Stephanie Madon | Iowa State University (original) (raw)
Papers by Stephanie Madon
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2006
This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in whic... more This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in which individuals complete an implicit measure of bias alters their responses and (b) whether the hypothesized effect of the assessment situation on implicitly assessed bias reflects socially desirable responding. Participants in Experiment 1 (N = 151) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in either a public or a private assessment situation. Consistent with studies of explicitly assessed attitudes, implicitly assessed bias toward homosexuality was significantly lower when assessed in a public versus a private assessment situation. Participants in Experiment 2 (N = 102) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in a public assessment situation under a bogus pipeline or no-bogus pipeline condition. Results indicated that participants' implicitly assessed bias did not significantly differ across these conditions. The authors discuss these findings in terms of possible automatic processes affecting the malleability of implicitly assessed attitudes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex Roles, 2006
Three studies were conducted to examine the mental health stereotypes about gay men among college... more Three studies were conducted to examine the mental health stereotypes about gay men among college student and therapist trainee samples. Results from Study 1 indicated that (a) college students and therapist trainees endorsed a stereotype of the mental health of gay men that was similar in terms of its content and strength, and (b) the stereotype was consistent with five DSM-IV-TR disorder categories: mood, anxiety, sexual and gender identity, eating, and personality disorders. In Study 2 and 3 we investigated whether homophobia or a tendency to report cultural beliefs could account for the lack of difference between college students and therapist trainees. Results did not support either explanation.
In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gende... more In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gender stereotypes. Emotional vulnerability is a state where one is open to having one's feelings hurt or to experiencing rejection. Drawing on the tenets of social role theory and research related to normative expectations, we propose that emotional vulnerability leads to stereotype confirmation, as normative expectations are less risky and easier to enact than nonnormative behavior. Fifty-nine dating couples were randomly assigned to a high emotional vulnerability or low emotional vulnerability discussion with their partners. When the degree of emotional vulnerability was high men confirmed gender-stereotypes. Women's behavior, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by condition. We discuss these findings in terms of the domain in which gender-typed behaviors occur and the social pressures to act in accordance with gender norms. Popular culture has embraced the idea that women and men are different. Self-help books, talk shows, and magazine articles routinely acknowledge large gender differences, identify how these differences interfere with intimacy, and offer solutions about how individuals may overcome these differences in order to develop more fulfilling romantic relationships (e.g., . The scientific literature, in contrast, suggests that gender differences may not be as large as popular culture suggests. Meta-analytic reviews that report average differences between the sexes indicate that women and men behave similarly over 98% of the time . However, when differences do occur, they often map onto gender stereotypes with women behaving in traditionally feminine ways and with men behaving in traditionally masculine ways. These differences, although small, are important be-
Sex Roles, 2003
In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gende... more In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gender stereotypes. Emotional vulnerability is a state where one is open to having one's feelings hurt or to experiencing rejection. Drawing on the tenets of social role theory and research related to normative expectations, we propose that emotional vulnerability leads to stereotype confirmation, as normative expectations are less risky and easier to enact than nonnormative behavior. Fifty-nine dating couples were randomly assigned to a high emotional vulnerability or low emotional vulnerability discussion with their partners. When the degree of emotional vulnerability was high men confirmed gender-stereotypes. Women's behavior, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by condition. We discuss these findings in terms of the domain in which gender-typed behaviors occur and the social pressures to act in accordance with gender norms.
