Williams Nwagwu | University of Ibadan (original) (raw)
Papers by Williams Nwagwu
The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria-0
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "The Internet as a source of reproductiv... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/354BMC Public Health 2007;7():354-354.Published online 20 Dec 2007PMCID:PMC2241614.
BMC Public Health BioMed Central
Research article The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent gir... more Research article The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria
Abstract: Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are sufferi... more Abstract: Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are suffering from scientific information famine. The expectation that the internet would facilitate scientific information flow does not seem to be realisable, owing to the restrictive subscription fees of the high quality sources and the beleaguering inequity in the access and use of the internet and other Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources. This paper aims to assess and evaluate Open Access (OA) movement as a proposed solution to avoid the restrictions over accessing scientific knowledge, particularly in SSA. The paper also outlines the opportunities and challenges in implementing OA in SSA. However, there are often mismatches between what the ‘donor’ countries can reasonably offer and what the SSA countries can implement. Finally, the paper will discuss the slow uptake of the OA in Africa, the perception of the African scientists towards the movement, the non-expression of...
Information Systems User Satisfaction: A
study was designed to investigate how information system IS measures (such as system quality, inf... more study was designed to investigate how information system IS measures (such as system quality, information quality, service quality, technological/infrastructural issues, users ’ IT self-efficacy) influence user satisfaction of the university of Ibadan postgraduate school portal using a conceptual model adapted from Delone and McLean (2003). A descriptive survey was employed as the research design in the study. The literature review covered information system IS, web portal and User satisfaction. Self-structured questionnaires based on the adapted model were administered as data collection instrument. A sample size of 385 students was drawn and same copies of questionnaire were distributed proportionally to postgraduate students across the 19 faculties of the postgraduate school. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The web portal initiative is a good step in the right direction and will subsequently yield greater dividend and better user satisfaction f...
Open Access and Scholarly Communication: Voices from the Global South
Information Needs, Information Sources, Information Uses and Information-seeking Behaviours of Lawyers in Oyo State Nigeria
This study was carried out to examine the information needs, information uses, information source... more This study was carried out to examine the information needs, information uses, information sources and information-seeking behaviour of lawyers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 103 lawyers, using a questionnaire and a self-completed interview schedule. Case preparation was a major reason for lawyers’ information needs. A majority of the lawyers need information in order to enhance their performance and gain more knowledge. The quest for additional information is the main motive in searching for information by professionals and non-professionals alike. Knowing more and becoming well-informed on various aspects of society, constitute the major reasons why lawyers seek for information. Lawyers visit their personal information collection first, and consult available electronic sources before they resort to other sources. The major types of information needed by lawyers, largely relate to the following: weekly law reports, recent decisions of the Supreme Court,...
Use of Collaborative Technologies for Knowledge Management in Psychiatric Hospitals in Southwest Nigeria
Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies
This article concerns the study examining the use of collaborative technologies (CTs) for the acq... more This article concerns the study examining the use of collaborative technologies (CTs) for the acquisition, creation, sharing, transfer, and retention of knowledge by therapy team members (TTMs) in psychiatric hospitals, and the determinants of the use of CTs as well as how they relate to knowledge management (KM) practices. The skills of the TTMs in the use of CTs were also investigated. Carried out within the positivist and constructivist paradigms, a sample survey was conducted among TTMs from two purposively selected psychiatric hospitals in Southwest Nigeria. Quantitative data was collected from self-administered questionnaires completed by 283 TTMs and was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22. Qualitative data was collected from interviews conducted with four heads of departments. The study showed that the TTMs in the relevant hospitals used 26 different CTs for knowledge acquisition, creation, sharing, transfer, and retention. The largest propor...
Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, Oct 30, 2017
This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by la... more This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by last name) as well as contributions from other OSI2017 delegates. The findings and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the individual authors listed here, nor their agencies, trustees, officers, or staff.
Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, Oct 30, 2017
This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by la... more This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by last name) as well as contributions from other OSI2017 delegates. The findings and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the individual authors listed here, nor their agencies, trustees, officers, or staff.
International Journal of Technology …, 2009
Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are suffering from sc... more Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are suffering from scientific information famine. The expectation that the internet would facilitate scientific information flow does not seem to be realisable, owing to the restrictive subscription fees of the high quality sources and the beleaguering inequity in the access and use of the internet and other Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources. This paper aims to assess and evaluate Open Access (OA) movement as a proposed solution to avoid the restrictions over accessing scientific knowledge, particularly in SSA. The paper also outlines the opportunities and challenges in implementing OA in SSA. However, there are often mismatches between what the 'donor' countries can reasonably offer and what the SSA countries can implement. Finally, the paper will discuss the slow uptake of the OA in Africa, the perception of the African scientists towards the movement, the non-expression of concern by policymakers and their implications on the scientific activities in Africa.
Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies, 2019
The support for information technology (IT) artisanship is growing in Lagos and other parts of Ni... more The support for information technology (IT) artisanship is growing in Lagos and other parts of Nigeria despite evidence that the income and the achievement opportunities are very low. The objective of this study was to examine the job satisfaction among IT artisans in Lagos, Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 respondents using a researcher-administered questionnaire. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory was deployed. However, the hierarchies were considered independent variable groups and not a linear fashion as suggested by Maslow. The respondents reported that they are not satisfied with their jobs. They, however, reported the trendiness of IT and the expectation of a breakthrough in their jobs as the basis for choosing to remain in their jobs.
The empirical evidence on the biomedical literature of Nigeria was drawn from 295 journals in Med... more The empirical evidence on the biomedical literature of Nigeria was drawn from 295 journals in Medline through which papers on Nigeria were published during the period 1967-2002. We categorized the journals according to their subject heading and examined the potential impact fac tors of a sample of the journals based on Thomson’s ISI Journal Citation Reports. Multidisciplinary journals and papers dominated the source types and were also more highly co-authored than the other subject headings; they also have the highest potential impact factor. The implications of this pattern of journal choice on biomedical research in Nigeria are highlighted.
Use of Scientific Information Sources by Policy Makers in the Science and Technology Sector of Nigeria
African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2011
This study investigated how policy makers in Nigerian public agencies that have mandates for poli... more This study investigated how policy makers in Nigerian public agencies that have mandates for policy making and implementation in the science and technology sector access and use information sources in their activities. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 121 of the policy makers to find out the sources and types of information they use and their perceptions of the availability and accessibility of the sources. The policy makers reported that the most available sources were newspapers (88.6% of the respondents) and colleagues/superiors (82.9%), while the most accessible sources were colleagues/superiors (70.0%). The most inaccessible information sources were student theses and dissertations (40%), reports from research institutes (37.1%) and books of abstract (35.7%). The results imply that soft information sources and personal contact are the most available and accessible information sources. The policy makers suggested that improved availability and accessibility of infor...
Farmers’ Awareness and Use of Information and Communications Technologies in the Livestock Innovation Chain in Ibadan City, Nigeria
The use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in agriculture is a new and growing... more The use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in agriculture is a new and growing field that focuses on how agricultural and rural development activities can be enhanced using modern ICTs. Currently in Nigeria, this field has not addressed how livestock farmers use ICTs to conduct their businesses. The objective of the study was to examine the awareness and use of ICTs by livestock farmers in Ibadan, an agrarian community in Nigeria. The study also investigated the relationship between ICT awareness and use in the various innovation links as well as how the farmers’ demographic characteristics relate to these uses. A questionnaire was used to guide data collection from various types of farmers. From the trade societies of each type of livestock, 340 farmers were selected for the study and usable data was collected from 300 respondents. For all the ICTs listed, more respondents reported awareness of ICTs than use, except for mobile phones where an equal number of re...
“Digesting the abundance of idol matter” key factors in personal information management experiences of selected social science faculty
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the personal information management (PIM) behavio... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the personal information management (PIM) behaviours of social science faculty in Africa. The study examined the experiences and encounters of selected social scientists in Africa in organising and finding and re-finding of the information they previously created or stored. More specifically, the study sought to examine how faculty keep and refind information, the files and folders in which they store the information. Also, the study examined the nature and characteristics of faculty information spaces with particular respect to electronic documents including emails and paper documents. Design/methodology/approach Sample survey research design and a mixed methods approach consisting of qualitative and quantitative were used. Data was collected using a discursive technique, an interview schedule and a questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using factorial analysis of mixed data design, guided by a combination of category and codes i...
Webometrics of Think Tanks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Gender and educational information sharing by students in a public university in Nigeria: an empirical study of short messaging services
African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2019
Based on data collected from 190 male and female students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, t... more Based on data collected from 190 male and female students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, this study examined how short messaging services (SMS) technology is being used by the students to exchange informal educational information with themselves and their lecturers, and interact with families/relations and relatives. Data was collected using a questionnaire that contained both closed- and open-ended questions. Females reported liking the technology more than males did; but the males generally sent SMS more than the females did. When unsolicited, the heaviest traffic of SMS exchange took place among peers; the least volume was sent to lecturers by females who however received slightly higher number of SMS from lecturers. When solicited, females sent more SMS to their lecturers, and they also remembered the content of the texts they sent more than the males did. There was an observed narrowing in the gap between males and females in respect of use of old media, such as radio an...
