Mariana Bara | Hyperion University (original) (raw)
Papers by Mariana Bara
The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of materi... more The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and-for this reason-a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.
Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shap... more Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shaping the complex relationships between the individual and the communities of which he/she is a member, with direct and indirect effects: the SELF (beliefs, awareness) about himself; others about the SELF; institutional (official) statements about the SELF; (statements of) the SELF about himself to others. Linguistics and cultural and social anthropology are sometimes in contradiction in defining identity, as loyalty towards ethnicity does not exclude differences in national affiliation. I will analyze the identity as a complex of perspectives and assertions, starting from a corpus of data (gathered from my previous research) and from the related bibliography, trying to sort out my hypothesis of the four perspectives on identity. The present study tries to answer, from a linguistic perspective, the questions whether the geolinguistic approach is sufficient in order to define ethnic identity, and if its limitations, as shown in the bibliography (from Gustav Weigand's field research in late 19 th century to Thede Kahl's in the early 21 st century) can be surpassed.
Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, 2014
ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective w... more ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective will allow us to establish several instances where the translation rules (formally established or traditionally and informally operating) orient the translator confronting official complex texts. Whether it is about types of fishing boats, animal or plants names, new technologies, organization of national legal systems, classification of objects in general classes for clearance, in all cases the translator faced with the decision to give a name for an object that may not exist or is not even known in the culture in whose language he translates. Such situations are frequently encountered in translating the acquis communautaire in the EU official languages. Other times, names for abstractions, current in other languages or newly created, are causing problems and highlight the gaps in terminology, which cannot always be filled by circumlocutions.Keywords: legal texts; national legal systems; cultural references; terminology gaps; political science1. IntroductionThose situations encountered and solved during a special legal or scientific text translation, where the names of social or political practices are designed in a particular way within the source language, and must be equated with as suggestive and specific names in the target language, are ranked as the translator's component entities skills. Besides these, even relatively minor issues, such the use of capitalization, for instance, are differently standardized in each language. In this paper, we will refer to some examples that will spread a revealing light on cultural diversity and hence on the need for cultural competence. The cases discussed are significant for the current Romanian language and highlight the dynamics of terminologies.It is well known that the translator must acquire those cultural skills that complement the component of language proficiency, in both languages involved in translation. How to form the cultural competence of the translator? First, it is possible through various readings in both languages and through the knowledge of databases which he/she should use. Secondly, it is desirable by cultivating curiosity and the gentle sense of the well-found word, in other words, by developing terminology research.What do we mean by the term cultural references? To clarify its meaning, we have first to define cultural identity: it is the sum of traits that characterize a social group, according to several parameters, and among these, language has an important place. The other accepted parameters are customs, social practices, values, and worldview.In this approach, cultural references are distinctive marks of a group culture towards the culture of other groups. Language being a fundamental parameter, it is clear that certain language features (i.e. lexicalization, classification and hyperonymy, patterns for institutions names) are such landmarks. Translating identity markers that are visible at the text surface as marks of a cultural system is a challenge in itself. The very phrase from the title of the present paper has various forms of equivalence, i.e.: definisseurs culturels, landmarks of cultural identity. As a cultural activity, translation operates with transfers of meanings from source culture to target culture, which must find appropriate containers, linguistic forms accepted in the target language.However, although it is well known and accepted that any language is the expression of a culture, translation is not an issue addressed by anthropological studies. They deal with culture, language and languages in a broad perspective, along with other communication modes, but they do not yet grant a special place to translation. Thus, even a renowned book, considered as a classic in the field (Haviland, 2002) which deals with topics such as language and gender, the national character of culture, sex and marriage, kinship, ages, political systems, the supernatural, story and other components of cultural heritage, cultural change and modernization, cultural rights etc. …
HyperCultura, 2012
The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of materi... more The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and – for this reason – a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.
Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, 2014
ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective w... more ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective will allow us to establish several instances where the translation rules (formally established or traditionally and informally operating) orient the translator confronting official complex texts. Whether it is about types of fishing boats, animal or plants names, new technologies, organization of national legal systems, classification of objects in general classes for clearance, in all cases the translator faced with the decision to give a name for an object that may not exist or is not even known in the culture in whose language he translates. Such situations are frequently encountered in translating the acquis communautaire in the EU official languages. Other times, names for abstractions, current in other languages or newly created, are causing problems and highlight the gaps in terminology, which cannot always be filled by circumlocutions.Keywords: legal texts; national legal systems;...
De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 17, 2023
Actes du Colloque international LES EMPRUNTS AU FRANÇAIS DANS LES LANGUES EUROPÉENNES Craiova, 10-12 novembre 2011, 2011
L’influence française est un sujet classique, mais c’est aussi un sujet difficile, en raison de l... more L’influence française est un sujet classique, mais c’est aussi un sujet
difficile, en raison de la diversité des formes et des étapes: le XIXe, l’entre-deux-guerres, la période communiste, le postcommunisme. Le sujet oblige à réfléchir à l’échelle d’au moins deux siècles, à rechercher les moments forts de l’influence et à évaluer en quoi les emprunts ont pu modeler, façonner, moderniser le roumain actuel.
HyperCultura, 2012
The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of materi... more The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and-for this reason-a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.
HYPERCULTURA, 2014
Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shap... more Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shaping the complex relationships between the individual and the communities of which he/she is a member, with direct and indirect effects: the SELF (beliefs, awareness) about himself; others about the SELF; institutional (official) statements about the SELF; (statements of) the SELF about himself to others. Linguistics and cultural and social anthropology are sometimes in contradiction in defining identity, as loyalty towards ethnicity does not exclude differences in national affiliation. I will analyze the identity as a complex of perspectives and assertions, starting from a corpus of data (gathered from my previous research) and from the related bibliography, trying to sort out my hypothesis of the four perspectives on identity. The present study tries to answer, from a linguistic perspective, the questions whether the geolinguistic approach is sufficient in order to define ethnic identity, and if its limitations, as shown in the bibliography (from Gustav Weigand's field research in late 19 th century to Thede Kahl's in the early 21 st century) can be surpassed.
Challenges in Translation: Space, Culture and Linguistic Identity
![Research paper thumbnail of Nitsiakos (Vassilis), On the Border : Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. Berlin : LIT Verlag, 2010, 504 p. [coll. « Balkan Border Crossings- Contributions to Balkan Ethnography »]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47590769/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Balkanologie Revue D Etudes Pluridisciplinaires, Dec 15, 2011
ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR BALKANOLOGIE Herausgegeben von Gabriella Schubert Wolfgang Dahmen · György Hazai † · Reinhard Lauer 51 (2015)
Revue Roumaine de Linguistique
Drafts by Mariana Bara
academia.edu, 2021
This short research points to the difficulties and, in one case, overlapping meanings in expressi... more This short research points to the difficulties and, in one case, overlapping meanings in expressing phasal polarity in Aromanian. Translating English classical phrases for the topic proved to be a limitation. Also, trying to find the right word for ALREADY in short phrases out of the context of a real communication proved to be a challenge. It seems that, in the case of ALREADY, pragmatic meanings are complex and could be expressed not only lexically, but as well morphologically and through intonation and/or accent, Aromanian being mainly an oral language. In writing, there are some adverbs used to express emphasis. I propose finally a five-steps model of phasal polarity in Aromanian, based on my daily use of Aromanian, and on the linguistic knowledge and competence of many Aromanian people I asked for the purpose of this research.
The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of materi... more The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and-for this reason-a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.
Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shap... more Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shaping the complex relationships between the individual and the communities of which he/she is a member, with direct and indirect effects: the SELF (beliefs, awareness) about himself; others about the SELF; institutional (official) statements about the SELF; (statements of) the SELF about himself to others. Linguistics and cultural and social anthropology are sometimes in contradiction in defining identity, as loyalty towards ethnicity does not exclude differences in national affiliation. I will analyze the identity as a complex of perspectives and assertions, starting from a corpus of data (gathered from my previous research) and from the related bibliography, trying to sort out my hypothesis of the four perspectives on identity. The present study tries to answer, from a linguistic perspective, the questions whether the geolinguistic approach is sufficient in order to define ethnic identity, and if its limitations, as shown in the bibliography (from Gustav Weigand's field research in late 19 th century to Thede Kahl's in the early 21 st century) can be surpassed.
Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, 2014
ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective w... more ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective will allow us to establish several instances where the translation rules (formally established or traditionally and informally operating) orient the translator confronting official complex texts. Whether it is about types of fishing boats, animal or plants names, new technologies, organization of national legal systems, classification of objects in general classes for clearance, in all cases the translator faced with the decision to give a name for an object that may not exist or is not even known in the culture in whose language he translates. Such situations are frequently encountered in translating the acquis communautaire in the EU official languages. Other times, names for abstractions, current in other languages or newly created, are causing problems and highlight the gaps in terminology, which cannot always be filled by circumlocutions.Keywords: legal texts; national legal systems; cultural references; terminology gaps; political science1. IntroductionThose situations encountered and solved during a special legal or scientific text translation, where the names of social or political practices are designed in a particular way within the source language, and must be equated with as suggestive and specific names in the target language, are ranked as the translator's component entities skills. Besides these, even relatively minor issues, such the use of capitalization, for instance, are differently standardized in each language. In this paper, we will refer to some examples that will spread a revealing light on cultural diversity and hence on the need for cultural competence. The cases discussed are significant for the current Romanian language and highlight the dynamics of terminologies.It is well known that the translator must acquire those cultural skills that complement the component of language proficiency, in both languages involved in translation. How to form the cultural competence of the translator? First, it is possible through various readings in both languages and through the knowledge of databases which he/she should use. Secondly, it is desirable by cultivating curiosity and the gentle sense of the well-found word, in other words, by developing terminology research.What do we mean by the term cultural references? To clarify its meaning, we have first to define cultural identity: it is the sum of traits that characterize a social group, according to several parameters, and among these, language has an important place. The other accepted parameters are customs, social practices, values, and worldview.In this approach, cultural references are distinctive marks of a group culture towards the culture of other groups. Language being a fundamental parameter, it is clear that certain language features (i.e. lexicalization, classification and hyperonymy, patterns for institutions names) are such landmarks. Translating identity markers that are visible at the text surface as marks of a cultural system is a challenge in itself. The very phrase from the title of the present paper has various forms of equivalence, i.e.: definisseurs culturels, landmarks of cultural identity. As a cultural activity, translation operates with transfers of meanings from source culture to target culture, which must find appropriate containers, linguistic forms accepted in the target language.However, although it is well known and accepted that any language is the expression of a culture, translation is not an issue addressed by anthropological studies. They deal with culture, language and languages in a broad perspective, along with other communication modes, but they do not yet grant a special place to translation. Thus, even a renowned book, considered as a classic in the field (Haviland, 2002) which deals with topics such as language and gender, the national character of culture, sex and marriage, kinship, ages, political systems, the supernatural, story and other components of cultural heritage, cultural change and modernization, cultural rights etc. …
HyperCultura, 2012
The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of materi... more The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and – for this reason – a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.
Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, 2014
ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective w... more ABSTRACT. Every text subject to translation is a cultural signifier. Terminological perspective will allow us to establish several instances where the translation rules (formally established or traditionally and informally operating) orient the translator confronting official complex texts. Whether it is about types of fishing boats, animal or plants names, new technologies, organization of national legal systems, classification of objects in general classes for clearance, in all cases the translator faced with the decision to give a name for an object that may not exist or is not even known in the culture in whose language he translates. Such situations are frequently encountered in translating the acquis communautaire in the EU official languages. Other times, names for abstractions, current in other languages or newly created, are causing problems and highlight the gaps in terminology, which cannot always be filled by circumlocutions.Keywords: legal texts; national legal systems;...
De Gruyter eBooks, Dec 17, 2023
Actes du Colloque international LES EMPRUNTS AU FRANÇAIS DANS LES LANGUES EUROPÉENNES Craiova, 10-12 novembre 2011, 2011
L’influence française est un sujet classique, mais c’est aussi un sujet difficile, en raison de l... more L’influence française est un sujet classique, mais c’est aussi un sujet
difficile, en raison de la diversité des formes et des étapes: le XIXe, l’entre-deux-guerres, la période communiste, le postcommunisme. Le sujet oblige à réfléchir à l’échelle d’au moins deux siècles, à rechercher les moments forts de l’influence et à évaluer en quoi les emprunts ont pu modeler, façonner, moderniser le roumain actuel.
HyperCultura, 2012
The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of materi... more The rapid globalization in the second half of the 20th century, promoting a certain set of material and monetary values, left deep imprints not only on the economic life, but also on the cultural phenomena, including terminology. The uniform distribution and the generalized use of some concepts, ideas and values, are imposing trends in communicational behaviours and-for this reason-a certain level of standardization. One can describe the effects of this process on Romanian terminologies both in terms of formal equivalents in different languages, and in a semantic and pragmatic perspective. The adapted neologisms and the generalized use of lexical structures of English origin, the wide spread of Anglicisms are direct effects. One of the indirect effects is the current standardization of terminologies and of definitions in sciences (including the political ones), but also in trade, services, industry or electronic communication.
HYPERCULTURA, 2014
Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shap... more Constructing identity (ethnicity, in this case) is subject to the action of several elements shaping the complex relationships between the individual and the communities of which he/she is a member, with direct and indirect effects: the SELF (beliefs, awareness) about himself; others about the SELF; institutional (official) statements about the SELF; (statements of) the SELF about himself to others. Linguistics and cultural and social anthropology are sometimes in contradiction in defining identity, as loyalty towards ethnicity does not exclude differences in national affiliation. I will analyze the identity as a complex of perspectives and assertions, starting from a corpus of data (gathered from my previous research) and from the related bibliography, trying to sort out my hypothesis of the four perspectives on identity. The present study tries to answer, from a linguistic perspective, the questions whether the geolinguistic approach is sufficient in order to define ethnic identity, and if its limitations, as shown in the bibliography (from Gustav Weigand's field research in late 19 th century to Thede Kahl's in the early 21 st century) can be surpassed.
Challenges in Translation: Space, Culture and Linguistic Identity
Balkanologie Revue D Etudes Pluridisciplinaires, Dec 15, 2011
ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR BALKANOLOGIE Herausgegeben von Gabriella Schubert Wolfgang Dahmen · György Hazai † · Reinhard Lauer 51 (2015)
Revue Roumaine de Linguistique
academia.edu, 2021
This short research points to the difficulties and, in one case, overlapping meanings in expressi... more This short research points to the difficulties and, in one case, overlapping meanings in expressing phasal polarity in Aromanian. Translating English classical phrases for the topic proved to be a limitation. Also, trying to find the right word for ALREADY in short phrases out of the context of a real communication proved to be a challenge. It seems that, in the case of ALREADY, pragmatic meanings are complex and could be expressed not only lexically, but as well morphologically and through intonation and/or accent, Aromanian being mainly an oral language. In writing, there are some adverbs used to express emphasis. I propose finally a five-steps model of phasal polarity in Aromanian, based on my daily use of Aromanian, and on the linguistic knowledge and competence of many Aromanian people I asked for the purpose of this research.