Nodir Djanibekov | Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eatern Europe (original) (raw)

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Papers by Nodir Djanibekov

Research paper thumbnail of Follow the innovation: participatory testing and adaptation of agricultural innovations in Uzbekistan–guidelines for researchers and practitioners

Research paper thumbnail of Book review: Ostrom, E., Lam, W.F., Pradhan, P. and G.P. Shivakoti (2011) Improving Irrigation in Asia: Sustainable Performance of an Innovative Intervention in Nepal. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, ISBN 9781849801447

Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture

Research paper thumbnail of Two decades of research on land and water reforms, trade and regional integration in post-Soviet Central Asia

The presentation contains first analysis of identified 412 journal publications on Central Asian ... more The presentation contains first analysis of identified 412 journal publications on Central Asian from social studies covering the topics of land and water reforms, water management, agricultural development, labor and migration, regional integration and trade.

Research paper thumbnail of Entwicklungsprobleme in Zentralasien: Das Beispiel landwirtschaftlicher Dienstleistungsgenossenschaften

Research paper thumbnail of Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood under CDM forestation on marginal croplands

Establishing tree plantations on degraded croplands contributes to climate change mitigation, irr... more Establishing tree plantations on degraded croplands contributes to climate change mitigation, irrigation water use efficiency, land rehabilitation, and increases rural welfare as has been illustrated for the irrigated arid regions in Central Asia such as Uzbekistan. It has been recurrently postulated that cooperation between farmers under the Clean Development Mechanism with the aim of sharing benefits and costs may incentive afforestation on marginal lands and lead to the sustainable development. These hypotheses guided the assessment in the irrigated drylands in the downstream of the Aral Sea Basin in Uzbekistan. We developed the model with three scenarios assuming in all an annual decrease of irrigation water availability: 1) business-as-usual (BAU), where the current land use practices are followed; 2) Afforestation, where farmers can individually decide to plant trees on their own marginal croplands; and 3) CDM-farm forestry cooperative (CDMC), where farmers jointly decide the ...

Research paper thumbnail of Potential water price flexibility, tenure uncertainty and cotton restrictions on adoption of efficient irrigation technology in Uzbekistan

The study investigates different institutional and economic factors that can induce farmers to ad... more The study investigates different institutional and economic factors that can induce farmers to adopt water-efficient technologies in the irrigated agriculture of Uzbekistan. To investigate the effect of different policies on the investment of efficient irrigation technology, we simulate different scenarios of institutional design of the cotton policy and land tenure security using a farm-based optimization model that maximizes the total net benefit of a farmer. The results indicate that a flexible water price can increase the adoption rate of efficient irrigation techniques by 20% compared to fixed water price levels. However, the high water supply variability may nevertheless delay the adoption of an efficient technology. Furthermore, the level of farmers’ flexibility in decision making influences aggregate adoption of such technology. Likewise, the removal of the cotton yield target could increase the adoption rate of efficient irrigation techniques. Finally, the level of tenure s...

Research paper thumbnail of Farm restructuring in Uzbekistan through fragmentation to consolidation

ABSTRACT The state-induced farm consolidation in 2008 for boosting agricultural production in Uzb... more ABSTRACT The state-induced farm consolidation in 2008 for boosting agricultural production in Uzbekistan was examined with a focus on the presently experienced opportunities for rural development. Farm consolidation as a stand-alone measure under the current constraints, e. g., infrastructure and policy regulations, is an insufficient incentive for increasing farm efficiency. In fact, the process can be referred to as “farmconsolidation” rather than as a comprehensive land consolidation process as observed elsewhere. It is argued that the consolidation process is likely to improve and advance rural development only when a number of supplementing policies are introduced to relax existing production constraints, such as reducing the extent of the state procurement system, ensuring land ownership, and increasing access to auxiliary farm services.