Electronic Journals in Africa: Challenges and Promises
This paper takes a critical look at the problems associated with scholarly communication through ... more This paper takes a critical look at the problems associated with scholarly communication through print journals in the African context, the prospects of online publishing and the challenges that the new era of electronic publishing will pose to the circulation of scholarly communication in Africa.
Questionnaire was used to collect data from 1676 undergraduate and postgraduate students randomly... more Questionnaire was used to collect data from 1676 undergraduate and postgraduate students randomly selected from three large public universities in Nigeria to determine how the students use text messaging or short messaging services (SMS) to exchange educational information. Uses and gratification theory, which emphasises that individuals are usually goal-directed in information search and use, and would often prefer media that would give them control of content choices, guided the study. Sixty-five percent and 63% of the respondents reported using the technology for contacting peers and lecturers respectively for educational matters, while less than 40% used the technology to contact others. Generally, closeness to mothers and education of parents influence use of the technology for educational contact. The instrumental gratifications of SMS capability to enable students escape face to face communication as well as its convenience explain use of SMS to make educational contacts. How...
Using data collected from 78 out of the 149 hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria, which are registered wi... more Using data collected from 78 out of the 149 hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria, which are registered with the Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), this article examines how these hospitals use information communications technology (ICT) to communicate information and collaborate with other hospitals for health care services. The results showed that the level of ICT literacy level in the hospitals is generally low; Internet access is mainly through mobile phones; and only two of the 78 hospitals own websites. Communication concerned mainly with local hospitals and collaboration across the Internet network to solve client health problems seldom occurred. Rather, patients were always physically moved to other hospitals, facilitated mainly by a combination of referral letters and mobile phones. The study location consisted of both rural and semi-urban areas but all the NHIS registered hospitals were concentrated in the semi-urban areas, and there was no reference to communication...
The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria-0
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "The Internet as a source of reproductiv... more <b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/354BMC Public Health 2007;7():354-354.Published online 20 Dec 2007PMCID:PMC2241614.
BMC Public Health BioMed Central
Research article The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent gir... more Research article The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria
Abstract: Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are sufferi... more Abstract: Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are suffering from scientific information famine. The expectation that the internet would facilitate scientific information flow does not seem to be realisable, owing to the restrictive subscription fees of the high quality sources and the beleaguering inequity in the access and use of the internet and other Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources. This paper aims to assess and evaluate Open Access (OA) movement as a proposed solution to avoid the restrictions over accessing scientific knowledge, particularly in SSA. The paper also outlines the opportunities and challenges in implementing OA in SSA. However, there are often mismatches between what the ‘donor’ countries can reasonably offer and what the SSA countries can implement. Finally, the paper will discuss the slow uptake of the OA in Africa, the perception of the African scientists towards the movement, the non-expression of...
Information Systems User Satisfaction: A
study was designed to investigate how information system IS measures (such as system quality, inf... more study was designed to investigate how information system IS measures (such as system quality, information quality, service quality, technological/infrastructural issues, users ’ IT self-efficacy) influence user satisfaction of the university of Ibadan postgraduate school portal using a conceptual model adapted from Delone and McLean (2003). A descriptive survey was employed as the research design in the study. The literature review covered information system IS, web portal and User satisfaction. Self-structured questionnaires based on the adapted model were administered as data collection instrument. A sample size of 385 students was drawn and same copies of questionnaire were distributed proportionally to postgraduate students across the 19 faculties of the postgraduate school. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The web portal initiative is a good step in the right direction and will subsequently yield greater dividend and better user satisfaction f...
Open Access and Scholarly Communication: Voices from the Global South
Information Needs, Information Sources, Information Uses and Information-seeking Behaviours of Lawyers in Oyo State Nigeria
This study was carried out to examine the information needs, information uses, information source... more This study was carried out to examine the information needs, information uses, information sources and information-seeking behaviour of lawyers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 103 lawyers, using a questionnaire and a self-completed interview schedule. Case preparation was a major reason for lawyers’ information needs. A majority of the lawyers need information in order to enhance their performance and gain more knowledge. The quest for additional information is the main motive in searching for information by professionals and non-professionals alike. Knowing more and becoming well-informed on various aspects of society, constitute the major reasons why lawyers seek for information. Lawyers visit their personal information collection first, and consult available electronic sources before they resort to other sources. The major types of information needed by lawyers, largely relate to the following: weekly law reports, recent decisions of the Supreme Court,...
