Shahram Javadi | Azad University Central Tehran Branch (original) (raw)

Papers by Shahram Javadi

Research paper thumbnail of Moshanir Power Electric Company

This paper presents the application of a new version of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network named ordered... more This paper presents the application of a new version of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network named ordered fuzzy artmap for evaluating on-line short term load forecasting. Fuzzy ARTMAP can operate in off-line or on-line modes. In the on-line mode, the network must process the data as it becomes available, without storing or reusing it. In the off-line mode, the data can be stored and repeatedly presented to the network. In this paper, we consider the off-line operation of fuzzy ARTMAP in classification inputs and then used this classified input to forecast daily load of power network. In particular, we consider one of the major limitations of fuzzy ARTMAP, its dependence on tuning parameters. The performance of fuzzy ARTMAP depends on the values of two parameters called the choice and vigilance parameters, and also on the order of pattern presentation for the off-line mode of training. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network, short term load forecasting is performed o...

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Research paper thumbnail of Power Flow Control in Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with Harmonic Elimination Added Function

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Research paper thumbnail of UPFC Siting and Sizing in Power Network Using Two Different Evolutionary Algorithms

In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the... more In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the system no longer remains in secure operating region. The flexible Ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers can play an important role in the power system security enhancement. However, due to high capital investment, it is necessary to locate these controllers optimally in the power system. FACTS devices such as UPFC can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as being adaptive to voltage-magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement and sizing these devices in suitable location can lead to control in line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins. Moreover, this adjustment can improve voltage profile system along with reducing the power system losses. This paper proposes a systematic method by which optimal location and sizing of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPF...

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Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison Between Multilayer Perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network in Power System Dynamic Stability

Abstract: In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer ... more Abstract: In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network are compared in an application to a power system problem. In order to evaluate the ability of these two neural networks, the power system dynamic stability problem has been considered and the performance and deterioration of the proposed approaches have been investigated. For evaluation of dynamic stability indices, a typical power system is tested and the results of Fuzzy ARTMAP appoach are compared with those obtained from classical multilayer perceptron. For on-line training, it is shown that the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network outperforms the classical multilayer perceptron.

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Research paper thumbnail of Online Short Term Load Forecasting by Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network

Abstract: This paper presents the application of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network for evaluating on-li... more Abstract: This paper presents the application of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network for evaluating on-line load forecasting in short term case. A new approach using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed for short term load forecasting. To forecast loads of a day, the hourly load pattern and the maximum and minimum and average of temprature must be determined. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network, short term load forecasting is performed on the IRAN power system. Test results indicate that the special neural network is very effective in improving the accuracy of the forecast hourly loads.

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Research paper thumbnail of central Tehran Branch

energy usage by solar cell in compression with steam

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Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison Between Multilayer Perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network in Power System Dynamic Stability SHAHRAM JAVADI

In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer perceptron... more In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network are compared in an application to a power system problem. In order to evaluate the ability of these two neural networks, the power system dynamic stability problem has been considered and the performance and deterioration of the proposed approaches have been investigated. For evaluation of dynamic stability indices, a typical power system is tested and the results of Fuzzy ARTMAP appoach are compared with those obtained from classical multilayer perceptron. For on-line training, it is shown that the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network outperforms the classical multilayer perceptron.

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Research paper thumbnail of Recent Advances in Smart Grids

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Research paper thumbnail of Fuzzy Control

The Control Systems Handbook

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Research paper thumbnail of Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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Research paper thumbnail of A new solar radiation models for IRAN

The availability of observed solar radiation measurements has proven to be spatially and temporal... more The availability of observed solar radiation measurements has proven to be spatially and temporally inadequate for many applications, leading to research focused on the estimation of solar radiation. Various methods have established empirical relationships between measured solar radiation and more commonly observed meteorological and astronomical variables. Sunshine hours are the only long term, reliable and available measured information that can be used to reach highly accurate estimates of solar radiation values on the Earth surface. In this paper the sunshine duration is used to estimate monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface, it can be used to predict solar radiation in different climatic region of Iran. According to the Kopen classification of climate and considering the sunshine hours five climatic regions are identified for Iran. One of the best models that used sunshine duration to estimate monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface...