Sex Roles, 1997
The current research examined the content and strength of the gay male stereotype. This focus rep... more The current research examined the content and strength of the gay male stereotype. This focus represents a return to the earliest issues addressed by social psychologists. Although once a major substantive area in social psychology, issues of content gradually gave way to issues of process. However, issues of content and process are inextricably tied to one another. Content studies detail the specific attributes in stereotypes, their strength, valence, and inaccuracy. Process studies use this information to examine when stereotypes will influence social reality and social perception. The current research showed that beliefs about gay males included attributes from multiple stereotype components, formed two subtypes, and varied in strength. These findings have implications for research on issues of process because knowing what people believe about gay males and how strongly they hold those beliefs provides insight into when stereotypes may be most likely to create biases.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2008
This research examined two issues relevant to self-fulfilling prophecies. First, it examined whet... more This research examined two issues relevant to self-fulfilling prophecies. First, it examined whether children's risk for alcohol use, as indicated by their self-efficacy to refuse alcohol from peers, moderated their susceptibility to negative and positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects created by their mothers. Second, it explored behavioral mediators that could be involved in the self-fulfilling process between mothers and children. Longitudinal data from 540 mother-child dyads indicated that (1) low self-efficacy children were more susceptible to their mothers' positive than negative self-fulfilling effects, whereas high self-efficacy children's susceptibility did not vary, (2) mothers' global parenting and children's perception of their friends' alcohol use partially mediated mothers' self-fulfilling effects, and (3) these mediators contributed to low self-efficacy children's greater susceptibility to positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects. The power of self-fulfilling prophecies, their link to social problems, and the potential for mothers' favorable beliefs to have a protective influence on adolescent alcohol use are discussed.
This research examines how attention and accuracy motivation moderate stereotyping in person perc... more This research examines how attention and accuracy motivation moderate stereotyping in person perception. Hypotheses were derived from the stereotype validity model, which proposes that perceivers are more likely to use a stereotype as the basis of their impressions when they believe that the generalized beliefs contained within it are valid for the particular target whom they are judging. Consistent with the model's predictions, high attention and high accuracy motivation produced stronger label effects when a target's individuating information matched a stereotype's content. Also consistent with the model's predictions, the opposite pattern was found when a target's individuating information did not match a stereotype's content. Under conditions of a poor match, high accuracy motivation produced weaker label effects. The authors discuss these findings with respect to accuracy and bias in the impression-formation process.
Law and Human Behavior
Drawing on the psychological principle that proximal consequences influence behavior more strongl... more Drawing on the psychological principle that proximal consequences influence behavior more strongly than distal consequences, the authors tested the hypothesis that criminal suspects exhibit a short-sightedness during police interrogation that increases their risk for confession. Consistent with this hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that participants (N = 81) altered how frequently they admitted to criminal and unethical behaviors during an interview to avoid a proximal consequence even though doing so increased their risk of incurring a distal consequence. Experiment 2 (N = 143) yielded the same pattern, but with a procedure that reversed the order of the proximal and distal consequences, thereby ruling out the possibility that it was the unique characteristics of the consequences rather than their proximity that influenced the admission rate. The authors discuss the supported psychological process as a potential explanation for several well-established findings reported in the literature on confessions.
Law and Human Behavior
Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) required that suspects be explicitly warned of the right ... more Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) required that suspects be explicitly warned of the right to avoid self-incrimination and the right to legal representation. This research was designed to examine whether stress, induced via an accusation of wrong-doing, undermined or enhanced suspects’ ability to comprehend their Miranda rights. Participants were randomly assigned to either be accused (n = 15) or not accused (n = 15) of having cheated on an experimental task in a two-cell between-subjects experimental design. Results supported the hypothesis that stress undermines suspects’ ability to comprehend their Miranda rights. Participants who were accused of cheating exhibited significantly lower levels of Miranda comprehension than participants who were not accused of cheating. The theoretical processes responsible for these effects and the implications of the findings for police interrogation are discussed.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2005