Research paper thumbnail of 4.5 Food price fluctuations in Uzbekistan: Evidences from local markets in 2002 –2010

Technologies, policies and practices for the lower Amudarya region, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Rural development and the entwining of dependencies: Transition as evolving governance in Khorezm, Uzbekistan

Futures, 2014

We develop an analytical framework that allows to grasp the evolving patterns of rules and roles ... more We develop an analytical framework that allows to grasp the evolving patterns of rules and roles in rural transitions, and the concomitant changes in the functions of expertise. Institutional change is understood as governed by a combination of path dependence, interdependence and goal dependence. We illustrate and develop the framework by means of an in-depth analysis of rural transition in the Khorezm province, Uzbekistan. In Khorezm, the Soviet actors were tightly coupled in order to contribute to shared goals – first of all cotton and grain production. After independence, dissolution of collective farms, a diminished interest in planning and policy coordination, and locally different styles of political steering, led to a much less coordinated rural governance, to a scattering of expertise and to opacity regarding its supply and demand. We reflect on the implications of our findings for the analysis of rural transitions more broadly, and especially the impact of policies and plans aiming at a rural transition in a specific direction.

Research paper thumbnail of Evolutionary Governance, Sustainability, and Systems Theory: The Case of Central Asia

Evolutionary Governance Theory, 2014

ABSTRACT In this chapter we explore the issue of regional sustainable economic development throug... more ABSTRACT In this chapter we explore the issue of regional sustainable economic development through the inherited interdependencies established in the water–energy sectors of newly independent states in Central Asia and their post-Soviet interactions in the allocation of regional water resources. National independence established new boundaries for each country’s economic development strategy in a way that disrupted the responsiveness of each economy to its surrounding environment. The increased internal complexity of these economic systems, which was necessary for exploring newly available opportunities, developed each country’s insensitivity to the others and to those regional conditions on which they all depend. We discuss how the complexity of economic systems can be oriented toward regional economic sustainability through the complexity-reducing function of weighted national policies and coherent regional policymaking. Improved economic integration between riparian states can impose a new pattern of coordination on intrasystemic operational possibilities, ensure regional policy coherence, and, thus, act against regional disintegration and complexity–sustainability trade-offs.

Research paper thumbnail of Income-based projections of water footprint of food consumption in Uzbekistan

Global and Planetary Change, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Economic value of CDM afforestation with co-benefits in irrigated drylands of Central Asia

Increasing water scarcity and cropland degradation endanger rural livelihoods in the irrigated dr... more Increasing water scarcity and cropland degradation endanger rural livelihoods in the irrigated drylands of Central Asia. Establishing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) afforestation projects is one option to remediate marginal croplands and in turn improve ...

Research paper thumbnail of Livestock system in dekhqan farms of the Khorezm region

Journal of Uzbekistan Agriculture, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Economic analysis of nitrogen fertilizer application under cotton, winter wheat and rice in shirkats, private farms and dekhqan farms in the Khorezm region

Journal of Uzbekistan Agriculture, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Household production in Khorezm region

Journal of Uzbekistan Agriculture,(10), 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated bio-economic optimization of water and resource allocation on farm-aggregated level in Khorezm, Uzbekistan–model description and scenario analysis

Research paper thumbnail of Cattle breeding system in dekhkan households

Agriculture in Uzbekistan, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Revealing the role of agricultural contracts in rural livelihoods in Uzbekistan

We use the case of Khorezm region and the southern districts of Karakalpakstan (Beruniy, Ellikkal... more We use the case of Khorezm region and the southern districts of Karakalpakstan (Beruniy, Ellikkala, and Turtkul) in Uzbekistan as an example representing the symbiotic bimodal agricultural system in irrigated areas of the post-Soviet Central Asia. The predominant crops in the study area are cotton and wheat, as well as other food crops such as rice and vegetables. Agriculture in Uzbekistan has a recent history of collective farming based on intensive input use, employment of trained farm managers, and engineers operating within a specially designed infrastructure of irrigation canals and roads. Agricultural reforms over the last years created two main actors – commercial farms and rural households, which are interdependent through agricultural contracts. The objective of our study is to investigate the present interrelationship via agricultural contracts between commercial farms and semi-subsistence smallholders and its effect on rural livelihoods.

