Tadeusz Zachara | Forest Research Institute, Poland (original) (raw)

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Papers by Tadeusz Zachara

Nowakowska J. A., Michalska A., Zachara T. 2014. Zmiany w strukturze genetycznej naturalnego odno... more Nowakowska J. A., Michalska A., Zachara T. 2014. Zmiany w strukturze genetycznej naturalnego odno− wienia debu (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) w odniesieniu do drzew matecznych. Sylwan 158 (2): 83−89. The genetic variability of sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) mature stand and its natural progeny was investigated. Comparison between genetic structure of parental and progeny trees was based on frequencies of nuclear microsatellite (SSR) alleles occurring in three DNA loci. A slight (4%) increase of gene pool between oak mature and progeny trees was revealed by heterozygosity level estimation, maintaining 86.3% of genetic similarity between generations. Also allele richness, partition probability of basic clustering and inbreed coefficient proved the high genetic similarity between parental and progeny of investigated oak trees. The gene flow occurred within the stands as far as rare alleles were transmitted or new ones appeared in the progenies. The results highlight the necessity o...

The paper describes a case study of thinning experiment established in 1976 with a use of random ... more The paper describes a case study of thinning experiment established in 1976 with a use of random block design in 21−year−old Scots pine stand in Janów Lubelski Forest District (south−eastern Poland). The stand was subjected to no thinning (control variant K), weak thinning with removal of 10% of basal area (variant S1), strong thinning with removal of 30% of basal area (variant S3) and extreme thinning, where only future crop trees and some reserve trees were left (variant TE). S1 and S3 treatments were repeated each 5 years, while in TE treatment the 20−year interval was applied. During the period of 40 years all trees were measured each 5 years and current basal area increment was calculated for the whole stand and for future crop trees population. The relative increment of future crop trees population calculated as a percentage of stand total increment was taken into account too. Data were subjected to ANOVA and differences were compared with Tukey test. The results showed that t...

The aim of the work is to present the 200−year−old output of 'Sylwan' journal in the fiel... more The aim of the work is to present the 200−year−old output of 'Sylwan' journal in the field of silviculture, with particular emphasis on the trends in the development of this discipline in forest science and practice. As a result of the query, limited to the content analysis of only those articles that are closely related to silviculture, 985 items were selected for the analysis. The initial period of 'Sylwan' publication, covering the years 1820−1939, is a period of development of forest management, expressed <em>inter alia</em> by the emphasis on cultivating high−growing forests, artificial methods of forest regeneration and the presentation of various management methods, which is reflected in the content of over 170 articles. Many of them are monographs of species (especially Scots pine) containing elements of silviculture. The development of nursery production, and thus the development of forest seed science, as well as forest tending, belong to issues...

Folia Forestalia Polonica, 2021

In July 2002, the very strong hurricane appeared in northern Poland, which caused destruction of ... more In July 2002, the very strong hurricane appeared in northern Poland, which caused destruction of forest cover of area more than 10,000 ha. The permanent thinning research plot in a 53-year-old pine stand located in Myszyniec forest district (150 km north of Warsaw) was lying on the edge of damaged area. The following treatments were tested on this plot: 1) control plot (without thinning); 2) schematic cut in 20-year-old stand, selective thinning to 40 years, then thinning from below; 3) schematic cut in 20-year-old stand, then selective thinning; 4) selective thinning in young stand (20–40 years), then thinning from below and 5) selective thinning all the time. A significant part of this plot was completely destroyed and in the other part of the plot, some trees survived. A small part of the plot resisted the wind attack. An analysis of the amount of destroyed trees (measured by basal area) showed no differences between particular silvicultural treatments. The level of damage differ...

Forest Research Papers, 2011

Szkody wyrządzone przez gołoledź i śnieg na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Herby, na tle panujących war... more Szkody wyrządzone przez gołoledź i śnieg na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Herby, na tle panujących warunków pogodowych w styczniu 2010 roku

Leśne Prace Badawcze, 2017

One of the tree species appearing after a decline of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in ... more One of the tree species appearing after a decline of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in the Silesian Beskid Mountains is Silver Birch Betula pendula Roth. Therefore our study was aimed at evaluating this birch regeneration and the dynamics of changes resulting from experimental cutting. Measurements and inventories of trees were conducted on research plots located in a ten-year old birch regeneration site with either no cutting, partial cutting (50%) or clear cutting (100%) of birch. We observed an introduction of biocenotic species (rowan, willow, aspen) as well as the target species (spruce, fir, beech) under the birch canopy. Fir and beech were also planted, because of their slow natural regeneration. The clear cut treatment caused a great number of sprouts growing from birch stumps, reaching a height of about 2 m over 3 years, resulting in competition with the regeneration of other species. Partial cutting did not cause such a drastic amount of sprouting. Furthermore, we found that only the spruce height increment is significantly less under a birch canopy compared to open space. The obtained results indicate a necessity to adjust the density and species composition of regenerating tree species under a birch canopy, avoiding complete removal of the first generation birch cover and the need to moderately thin out birch.