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Research paper thumbnail of UPFC Siting and Sizing in Power Network Using Two Different Evolutionary Algorithm

International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering, 2016

In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the... more In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the system no longer remains in secure operating region. The flexible Ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers can play an important role in the power system security enhancement. However, due to high capital investment, it is necessary to locate these controllers optimally in the power system. FACTS devices such as UPFC can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as being adaptive to voltage-magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement and sizing these devices in suitable location can lead to control in line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins. Moreover, this adjustment can improve voltage profile system along with reducing the power system losses. This paper proposes a systematic method by which optimal location and sizing of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPF...

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Research paper thumbnail of Steps to smart grid realization

In principle, the smart grid is a simple upgrade of 20th century power grids which generally &quo... more In principle, the smart grid is a simple upgrade of 20th century power grids which generally "broadcast" power from a few central power generators to a large number of users to instead be capable of routing power in more optimal ways to respond to a very wide range of conditions. In this paper we introduce four essential steps for implementation of a smart grid and explain about various solutions and technologies. At the end one optimum solution is concluded depending to the case.

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Research paper thumbnail of Dynamic Demand Management in an Airconditioner System by Frequency Control in Smart Grid Environment

International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering, 2016

As there is a rapid growth both in the number of power consumers and also the limitations energy ... more As there is a rapid growth both in the number of power consumers and also the limitations energy resources, it is clearly accepted that the old version of power grid must change into smart grid from head to toe. One of the most important advantages of smart grid which makes it much more exclusive rather than other typical systems is the two-way connectivity between the utility and the costumers. Taking energy efficiency programs for domestic consumers which are considered with the most important role in raising the rate of energy consumption of all, is accepted as an applicable techniques of demandside management. In this thesis an identical frequency method control of the electrical motor of an air-conditioner (AC) system based on Fuzzy-PID controller is proposed in order to maximizing energy efficiency. Referring to the statistics which are published about the rate of energy consumption of AC systems would have the highest role in demand response and the two-way cooperation betwee...

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Research paper thumbnail of Risk Analysis and Economic Load Dispatch Evaluation of Network with High Wind Power Penetration

International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering, 2014

This study based on investigation for integration wind power into conventional power system with ... more This study based on investigation for integration wind power into conventional power system with its impact on fossil fuel generators and their generation management. Wind power as environmental friendly energy source can reduce the operational cost of the system due to considering no cost for energizing the generator in comparing with fossil fuel generators. However due to unpredictable nature of the wind power, it is quite difficult to determine how much wind power should be integrated to ensure both power system security and operational cost reduction. In this study by comparing both economic and security requirements using GA and PSO for smart calculation in wind power generation into the conventional system, a proper economic load dispatch program has been applied. Three different approaches (pessimistic, Optimistic and Linear) has been studied and compared to evaluate the system security and reliability with economic benefits. Due to considering no fuel cost for wind power gen...

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Research paper thumbnail of Double-Fed Induction Generator Optimization to Improve the Performance of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Using Finite Element Metho

Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018

يورسخ دوعسم 1 ینیسح دومحم یلع يدابآ 2 يداوج مارهش 3 1 وجشناد ي رتکد ي نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت ... more يورسخ دوعسم 1 ینیسح دومحم یلع يدابآ 2 يداوج مارهش 3 1 وجشناد ي رتکد ي نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت زکرم ی تاق س ی متس اه ي ساموتا و دنمشوه قرب ی نو ملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ی زکرم نارهت دحاو ي – نارهت ناریا . masoudkhosravi91@yahoo.com 2 داتسا ی را نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت زکرم ی تاق س ی متس اه ي ساموتا و دنمشوه قرب ی نو ملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ی نارهت دحاو زکرم ي – نارهت ناریا . aliabadi@iauctb.ac.ir mah.hosseini 3 داتسا ی را نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت زکرم ی تاق س ی متس اه ي ساموتا و دنمشوه قرب ی نو ملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ی نارهت دحاو زکرم ي – نارهت ناریا . sh.javadi@iauctb.ac.ir

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Research paper thumbnail of Energy-Saving in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Optimization Sink Movement Control

A sensor network is made up of a large number of sensors with limited energy. Sensors collect env... more A sensor network is made up of a large number of sensors with limited energy. Sensors collect environmental data then send them to the sink. Energy efficiency and thereby increasing the lifetime of sensor networks is important. Direct transfer of the data from each node to the central station will increase energy consumption. Previous research has shown that the organization of nodes in clusters and selection the appropriate cluster head increases the network lifetime. In this study, clustering, determine to cluster heads and the sink movement on the predefined paths has been done with fuzzy method. There are two inputs for the fuzzy model; residual energy of the node and distance from the sink. The output is priority of cluster heads. Sink moves base on the highest priorities on the predefined paths. Then by using genetic algorithm, the number of clusters, shape type and area is optimized. Fitness function is based on network lifetime.