Research paper thumbnail of Agricultural organization and the role of contractual structures in knowledge flows in post-Soviet Uzbekistan

This chapter draws on the argument that “history matters”. It will develop a concept of knowledge... more This chapter draws on the argument that “history matters”. It will develop a concept of knowledge flow in agriculture using an evolution conceptual toolkit to study what function an inherited feature or characteristic of an individual or organization plays. Here it refers to a farm’s capacity to absorb, store, develop, utilize and share knowledge. For this I took the evolutionary history perspective of an Uzbek farm organization to understand how the farm organizational characteristics shape the knowledge flow. To do this, the chapter presents the role that the interdependency between commercial farms and rural households plays in the organization of agricultural production. More specifically, it looks at the functions in the knowledge flow in commercial farms, rural households (semi-subsistence smallholders) and the state. One can consider a farm as an adaptive self-organization where its parts such, as individuals – a farm director and subordinate workers – interact to enable the farm to function as a collective production unit. Each individual, as a member of the farm, can pursue his own interests leading to dysfunctional outcomes for the farm such as degradation of land quality, failure to manage production targets, breaking of machinery, and economic losses.

Research paper thumbnail of Obstacles to crop diversification and cotton harvest mechanisation: Farm survey evidence from two contrasting districts in Uzbekistan

The dominance of cotton in the irrigated areas of Central Asia has long been criticized for its e... more The dominance of cotton in the irrigated areas of Central Asia has long been criticized for its ecological effects on salinization and desertification. From an economic point of view, this monoculture ties producers to state procurement, has led to the recurrent mobilization of manual labour during harvest campaigns and makes farmers vulnerable to water availability and crop failure. Crop diversification and harvest mechanisation have been proposed as strategies to mitigate these effects, provide alternative income generation channels and increase farmers’ flexibility in dealing with reduced water availability. This contribution uses 2014 survey data from two districts in Uzbekistan, Jondor in Bukhara province and Zangiota in Tashkent province, to inform this debate by identifying real-world obstacles to these strategies. The first district is dominated by the conventional cotton and wheat rotation introduced after 1991. The second district is home to a wide range of high-value crops (HVC), in particular fruits and vegetables. The evidence shows how HVCs can be a profitable alternative to the state-mandated monocultures. Moreover, water productivity of HVCs is much higher. Even so, there is practically no hands-on experience of harvest mechanisation in the traditional cotton region so far. In addition to the state delivery targets, a lack of finance, absent connections to city markets, missing role models and the complete inexperience of farmers with alternative technologies will impede a further expansion of crop diversification and the mechanisation of harvest operations.

Research paper thumbnail of Follow the innovation: participatory testing and adaptation of agricultural innovations in Uzbekistan–guidelines for researchers and practitioners

Research paper thumbnail of Book review: Ostrom, E., Lam, W.F., Pradhan, P. and G.P. Shivakoti (2011) Improving Irrigation in Asia: Sustainable Performance of an Innovative Intervention in Nepal. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, ISBN 9781849801447

Quarterly, Journal of International Agriculture

Research paper thumbnail of Two decades of research on land and water reforms, trade and regional integration in post-Soviet Central Asia

The presentation contains first analysis of identified 412 journal publications on Central Asian ... more The presentation contains first analysis of identified 412 journal publications on Central Asian from social studies covering the topics of land and water reforms, water management, agricultural development, labor and migration, regional integration and trade.

Research paper thumbnail of Entwicklungsprobleme in Zentralasien: Das Beispiel landwirtschaftlicher Dienstleistungsgenossenschaften

Research paper thumbnail of Cooperative institutions for increasing rural livelihood under CDM forestation on marginal croplands

Establishing tree plantations on degraded croplands contributes to climate change mitigation, irr... more Establishing tree plantations on degraded croplands contributes to climate change mitigation, irrigation water use efficiency, land rehabilitation, and increases rural welfare as has been illustrated for the irrigated arid regions in Central Asia such as Uzbekistan. It has been recurrently postulated that cooperation between farmers under the Clean Development Mechanism with the aim of sharing benefits and costs may incentive afforestation on marginal lands and lead to the sustainable development. These hypotheses guided the assessment in the irrigated drylands in the downstream of the Aral Sea Basin in Uzbekistan. We developed the model with three scenarios assuming in all an annual decrease of irrigation water availability: 1) business-as-usual (BAU), where the current land use practices are followed; 2) Afforestation, where farmers can individually decide to plant trees on their own marginal croplands; and 3) CDM-farm forestry cooperative (CDMC), where farmers jointly decide the ...