Use of Collaborative Technologies for Knowledge Management in Psychiatric Hospitals in Southwest Nigeria
Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies
This article concerns the study examining the use of collaborative technologies (CTs) for the acq... more This article concerns the study examining the use of collaborative technologies (CTs) for the acquisition, creation, sharing, transfer, and retention of knowledge by therapy team members (TTMs) in psychiatric hospitals, and the determinants of the use of CTs as well as how they relate to knowledge management (KM) practices. The skills of the TTMs in the use of CTs were also investigated. Carried out within the positivist and constructivist paradigms, a sample survey was conducted among TTMs from two purposively selected psychiatric hospitals in Southwest Nigeria. Quantitative data was collected from self-administered questionnaires completed by 283 TTMs and was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22. Qualitative data was collected from interviews conducted with four heads of departments. The study showed that the TTMs in the relevant hospitals used 26 different CTs for knowledge acquisition, creation, sharing, transfer, and retention. The largest propor...
Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, Oct 30, 2017
This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by la... more This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by last name) as well as contributions from other OSI2017 delegates. The findings and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the individual authors listed here, nor their agencies, trustees, officers, or staff.
Open Scholarship Initiative Proceedings, Oct 30, 2017
This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by la... more This document reflects the combined input of the authors listed here (in alphabetical order by last name) as well as contributions from other OSI2017 delegates. The findings and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the individual authors listed here, nor their agencies, trustees, officers, or staff.
International Journal of Technology …, 2009
Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are suffering from sc... more Developing Countries (DCs), particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are suffering from scientific information famine. The expectation that the internet would facilitate scientific information flow does not seem to be realisable, owing to the restrictive subscription fees of the high quality sources and the beleaguering inequity in the access and use of the internet and other Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources. This paper aims to assess and evaluate Open Access (OA) movement as a proposed solution to avoid the restrictions over accessing scientific knowledge, particularly in SSA. The paper also outlines the opportunities and challenges in implementing OA in SSA. However, there are often mismatches between what the 'donor' countries can reasonably offer and what the SSA countries can implement. Finally, the paper will discuss the slow uptake of the OA in Africa, the perception of the African scientists towards the movement, the non-expression of concern by policymakers and their implications on the scientific activities in Africa.
Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies, 2019
The support for information technology (IT) artisanship is growing in Lagos and other parts of Ni... more The support for information technology (IT) artisanship is growing in Lagos and other parts of Nigeria despite evidence that the income and the achievement opportunities are very low. The objective of this study was to examine the job satisfaction among IT artisans in Lagos, Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 respondents using a researcher-administered questionnaire. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory was deployed. However, the hierarchies were considered independent variable groups and not a linear fashion as suggested by Maslow. The respondents reported that they are not satisfied with their jobs. They, however, reported the trendiness of IT and the expectation of a breakthrough in their jobs as the basis for choosing to remain in their jobs.
The empirical evidence on the biomedical literature of Nigeria was drawn from 295 journals in Med... more The empirical evidence on the biomedical literature of Nigeria was drawn from 295 journals in Medline through which papers on Nigeria were published during the period 1967-2002. We categorized the journals according to their subject heading and examined the potential impact fac tors of a sample of the journals based on Thomson’s ISI Journal Citation Reports. Multidisciplinary journals and papers dominated the source types and were also more highly co-authored than the other subject headings; they also have the highest potential impact factor. The implications of this pattern of journal choice on biomedical research in Nigeria are highlighted.
Use of Scientific Information Sources by Policy Makers in the Science and Technology Sector of Nigeria
African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2011
This study investigated how policy makers in Nigerian public agencies that have mandates for poli... more This study investigated how policy makers in Nigerian public agencies that have mandates for policy making and implementation in the science and technology sector access and use information sources in their activities. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 121 of the policy makers to find out the sources and types of information they use and their perceptions of the availability and accessibility of the sources. The policy makers reported that the most available sources were newspapers (88.6% of the respondents) and colleagues/superiors (82.9%), while the most accessible sources were colleagues/superiors (70.0%). The most inaccessible information sources were student theses and dissertations (40%), reports from research institutes (37.1%) and books of abstract (35.7%). The results imply that soft information sources and personal contact are the most available and accessible information sources. The policy makers suggested that improved availability and accessibility of infor...
