the 1960s Epistemological Revolution: Rethinking the Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus (2001) - Mark Solovey SECTION IV. QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION Mapping Global Values (2006) - Ronald Inglehart Measuring Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): You May Only Get What You Ask For (2005) - Eve Waltermaurer Ethnicity, Gender, and Perceptions of Task Competence (1990) - Martha Foschi and Shari Buchan SECTION V. QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION Religion and Immigration in Comparative Perspective: Catholic and Evangelical Salvadorans in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Phoenix (2004) - Cecilia Menjivar A Focus Group Study of the Motivation to Invest: "Ethical/Green" and "Ordinary" Investors Compared (2001) - Alan Lewis The Pub and the People [Excerpt] (1942) - Mass Observation "Afterword" From Sidewalk by Mitch Duneier (2000) - Hakim Hasan SECTION VI. QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Gender Bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: A Comparative Analysis (2003) - Catriona T. Higgs, Karen H. Weiller, and Scott B. Martin Residential Segregation on the Island: The Role of Race and Class in Puerto Rican Neighborhoods (2007) - Nancy A. Denton and Jacqueline Villarrubia SECTION VII. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Weathering the Storm: Nonprofit Organization Survival Strategies in a Hostile Climate (2002) - Howard Lune Social Context and Musical Content of Rap Music, 1979-1995 (2006) - Jennifer C. Lena The Changing Culture of Fatherhood in Comic-Strip Families: A Six-Decade Analysis (2000) - Raph LaRossa, Charles Jaret, Malati Gadgil, and G. Robert Wynn SECTION VIII. MIXED METHODS Theorizing Disaster: Analogy, Historical Ethnography, and the Challenger Accident (2004) - Diane Vaughan Men and Women's Experiences with Hazing in a Male-Dominated Elite Military Institution (2006) - Jana L. Pershing The World-System After the Cold War (1993) - Immanuel Wallerstein SECTION IX. LAST WORD GLOSSARY

The American Historical Review, 1997

The majority of American women supported the Allied cause during World War II and made sacrifices... more The majority of American women supported the Allied cause during World War II and made sacrifices on the home-front to benefit the war effort. But US intervention was opposed by a movement led by ultra-right women whose professed desire to keep their sons out of combat was mixed with militant Christianity, anticommunism and anti-Semitism. This book is a history of the self-styled "mothers' movement", so called because among its component groups were the National Legion of Mothers of America, the Mothers of Sons Forum and the National Blue Star Mothers. Unlike leftist antiwar movements, the mothers' movement was not pacifist; its members opposed the war on Germany because they regarded Hitler as an ally against the spread of atheistic communism. They also differed from leftist women in their endorsement of patriarchy and nationalism. God, they believed, wanted them to fight the New Deal liberalism that imperiled their values and the internationalists, communists and Jews, whom they saw as subjugating Christian America. Drawing on files kept by the FBI and other confidential documents, Jeansonne examines the motivations of these women, the political and social impact of their movement, and their collaborations with men of the Far Right and also with mainstream isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh. Glen Jeansonne's books include "Transformation and Reaction: America, 1921-45" and biographies of Huey P. Long, Gerald L.K. Smith and Leander Perez.

AIDS Education and Prevention, 2014

This pilot study explores the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Staying Safe Interventi... more This pilot study explores the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the Staying Safe Intervention, an innovative, strengths-based program to facilitate prevention of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and with the hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs (PWID). The authors explored changes in the intervention's two primary endpoints: (a) frequency and amount of drug intake, and (b) frequency of risky injection practices. We also explored changes in hypothesized mediators of intervention efficacy: planning skills, motivation/self-efficacy to inject safely, skills to avoid PWID-associated stigma, social support, drug-related withdrawal symptoms, and injection network size and risk norms. A 1-week, five-session intervention (10 hours total) was evaluated using a pre-versus 3-month posttest design. Fifty-one participants completed pre