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Research paper thumbnail of Control of binary distillation column using fuzzy PI controllers

In this paper the automatic control of a binary distillation column is described. This control is... more In this paper the automatic control of a binary distillation column is described. This control is done with fuzzy logic controllers. After a short explanation of the function and dynamic of a binary distillation column, it's operating and control strategies are described. then all the processes of the distillation column with it's fuzzy controllers are simulated in MATLAB software as the results are shown at the end.

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Research paper thumbnail of Software Development for Optimum Allocation of Power System Elements Based on Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a software is developed in order to evaluate optimum allocation of any power syste... more In this paper, a software is developed in order to evaluate optimum allocation of any power system elements such as power plant, substation and capacitors. This software is based on genetic algorithm and use heuristic rules in order to get more applicable. This software is currently using to find substation allocation in optimum point regarding to their place and size. The mathematical model of problem which uses minimum investment costs and power loss, obtains the goal. A genetic algorithm which is an effective tool in non-linear and discrete functions optimization is used. Finally, the proposed method is applied on a typical network and the results are obtained.

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Research paper thumbnail of Investigating on Different Methods of Energy Management System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Presenting Proposed Solutions for its Optimization

Air pollution, saving fuel and spreading greenhouse gases are the most issues that have led to in... more Air pollution, saving fuel and spreading greenhouse gases are the most issues that have led to increase utilizing hybrid-electric vehicles. Energy management performances and its effectiveness is considered in these vehicles in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The aim of this paper is to investigate the suggested optimization designs for energy management system and proposed solutions are presented regarding to improving the effectiveness of these designs.

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Research paper thumbnail of Moshanir Power Electric Company

This paper presents the application of a new version of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network named ordered... more This paper presents the application of a new version of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network named ordered fuzzy artmap for evaluating on-line short term load forecasting. Fuzzy ARTMAP can operate in off-line or on-line modes. In the on-line mode, the network must process the data as it becomes available, without storing or reusing it. In the off-line mode, the data can be stored and repeatedly presented to the network. In this paper, we consider the off-line operation of fuzzy ARTMAP in classification inputs and then used this classified input to forecast daily load of power network. In particular, we consider one of the major limitations of fuzzy ARTMAP, its dependence on tuning parameters. The performance of fuzzy ARTMAP depends on the values of two parameters called the choice and vigilance parameters, and also on the order of pattern presentation for the off-line mode of training. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network, short term load forecasting is performed o...

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Research paper thumbnail of Power Flow Control in Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with Harmonic Elimination Added Function

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of UPFC Siting and Sizing in Power Network Using Two Different Evolutionary Algorithms

In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the... more In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the system no longer remains in secure operating region. The flexible Ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers can play an important role in the power system security enhancement. However, due to high capital investment, it is necessary to locate these controllers optimally in the power system. FACTS devices such as UPFC can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as being adaptive to voltage-magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement and sizing these devices in suitable location can lead to control in line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins. Moreover, this adjustment can improve voltage profile system along with reducing the power system losses. This paper proposes a systematic method by which optimal location and sizing of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPF...

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Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison Between Multilayer Perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network in Power System Dynamic Stability

Abstract: In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer ... more Abstract: In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network are compared in an application to a power system problem. In order to evaluate the ability of these two neural networks, the power system dynamic stability problem has been considered and the performance and deterioration of the proposed approaches have been investigated. For evaluation of dynamic stability indices, a typical power system is tested and the results of Fuzzy ARTMAP appoach are compared with those obtained from classical multilayer perceptron. For on-line training, it is shown that the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network outperforms the classical multilayer perceptron.