This research examines whether social norms regarding a stigma's protection from prejudice differ... more This research examines whether social norms regarding a stigma's protection from prejudice differentially affect explicit and implicit threat reactions to the stigmatized, and the degree to which such differences can be accounted for by socially desirable responding, internalized egalitarian values, and dual attitudes about stigmatized individuals. Participants (N= 78) completed a traditional self-report measure to assess explicit reports of threat toward targets from stigmatized social groups and the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) to assess implicit reports of threat toward the targets’ stigmas. Results indicated that social norms regarding a stigma's protection from prejudice influenced threat reactions on the explicit measure, but not on the implicit measure. Dual attitudes toward the stigmatized best accounted for this pattern.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1998
We examined ability grouping as a moderator of self-fulfilling prophecies in two ways. First, we ... more We examined ability grouping as a moderator of self-fulfilling prophecies in two ways. First, we examined ability group moderation for individual students with data from 1701 students and 97 teachers from sixth-grade math classes. Second, we examined ability group moderation at the class level with data from 108 sixth-grade math classes. Across both sets of analyses, results showed that: (1)
Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2004
This study examined the limits of information processing biases associated with trait hostility. ... more This study examined the limits of information processing biases associated with trait hostility. Ninetyeight participants processed information to evaluate its descriptiveness of themselves, and of actual antagonists and friends whom they knew well. For both self-and other-referent information, dependent measures included evaluations, response latencies, and memory. Results were consistent with the interpretation that trait hostility is associated with cognitive schemata that produce negative biases in the processing of information about others in general, both antagonists and friends. Specifically, hostile individuals evaluated others more harshly, made favorable judgments more slowly, and recalled less favorable information. By contrast, when evaluating hostile and friendly information for self-descriptiveness, hostile individuals did not exhibit biased processing, suggesting that the operation of hostility-related schemata may be limited to the processing of other-referent information. However, hostile individuals did generally tend to respond more slowly when making self-descriptiveness judgments of both clearly hostile and clearly friendly trait adjectives, perhaps reflecting less clarity in their self-concepts with respect to this dimension of personality. #
Journal of Family Psychology, 2004
This research examined whether parents' and children&... more This research examined whether parents' and children's perceptions of one another have reciprocal self-fulfilling effects on each other's behavior. Parents and their adolescent children completed self-report surveys and engaged in dyadic videotaped interaction tasks. The surveys assessed mothers', fathers', and children's perceptions of their own and the other's hostility and warmth. Observers coded the videotaped interactions to assess the actual hostility and warmth exhibited by parents and children. Data from 658 mother-child dyads were consistent with the conclusion that children had a self-fulfilling effect on their mothers' hostility but that mothers did not have a reciprocal self-fulfilling effect on their children's hostility. No other self-fulfilling prophecy effects emerged. Findings are discussed in terms of family relations and the differential power of negative versus positive self-fulfilling prophecies.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1998
American Psychologist, 2000
ABSTRACT
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006
This research examined whether self-fulfilling prophecy effects accumulated, dissipated, or remai... more This research examined whether self-fulfilling prophecy effects accumulated, dissipated, or remained stable over time in terms of 2 complementary conceptual models. Analyses of longitudinal data from 2 samples of mother-child dyads (N 1 ϭ 487; N 2 ϭ 288) yielded 3 main findings. First, the degree to which mothers' inaccurate beliefs assessed at a single point in time predicted children's distal alcohol use did not differ from the degree to which they predicted children's proximal alcohol use, thereby supporting a pattern of stability for the samples on average. Second, mothers' inaccurate beliefs repeatedly assessed across time had additive self-fulfilling effects on their children's subsequent alcohol use assessed at a single later point in time. Third, these additive self-fulfilling effects served to exacerbate differences in the alcohol use of children who had been consistently exposed to unfavorable versus favorable beliefs year after year. The authors discuss these findings in terms of the link between self-fulfilling prophecies and social problems.
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2005
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of externalizing behaviors on s... more The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of externalizing behaviors on substance initiation trajectories among rural adolescents over a 42-month period. Methods: Data were obtained from 198 rural adolescents (105 boys, 93 girls) who were participating in a longitudinal study. At the baseline assessment, subjects were on average 12.3 years of age. Results: Controlling for gender, higher baseline levels of externalizing were associated with a greater number of substances initiated over time. The initiation trajectory was curvilinear. Girls, compared with boys, reported a lower number of substances initiated at baseline, a greater linear growth trajectory, and a deceleration of growth over time.