Nowakowska J. A., Michalska A., Zachara T. 2014. Zmiany w strukturze genetycznej naturalnego odno... more Nowakowska J. A., Michalska A., Zachara T. 2014. Zmiany w strukturze genetycznej naturalnego odno− wienia debu (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) w odniesieniu do drzew matecznych. Sylwan 158 (2): 83−89. The genetic variability of sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) mature stand and its natural progeny was investigated. Comparison between genetic structure of parental and progeny trees was based on frequencies of nuclear microsatellite (SSR) alleles occurring in three DNA loci. A slight (4%) increase of gene pool between oak mature and progeny trees was revealed by heterozygosity level estimation, maintaining 86.3% of genetic similarity between generations. Also allele richness, partition probability of basic clustering and inbreed coefficient proved the high genetic similarity between parental and progeny of investigated oak trees. The gene flow occurred within the stands as far as rare alleles were transmitted or new ones appeared in the progenies. The results highlight the necessity o...

The paper describes a case study of thinning experiment established in 1976 with a use of random ... more The paper describes a case study of thinning experiment established in 1976 with a use of random block design in 21−year−old Scots pine stand in Janów Lubelski Forest District (south−eastern Poland). The stand was subjected to no thinning (control variant K), weak thinning with removal of 10% of basal area (variant S1), strong thinning with removal of 30% of basal area (variant S3) and extreme thinning, where only future crop trees and some reserve trees were left (variant TE). S1 and S3 treatments were repeated each 5 years, while in TE treatment the 20−year interval was applied. During the period of 40 years all trees were measured each 5 years and current basal area increment was calculated for the whole stand and for future crop trees population. The relative increment of future crop trees population calculated as a percentage of stand total increment was taken into account too. Data were subjected to ANOVA and differences were compared with Tukey test. The results showed that t...

The aim of the work is to present the 200−year−old output of 'Sylwan' journal in the fiel... more The aim of the work is to present the 200−year−old output of 'Sylwan' journal in the field of silviculture, with particular emphasis on the trends in the development of this discipline in forest science and practice. As a result of the query, limited to the content analysis of only those articles that are closely related to silviculture, 985 items were selected for the analysis. The initial period of 'Sylwan' publication, covering the years 1820−1939, is a period of development of forest management, expressed <em>inter alia</em> by the emphasis on cultivating high−growing forests, artificial methods of forest regeneration and the presentation of various management methods, which is reflected in the content of over 170 articles. Many of them are monographs of species (especially Scots pine) containing elements of silviculture. The development of nursery production, and thus the development of forest seed science, as well as forest tending, belong to issues...

Folia Forestalia Polonica, 2021

In July 2002, the very strong hurricane appeared in northern Poland, which caused destruction of ... more In July 2002, the very strong hurricane appeared in northern Poland, which caused destruction of forest cover of area more than 10,000 ha. The permanent thinning research plot in a 53-year-old pine stand located in Myszyniec forest district (150 km north of Warsaw) was lying on the edge of damaged area. The following treatments were tested on this plot: 1) control plot (without thinning); 2) schematic cut in 20-year-old stand, selective thinning to 40 years, then thinning from below; 3) schematic cut in 20-year-old stand, then selective thinning; 4) selective thinning in young stand (20–40 years), then thinning from below and 5) selective thinning all the time. A significant part of this plot was completely destroyed and in the other part of the plot, some trees survived. A small part of the plot resisted the wind attack. An analysis of the amount of destroyed trees (measured by basal area) showed no differences between particular silvicultural treatments. The level of damage differ...

Forest Research Papers, 2011

Szkody wyrządzone przez gołoledź i śnieg na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Herby, na tle panujących war... more Szkody wyrządzone przez gołoledź i śnieg na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Herby, na tle panujących warunków pogodowych w styczniu 2010 roku

Leśne Prace Badawcze, 2017

One of the tree species appearing after a decline of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in ... more One of the tree species appearing after a decline of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in the Silesian Beskid Mountains is Silver Birch Betula pendula Roth. Therefore our study was aimed at evaluating this birch regeneration and the dynamics of changes resulting from experimental cutting. Measurements and inventories of trees were conducted on research plots located in a ten-year old birch regeneration site with either no cutting, partial cutting (50%) or clear cutting (100%) of birch. We observed an introduction of biocenotic species (rowan, willow, aspen) as well as the target species (spruce, fir, beech) under the birch canopy. Fir and beech were also planted, because of their slow natural regeneration. The clear cut treatment caused a great number of sprouts growing from birch stumps, reaching a height of about 2 m over 3 years, resulting in competition with the regeneration of other species. Partial cutting did not cause such a drastic amount of sprouting. Furthermore, we found that only the spruce height increment is significantly less under a birch canopy compared to open space. The obtained results indicate a necessity to adjust the density and species composition of regenerating tree species under a birch canopy, avoiding complete removal of the first generation birch cover and the need to moderately thin out birch.

The phenomenon of dying stands of ash was observed in Poland since 1993. The aim of the study was... more The phenomenon of dying stands of ash was observed in Poland since 1993. The aim of the study was to assess the health condition of ash stands in the State Forests and to develop silviculture methods for subsequent phases of forest growth in stands with a significant share of ash, in order to minimize the negative consequences of ash dieback and to increase the durability and sustainability of these stands. In order to assess its scale, in 2004, we sent a questionnaire to all forest districts of the State Forests, operating on the surface of approx. 7.6 million hectares equaled 83% of the forest area. The article presents data on the extent and impact of ash dieback in Poland, genetic structure of Polish ash populations revealed by the DNA marker studies, genetic variability of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in Poland and recommends silvicultural options to mitigate impact of the disease.