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Research paper thumbnail of Online Short Term Load Forecasting by Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network

Abstract: This paper presents the application of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network for evaluating on-li... more Abstract: This paper presents the application of Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network for evaluating on-line load forecasting in short term case. A new approach using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed for short term load forecasting. To forecast loads of a day, the hourly load pattern and the maximum and minimum and average of temprature must be determined. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network, short term load forecasting is performed on the IRAN power system. Test results indicate that the special neural network is very effective in improving the accuracy of the forecast hourly loads.

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Research paper thumbnail of central Tehran Branch

energy usage by solar cell in compression with steam

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Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison Between Multilayer Perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network in Power System Dynamic Stability SHAHRAM JAVADI

In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer perceptron... more In this article, two different types of neural network architectures namely multilayer perceptron and Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network are compared in an application to a power system problem. In order to evaluate the ability of these two neural networks, the power system dynamic stability problem has been considered and the performance and deterioration of the proposed approaches have been investigated. For evaluation of dynamic stability indices, a typical power system is tested and the results of Fuzzy ARTMAP appoach are compared with those obtained from classical multilayer perceptron. For on-line training, it is shown that the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network outperforms the classical multilayer perceptron.

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Research paper thumbnail of Recent Advances in Smart Grids

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Research paper thumbnail of Fuzzy Control

The Control Systems Handbook

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Research paper thumbnail of Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A new solar radiation models for IRAN

The availability of observed solar radiation measurements has proven to be spatially and temporal... more The availability of observed solar radiation measurements has proven to be spatially and temporally inadequate for many applications, leading to research focused on the estimation of solar radiation. Various methods have established empirical relationships between measured solar radiation and more commonly observed meteorological and astronomical variables. Sunshine hours are the only long term, reliable and available measured information that can be used to reach highly accurate estimates of solar radiation values on the Earth surface. In this paper the sunshine duration is used to estimate monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface, it can be used to predict solar radiation in different climatic region of Iran. According to the Kopen classification of climate and considering the sunshine hours five climatic regions are identified for Iran. One of the best models that used sunshine duration to estimate monthly average daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface...

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Research paper thumbnail of UPFC Siting and Sizing in Power Network Using Two Different Evolutionary Algorithm

International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering, 2016

In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the... more In emerging electric power systems, increased transactions often lead to the situations where the system no longer remains in secure operating region. The flexible Ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers can play an important role in the power system security enhancement. However, due to high capital investment, it is necessary to locate these controllers optimally in the power system. FACTS devices such as UPFC can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as being adaptive to voltage-magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement and sizing these devices in suitable location can lead to control in line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins. Moreover, this adjustment can improve voltage profile system along with reducing the power system losses. This paper proposes a systematic method by which optimal location and sizing of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPF...

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Research paper thumbnail of Steps to smart grid realization

In principle, the smart grid is a simple upgrade of 20th century power grids which generally &quo... more In principle, the smart grid is a simple upgrade of 20th century power grids which generally "broadcast" power from a few central power generators to a large number of users to instead be capable of routing power in more optimal ways to respond to a very wide range of conditions. In this paper we introduce four essential steps for implementation of a smart grid and explain about various solutions and technologies. At the end one optimum solution is concluded depending to the case.

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Research paper thumbnail of Dynamic Demand Management in an Airconditioner System by Frequency Control in Smart Grid Environment

International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering, 2016

As there is a rapid growth both in the number of power consumers and also the limitations energy ... more As there is a rapid growth both in the number of power consumers and also the limitations energy resources, it is clearly accepted that the old version of power grid must change into smart grid from head to toe. One of the most important advantages of smart grid which makes it much more exclusive rather than other typical systems is the two-way connectivity between the utility and the costumers. Taking energy efficiency programs for domestic consumers which are considered with the most important role in raising the rate of energy consumption of all, is accepted as an applicable techniques of demandside management. In this thesis an identical frequency method control of the electrical motor of an air-conditioner (AC) system based on Fuzzy-PID controller is proposed in order to maximizing energy efficiency. Referring to the statistics which are published about the rate of energy consumption of AC systems would have the highest role in demand response and the two-way cooperation betwee...