This research investigated the extent to which self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification o... more This research investigated the extent to which self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification occurred among 108 teachers and 1,692 students in 108 sixth-grade public school math classrooms. Results demonstrated three main findings. Self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification occurred simultaneously in a context where perceivers and targets had highly valid information on which to base their initial perceptions. The availability of highly valid information led perceivers and targets to develop initially similar perceptions before mutual influence took place. High similarity between perceivers' and targets' initial perceptions had no effect on the power of self-verification but weakened the effect of self-fulfilling prophecies for some targets. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for extended and close relationships and how the nature of people's perceptions may influence the power of self-fulfilling prophecies and selfverification.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2006
This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in whic... more This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in which individuals complete an implicit measure of bias alters their responses and (b) whether the hypothesized effect of the assessment situation on implicitly assessed bias reflects socially desirable responding. Participants in Experiment 1 (N = 151) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in either a public or a private assessment situation. Consistent with studies of explicitly assessed attitudes, implicitly assessed bias toward homosexuality was significantly lower when assessed in a public versus a private assessment situation. Participants in Experiment 2 (N = 102) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in a public assessment situation under a bogus pipeline or no-bogus pipeline condition. Results indicated that participants' implicitly assessed bias did not significantly differ across these conditions. The authors discuss these findings in terms of possible automatic processes affecting the malleability of implicitly assessed attitudes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex Roles, 2006
Three studies were conducted to examine the mental health stereotypes about gay men among college... more Three studies were conducted to examine the mental health stereotypes about gay men among college student and therapist trainee samples. Results from Study 1 indicated that (a) college students and therapist trainees endorsed a stereotype of the mental health of gay men that was similar in terms of its content and strength, and (b) the stereotype was consistent with five DSM-IV-TR disorder categories: mood, anxiety, sexual and gender identity, eating, and personality disorders. In Study 2 and 3 we investigated whether homophobia or a tendency to report cultural beliefs could account for the lack of difference between college students and therapist trainees. Results did not support either explanation.
In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gende... more In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gender stereotypes. Emotional vulnerability is a state where one is open to having one's feelings hurt or to experiencing rejection. Drawing on the tenets of social role theory and research related to normative expectations, we propose that emotional vulnerability leads to stereotype confirmation, as normative expectations are less risky and easier to enact than nonnormative behavior. Fifty-nine dating couples were randomly assigned to a high emotional vulnerability or low emotional vulnerability discussion with their partners. When the degree of emotional vulnerability was high men confirmed gender-stereotypes. Women's behavior, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by condition. We discuss these findings in terms of the domain in which gender-typed behaviors occur and the social pressures to act in accordance with gender norms. Popular culture has embraced the idea that women and men are different. Self-help books, talk shows, and magazine articles routinely acknowledge large gender differences, identify how these differences interfere with intimacy, and offer solutions about how individuals may overcome these differences in order to develop more fulfilling romantic relationships (e.g., . The scientific literature, in contrast, suggests that gender differences may not be as large as popular culture suggests. Meta-analytic reviews that report average differences between the sexes indicate that women and men behave similarly over 98% of the time . However, when differences do occur, they often map onto gender stereotypes with women behaving in traditionally feminine ways and with men behaving in traditionally masculine ways. These differences, although small, are important be-
Sex Roles, 2003
In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gende... more In this research we examined whether emotional vulnerability leads women and men to confirm gender stereotypes. Emotional vulnerability is a state where one is open to having one's feelings hurt or to experiencing rejection. Drawing on the tenets of social role theory and research related to normative expectations, we propose that emotional vulnerability leads to stereotype confirmation, as normative expectations are less risky and easier to enact than nonnormative behavior. Fifty-nine dating couples were randomly assigned to a high emotional vulnerability or low emotional vulnerability discussion with their partners. When the degree of emotional vulnerability was high men confirmed gender-stereotypes. Women's behavior, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by condition. We discuss these findings in terms of the domain in which gender-typed behaviors occur and the social pressures to act in accordance with gender norms.