Research paper thumbnail of Potential water price flexibility, tenure uncertainty and cotton restrictions on adoption of efficient irrigation technology in Uzbekistan

The study investigates different institutional and economic factors that can induce farmers to ad... more The study investigates different institutional and economic factors that can induce farmers to adopt water-efficient technologies in the irrigated agriculture of Uzbekistan. To investigate the effect of different policies on the investment of efficient irrigation technology, we simulate different scenarios of institutional design of the cotton policy and land tenure security using a farm-based optimization model that maximizes the total net benefit of a farmer. The results indicate that a flexible water price can increase the adoption rate of efficient irrigation techniques by 20% compared to fixed water price levels. However, the high water supply variability may nevertheless delay the adoption of an efficient technology. Furthermore, the level of farmers’ flexibility in decision making influences aggregate adoption of such technology. Likewise, the removal of the cotton yield target could increase the adoption rate of efficient irrigation techniques. Finally, the level of tenure s...

Research paper thumbnail of Farm restructuring in Uzbekistan through fragmentation to consolidation

ABSTRACT The state-induced farm consolidation in 2008 for boosting agricultural production in Uzb... more ABSTRACT The state-induced farm consolidation in 2008 for boosting agricultural production in Uzbekistan was examined with a focus on the presently experienced opportunities for rural development. Farm consolidation as a stand-alone measure under the current constraints, e. g., infrastructure and policy regulations, is an insufficient incentive for increasing farm efficiency. In fact, the process can be referred to as “farmconsolidation” rather than as a comprehensive land consolidation process as observed elsewhere. It is argued that the consolidation process is likely to improve and advance rural development only when a number of supplementing policies are introduced to relax existing production constraints, such as reducing the extent of the state procurement system, ensuring land ownership, and increasing access to auxiliary farm services.

Research paper thumbnail of 4.5 Food price fluctuations in Uzbekistan: Evidences from local markets in 2002 –2010

Technologies, policies and practices for the lower Amudarya region, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Rural development and the entwining of dependencies: Transition as evolving governance in Khorezm, Uzbekistan

Futures, 2014

We develop an analytical framework that allows to grasp the evolving patterns of rules and roles ... more We develop an analytical framework that allows to grasp the evolving patterns of rules and roles in rural transitions, and the concomitant changes in the functions of expertise. Institutional change is understood as governed by a combination of path dependence, interdependence and goal dependence. We illustrate and develop the framework by means of an in-depth analysis of rural transition in the Khorezm province, Uzbekistan. In Khorezm, the Soviet actors were tightly coupled in order to contribute to shared goals – first of all cotton and grain production. After independence, dissolution of collective farms, a diminished interest in planning and policy coordination, and locally different styles of political steering, led to a much less coordinated rural governance, to a scattering of expertise and to opacity regarding its supply and demand. We reflect on the implications of our findings for the analysis of rural transitions more broadly, and especially the impact of policies and plans aiming at a rural transition in a specific direction.

Research paper thumbnail of Evolutionary Governance, Sustainability, and Systems Theory: The Case of Central Asia

Evolutionary Governance Theory, 2014

ABSTRACT In this chapter we explore the issue of regional sustainable economic development throug... more ABSTRACT In this chapter we explore the issue of regional sustainable economic development through the inherited interdependencies established in the water–energy sectors of newly independent states in Central Asia and their post-Soviet interactions in the allocation of regional water resources. National independence established new boundaries for each country’s economic development strategy in a way that disrupted the responsiveness of each economy to its surrounding environment. The increased internal complexity of these economic systems, which was necessary for exploring newly available opportunities, developed each country’s insensitivity to the others and to those regional conditions on which they all depend. We discuss how the complexity of economic systems can be oriented toward regional economic sustainability through the complexity-reducing function of weighted national policies and coherent regional policymaking. Improved economic integration between riparian states can impose a new pattern of coordination on intrasystemic operational possibilities, ensure regional policy coherence, and, thus, act against regional disintegration and complexity–sustainability trade-offs.

Research paper thumbnail of Income-based projections of water footprint of food consumption in Uzbekistan

Global and Planetary Change, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Economic value of CDM afforestation with co-benefits in irrigated drylands of Central Asia

Increasing water scarcity and cropland degradation endanger rural livelihoods in the irrigated dr... more Increasing water scarcity and cropland degradation endanger rural livelihoods in the irrigated drylands of Central Asia. Establishing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) afforestation projects is one option to remediate marginal croplands and in turn improve ...