Farmers’ Awareness and Use of Information and Communications Technologies in the Livestock Innovation Chain in Ibadan City, Nigeria
The use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in agriculture is a new and growing... more The use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in agriculture is a new and growing field that focuses on how agricultural and rural development activities can be enhanced using modern ICTs. Currently in Nigeria, this field has not addressed how livestock farmers use ICTs to conduct their businesses. The objective of the study was to examine the awareness and use of ICTs by livestock farmers in Ibadan, an agrarian community in Nigeria. The study also investigated the relationship between ICT awareness and use in the various innovation links as well as how the farmers’ demographic characteristics relate to these uses. A questionnaire was used to guide data collection from various types of farmers. From the trade societies of each type of livestock, 340 farmers were selected for the study and usable data was collected from 300 respondents. For all the ICTs listed, more respondents reported awareness of ICTs than use, except for mobile phones where an equal number of re...
“Digesting the abundance of idol matter” key factors in personal information management experiences of selected social science faculty
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the personal information management (PIM) behavio... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the personal information management (PIM) behaviours of social science faculty in Africa. The study examined the experiences and encounters of selected social scientists in Africa in organising and finding and re-finding of the information they previously created or stored. More specifically, the study sought to examine how faculty keep and refind information, the files and folders in which they store the information. Also, the study examined the nature and characteristics of faculty information spaces with particular respect to electronic documents including emails and paper documents. Design/methodology/approach Sample survey research design and a mixed methods approach consisting of qualitative and quantitative were used. Data was collected using a discursive technique, an interview schedule and a questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using factorial analysis of mixed data design, guided by a combination of category and codes i...
Webometrics of Think Tanks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Gender and educational information sharing by students in a public university in Nigeria: an empirical study of short messaging services
African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 2019
Based on data collected from 190 male and female students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, t... more Based on data collected from 190 male and female students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, this study examined how short messaging services (SMS) technology is being used by the students to exchange informal educational information with themselves and their lecturers, and interact with families/relations and relatives. Data was collected using a questionnaire that contained both closed- and open-ended questions. Females reported liking the technology more than males did; but the males generally sent SMS more than the females did. When unsolicited, the heaviest traffic of SMS exchange took place among peers; the least volume was sent to lecturers by females who however received slightly higher number of SMS from lecturers. When solicited, females sent more SMS to their lecturers, and they also remembered the content of the texts they sent more than the males did. There was an observed narrowing in the gap between males and females in respect of use of old media, such as radio an...
Electronic Journals in Africa: Challenges and Promises
This paper takes a critical look at the problems associated with scholarly communication through ... more This paper takes a critical look at the problems associated with scholarly communication through print journals in the African context, the prospects of online publishing and the challenges that the new era of electronic publishing will pose to the circulation of scholarly communication in Africa.
Questionnaire was used to collect data from 1676 undergraduate and postgraduate students randomly... more Questionnaire was used to collect data from 1676 undergraduate and postgraduate students randomly selected from three large public universities in Nigeria to determine how the students use text messaging or short messaging services (SMS) to exchange educational information. Uses and gratification theory, which emphasises that individuals are usually goal-directed in information search and use, and would often prefer media that would give them control of content choices, guided the study. Sixty-five percent and 63% of the respondents reported using the technology for contacting peers and lecturers respectively for educational matters, while less than 40% used the technology to contact others. Generally, closeness to mothers and education of parents influence use of the technology for educational contact. The instrumental gratifications of SMS capability to enable students escape face to face communication as well as its convenience explain use of SMS to make educational contacts. How...
Using data collected from 78 out of the 149 hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria, which are registered wi... more Using data collected from 78 out of the 149 hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria, which are registered with the Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), this article examines how these hospitals use information communications technology (ICT) to communicate information and collaborate with other hospitals for health care services. The results showed that the level of ICT literacy level in the hospitals is generally low; Internet access is mainly through mobile phones; and only two of the 78 hospitals own websites. Communication concerned mainly with local hospitals and collaboration across the Internet network to solve client health problems seldom occurred. Rather, patients were always physically moved to other hospitals, facilitated mainly by a combination of referral letters and mobile phones. The study location consisted of both rural and semi-urban areas but all the NHIS registered hospitals were concentrated in the semi-urban areas, and there was no reference to communication...