Sex Roles, 1997
The current research examined the content and strength of the gay male stereotype. This focus rep... more The current research examined the content and strength of the gay male stereotype. This focus represents a return to the earliest issues addressed by social psychologists. Although once a major substantive area in social psychology, issues of content gradually gave way to issues of process. However, issues of content and process are inextricably tied to one another. Content studies detail the specific attributes in stereotypes, their strength, valence, and inaccuracy. Process studies use this information to examine when stereotypes will influence social reality and social perception. The current research showed that beliefs about gay males included attributes from multiple stereotype components, formed two subtypes, and varied in strength. These findings have implications for research on issues of process because knowing what people believe about gay males and how strongly they hold those beliefs provides insight into when stereotypes may be most likely to create biases.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2008
This research examined two issues relevant to self-fulfilling prophecies. First, it examined whet... more This research examined two issues relevant to self-fulfilling prophecies. First, it examined whether children's risk for alcohol use, as indicated by their self-efficacy to refuse alcohol from peers, moderated their susceptibility to negative and positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects created by their mothers. Second, it explored behavioral mediators that could be involved in the self-fulfilling process between mothers and children. Longitudinal data from 540 mother-child dyads indicated that (1) low self-efficacy children were more susceptible to their mothers' positive than negative self-fulfilling effects, whereas high self-efficacy children's susceptibility did not vary, (2) mothers' global parenting and children's perception of their friends' alcohol use partially mediated mothers' self-fulfilling effects, and (3) these mediators contributed to low self-efficacy children's greater susceptibility to positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects. The power of self-fulfilling prophecies, their link to social problems, and the potential for mothers' favorable beliefs to have a protective influence on adolescent alcohol use are discussed.
This research examines how attention and accuracy motivation moderate stereotyping in person perc... more This research examines how attention and accuracy motivation moderate stereotyping in person perception. Hypotheses were derived from the stereotype validity model, which proposes that perceivers are more likely to use a stereotype as the basis of their impressions when they believe that the generalized beliefs contained within it are valid for the particular target whom they are judging. Consistent with the model's predictions, high attention and high accuracy motivation produced stronger label effects when a target's individuating information matched a stereotype's content. Also consistent with the model's predictions, the opposite pattern was found when a target's individuating information did not match a stereotype's content. Under conditions of a poor match, high accuracy motivation produced weaker label effects. The authors discuss these findings with respect to accuracy and bias in the impression-formation process.
Law and Human Behavior
Drawing on the psychological principle that proximal consequences influence behavior more strongl... more Drawing on the psychological principle that proximal consequences influence behavior more strongly than distal consequences, the authors tested the hypothesis that criminal suspects exhibit a short-sightedness during police interrogation that increases their risk for confession. Consistent with this hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that participants (N = 81) altered how frequently they admitted to criminal and unethical behaviors during an interview to avoid a proximal consequence even though doing so increased their risk of incurring a distal consequence. Experiment 2 (N = 143) yielded the same pattern, but with a procedure that reversed the order of the proximal and distal consequences, thereby ruling out the possibility that it was the unique characteristics of the consequences rather than their proximity that influenced the admission rate. The authors discuss the supported psychological process as a potential explanation for several well-established findings reported in the literature on confessions.
Law and Human Behavior
Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) required that suspects be explicitly warned of the right ... more Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) required that suspects be explicitly warned of the right to avoid self-incrimination and the right to legal representation. This research was designed to examine whether stress, induced via an accusation of wrong-doing, undermined or enhanced suspects’ ability to comprehend their Miranda rights. Participants were randomly assigned to either be accused (n = 15) or not accused (n = 15) of having cheated on an experimental task in a two-cell between-subjects experimental design. Results supported the hypothesis that stress undermines suspects’ ability to comprehend their Miranda rights. Participants who were accused of cheating exhibited significantly lower levels of Miranda comprehension than participants who were not accused of cheating. The theoretical processes responsible for these effects and the implications of the findings for police interrogation are discussed.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2005
This research examines whether social norms regarding a stigma's protection from prejudice differ... more This research examines whether social norms regarding a stigma's protection from prejudice differentially affect explicit and implicit threat reactions to the stigmatized, and the degree to which such differences can be accounted for by socially desirable responding, internalized egalitarian values, and dual attitudes about stigmatized individuals. Participants (N= 78) completed a traditional self-report measure to assess explicit reports of threat toward targets from stigmatized social groups and the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) to assess implicit reports of threat toward the targets’ stigmas. Results indicated that social norms regarding a stigma's protection from prejudice influenced threat reactions on the explicit measure, but not on the implicit measure. Dual attitudes toward the stigmatized best accounted for this pattern.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1998