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Research paper thumbnail of Risk Analysis and Economic Load Dispatch Evaluation of Network with High Wind Power Penetration

International Journal of Smart Electrical Engineering, 2014

This study based on investigation for integration wind power into conventional power system with ... more This study based on investigation for integration wind power into conventional power system with its impact on fossil fuel generators and their generation management. Wind power as environmental friendly energy source can reduce the operational cost of the system due to considering no cost for energizing the generator in comparing with fossil fuel generators. However due to unpredictable nature of the wind power, it is quite difficult to determine how much wind power should be integrated to ensure both power system security and operational cost reduction. In this study by comparing both economic and security requirements using GA and PSO for smart calculation in wind power generation into the conventional system, a proper economic load dispatch program has been applied. Three different approaches (pessimistic, Optimistic and Linear) has been studied and compared to evaluate the system security and reliability with economic benefits. Due to considering no fuel cost for wind power gen...

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Research paper thumbnail of Double-Fed Induction Generator Optimization to Improve the Performance of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Using Finite Element Metho

Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018

يورسخ دوعسم 1 ینیسح دومحم یلع يدابآ 2 يداوج مارهش 3 1 وجشناد ي رتکد ي نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت ... more يورسخ دوعسم 1 ینیسح دومحم یلع يدابآ 2 يداوج مارهش 3 1 وجشناد ي رتکد ي نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت زکرم ی تاق س ی متس اه ي ساموتا و دنمشوه قرب ی نو ملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ی زکرم نارهت دحاو ي – نارهت ناریا . masoudkhosravi91@yahoo.com 2 داتسا ی را نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت زکرم ی تاق س ی متس اه ي ساموتا و دنمشوه قرب ی نو ملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ی نارهت دحاو زکرم ي – نارهت ناریا . aliabadi@iauctb.ac.ir mah.hosseini 3 داتسا ی را نف هدکشناد ی سدنهم و ی قحت زکرم ی تاق س ی متس اه ي ساموتا و دنمشوه قرب ی نو ملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ی نارهت دحاو زکرم ي – نارهت ناریا . sh.javadi@iauctb.ac.ir

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Research paper thumbnail of Energy-Saving in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Optimization Sink Movement Control

A sensor network is made up of a large number of sensors with limited energy. Sensors collect env... more A sensor network is made up of a large number of sensors with limited energy. Sensors collect environmental data then send them to the sink. Energy efficiency and thereby increasing the lifetime of sensor networks is important. Direct transfer of the data from each node to the central station will increase energy consumption. Previous research has shown that the organization of nodes in clusters and selection the appropriate cluster head increases the network lifetime. In this study, clustering, determine to cluster heads and the sink movement on the predefined paths has been done with fuzzy method. There are two inputs for the fuzzy model; residual energy of the node and distance from the sink. The output is priority of cluster heads. Sink moves base on the highest priorities on the predefined paths. Then by using genetic algorithm, the number of clusters, shape type and area is optimized. Fitness function is based on network lifetime.

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Research paper thumbnail of Control of binary distillation column using fuzzy PI controllers

In this paper the automatic control of a binary distillation column is described. This control is... more In this paper the automatic control of a binary distillation column is described. This control is done with fuzzy logic controllers. After a short explanation of the function and dynamic of a binary distillation column, it's operating and control strategies are described. then all the processes of the distillation column with it's fuzzy controllers are simulated in MATLAB software as the results are shown at the end.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Software Development for Optimum Allocation of Power System Elements Based on Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a software is developed in order to evaluate optimum allocation of any power syste... more In this paper, a software is developed in order to evaluate optimum allocation of any power system elements such as power plant, substation and capacitors. This software is based on genetic algorithm and use heuristic rules in order to get more applicable. This software is currently using to find substation allocation in optimum point regarding to their place and size. The mathematical model of problem which uses minimum investment costs and power loss, obtains the goal. A genetic algorithm which is an effective tool in non-linear and discrete functions optimization is used. Finally, the proposed method is applied on a typical network and the results are obtained.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating on Different Methods of Energy Management System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Presenting Proposed Solutions for its Optimization

Air pollution, saving fuel and spreading greenhouse gases are the most issues that have led to in... more Air pollution, saving fuel and spreading greenhouse gases are the most issues that have led to increase utilizing hybrid-electric vehicles. Energy management performances and its effectiveness is considered in these vehicles in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The aim of this paper is to investigate the suggested optimization designs for energy management system and proposed solutions are presented regarding to improving the effectiveness of these designs.

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