Research paper thumbnail of Livestock system in dekhqan farms of the Khorezm region

Journal of Uzbekistan Agriculture, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Economic analysis of nitrogen fertilizer application under cotton, winter wheat and rice in shirkats, private farms and dekhqan farms in the Khorezm region

Journal of Uzbekistan Agriculture, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Household production in Khorezm region

Journal of Uzbekistan Agriculture,(10), 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated bio-economic optimization of water and resource allocation on farm-aggregated level in Khorezm, Uzbekistan–model description and scenario analysis

Research paper thumbnail of Cattle breeding system in dekhkan households

Agriculture in Uzbekistan, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Revealing the role of agricultural contracts in rural livelihoods in Uzbekistan

We use the case of Khorezm region and the southern districts of Karakalpakstan (Beruniy, Ellikkal... more We use the case of Khorezm region and the southern districts of Karakalpakstan (Beruniy, Ellikkala, and Turtkul) in Uzbekistan as an example representing the symbiotic bimodal agricultural system in irrigated areas of the post-Soviet Central Asia. The predominant crops in the study area are cotton and wheat, as well as other food crops such as rice and vegetables. Agriculture in Uzbekistan has a recent history of collective farming based on intensive input use, employment of trained farm managers, and engineers operating within a specially designed infrastructure of irrigation canals and roads. Agricultural reforms over the last years created two main actors – commercial farms and rural households, which are interdependent through agricultural contracts. The objective of our study is to investigate the present interrelationship via agricultural contracts between commercial farms and semi-subsistence smallholders and its effect on rural livelihoods.

Research paper thumbnail of Agricultural organization and the role of contractual structures in knowledge flows in post-Soviet Uzbekistan

This chapter draws on the argument that “history matters”. It will develop a concept of knowledge... more This chapter draws on the argument that “history matters”. It will develop a concept of knowledge flow in agriculture using an evolution conceptual toolkit to study what function an inherited feature or characteristic of an individual or organization plays. Here it refers to a farm’s capacity to absorb, store, develop, utilize and share knowledge. For this I took the evolutionary history perspective of an Uzbek farm organization to understand how the farm organizational characteristics shape the knowledge flow. To do this, the chapter presents the role that the interdependency between commercial farms and rural households plays in the organization of agricultural production. More specifically, it looks at the functions in the knowledge flow in commercial farms, rural households (semi-subsistence smallholders) and the state. One can consider a farm as an adaptive self-organization where its parts such, as individuals – a farm director and subordinate workers – interact to enable the farm to function as a collective production unit. Each individual, as a member of the farm, can pursue his own interests leading to dysfunctional outcomes for the farm such as degradation of land quality, failure to manage production targets, breaking of machinery, and economic losses.

Research paper thumbnail of Obstacles to crop diversification and cotton harvest mechanisation: Farm survey evidence from two contrasting districts in Uzbekistan

The dominance of cotton in the irrigated areas of Central Asia has long been criticized for its e... more The dominance of cotton in the irrigated areas of Central Asia has long been criticized for its ecological effects on salinization and desertification. From an economic point of view, this monoculture ties producers to state procurement, has led to the recurrent mobilization of manual labour during harvest campaigns and makes farmers vulnerable to water availability and crop failure. Crop diversification and harvest mechanisation have been proposed as strategies to mitigate these effects, provide alternative income generation channels and increase farmers’ flexibility in dealing with reduced water availability. This contribution uses 2014 survey data from two districts in Uzbekistan, Jondor in Bukhara province and Zangiota in Tashkent province, to inform this debate by identifying real-world obstacles to these strategies. The first district is dominated by the conventional cotton and wheat rotation introduced after 1991. The second district is home to a wide range of high-value crops (HVC), in particular fruits and vegetables. The evidence shows how HVCs can be a profitable alternative to the state-mandated monocultures. Moreover, water productivity of HVCs is much higher. Even so, there is practically no hands-on experience of harvest mechanisation in the traditional cotton region so far. In addition to the state delivery targets, a lack of finance, absent connections to city markets, missing role models and the complete inexperience of farmers with alternative technologies will impede a further expansion of crop diversification and the mechanisation of harvest operations.