We examined ability grouping as a moderator of self-fulfilling prophecies in two ways. First, we ... more We examined ability grouping as a moderator of self-fulfilling prophecies in two ways. First, we examined ability group moderation for individual students with data from 1701 students and 97 teachers from sixth-grade math classes. Second, we examined ability group moderation at the class level with data from 108 sixth-grade math classes. Across both sets of analyses, results showed that: (1)
Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2004
This study examined the limits of information processing biases associated with trait hostility. ... more This study examined the limits of information processing biases associated with trait hostility. Ninetyeight participants processed information to evaluate its descriptiveness of themselves, and of actual antagonists and friends whom they knew well. For both self-and other-referent information, dependent measures included evaluations, response latencies, and memory. Results were consistent with the interpretation that trait hostility is associated with cognitive schemata that produce negative biases in the processing of information about others in general, both antagonists and friends. Specifically, hostile individuals evaluated others more harshly, made favorable judgments more slowly, and recalled less favorable information. By contrast, when evaluating hostile and friendly information for self-descriptiveness, hostile individuals did not exhibit biased processing, suggesting that the operation of hostility-related schemata may be limited to the processing of other-referent information. However, hostile individuals did generally tend to respond more slowly when making self-descriptiveness judgments of both clearly hostile and clearly friendly trait adjectives, perhaps reflecting less clarity in their self-concepts with respect to this dimension of personality. #
Journal of Family Psychology, 2004
This research examined whether parents' and children&... more This research examined whether parents' and children's perceptions of one another have reciprocal self-fulfilling effects on each other's behavior. Parents and their adolescent children completed self-report surveys and engaged in dyadic videotaped interaction tasks. The surveys assessed mothers', fathers', and children's perceptions of their own and the other's hostility and warmth. Observers coded the videotaped interactions to assess the actual hostility and warmth exhibited by parents and children. Data from 658 mother-child dyads were consistent with the conclusion that children had a self-fulfilling effect on their mothers' hostility but that mothers did not have a reciprocal self-fulfilling effect on their children's hostility. No other self-fulfilling prophecy effects emerged. Findings are discussed in terms of family relations and the differential power of negative versus positive self-fulfilling prophecies.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1998
American Psychologist, 2000
ABSTRACT
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006
This research examined whether self-fulfilling prophecy effects accumulated, dissipated, or remai... more This research examined whether self-fulfilling prophecy effects accumulated, dissipated, or remained stable over time in terms of 2 complementary conceptual models. Analyses of longitudinal data from 2 samples of mother-child dyads (N 1 ϭ 487; N 2 ϭ 288) yielded 3 main findings. First, the degree to which mothers' inaccurate beliefs assessed at a single point in time predicted children's distal alcohol use did not differ from the degree to which they predicted children's proximal alcohol use, thereby supporting a pattern of stability for the samples on average. Second, mothers' inaccurate beliefs repeatedly assessed across time had additive self-fulfilling effects on their children's subsequent alcohol use assessed at a single later point in time. Third, these additive self-fulfilling effects served to exacerbate differences in the alcohol use of children who had been consistently exposed to unfavorable versus favorable beliefs year after year. The authors discuss these findings in terms of the link between self-fulfilling prophecies and social problems.
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2005
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of externalizing behaviors on s... more The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of externalizing behaviors on substance initiation trajectories among rural adolescents over a 42-month period. Methods: Data were obtained from 198 rural adolescents (105 boys, 93 girls) who were participating in a longitudinal study. At the baseline assessment, subjects were on average 12.3 years of age. Results: Controlling for gender, higher baseline levels of externalizing were associated with a greater number of substances initiated over time. The initiation trajectory was curvilinear. Girls, compared with boys, reported a lower number of substances initiated at baseline, a greater linear growth trajectory, and a deceleration of growth over time.
This research investigated the extent to which self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification o... more This research investigated the extent to which self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification occurred among 108 teachers and 1,692 students in 108 sixth-grade public school math classrooms. Results demonstrated three main findings. Self-fulfilling prophecies and self-verification occurred simultaneously in a context where perceivers and targets had highly valid information on which to base their initial perceptions. The availability of highly valid information led perceivers and targets to develop initially similar perceptions before mutual influence took place. High similarity between perceivers' and targets' initial perceptions had no effect on the power of self-verification but weakened the effect of self-fulfilling prophecies for some targets. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for extended and close relationships and how the nature of people's perceptions may influence the power of self-fulfilling prophecies and selfverification.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997