Egor Kitov - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Egor Kitov

Paleoanthropology of Saka Tribes of Alai in the Context of the Early Iron Age Populations of Adjacent Territories

Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, 2021

The article attempts to generalize the paleoanthropological data of the Saka period from the terr... more The article attempts to generalize the paleoanthropological data of the Saka period from the territory of Alai (Kyrgyzstan), collected over a long period, and a significant part of these materials has been offered for scientific discussion. Comparison of the male and female groups shows their significant similarity, both in average values and in the level and direction of variability. The Alai skulls contain two morphological complexes of characters. One of them is a mesobrachicranial, low-faced Mongoloids with low orbits, a wide nose and alveolar prognathism, expressed mainly in women group. Another morphological complex is characterized by dolichocrania and has a pronounced Caucasoid character of the Mediterranean type, which has local origin. In this case the increase of the Caucasoid characteristics towards the Mediterranean anthropological type is probably associated with ethnogenetic contacts with the Saka of the Pamirs. An analysis of the anthropological materials of the Saka...

Environmental assessment and regulatory impact review for a rule to reduce sea turtle bycatch by the eastern Gulf of Mexico bottom longline component of the reef fish fishery

Western Kazakhstan Population in the Early Iron Age Based on Human Skeletal Remains from the Kos-Oba Cemetery

Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, 2021

The article examines anthropological materials from the Kos-Oba cemetery of the Savromat-Sarmatia... more The article examines anthropological materials from the Kos-Oba cemetery of the Savromat-Sarmatian period based on craniometric and paleopathological data from the region located between the Ural and Volga rivers in Western Kazakhstan. The results of craniometric analysis are indicative of the continuity of the population from the 6th century BC to the 1st century AD, as well as the physical resemblance between the people from Kos-Oba and those inhabiting the UralRiver basin. Paleopathological data also indicate that this sample does not stand out in frequencies of traumas and pathologies from the early nomad groups of the Volga-Ural region and Western Kazakhstan. One of the skulls has a trephine opening, possibly performed with medical purposes or representing a result of ritual manipulation. This study shows that the Kos-Oba cemetery can be reviewed as a part of the large Savromat-Sarmatian site systems, which are present not only in the UralRiver basin and the Ustyurt, but also i...

Natural scientific methods in exploration of reference monuments belonging to Saka culture in the Kazakh Altai

SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This article examines the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process o... more This article examines the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process of archeological excavations of grave sites located on the Eleke Sazy Plateau, Tarbagatay Ridge in the East of Kazakhstan in the burial of a notable young man, conducted in summer of 2018. It is attributed to Saka culture, and dates back to approximately VIII – VII centuries BC. Among the objects, were found garments embroidered with gold, quiver with arrows, and bronze dagger in gold scabbard. This work examines the golden scabbard for the dagger. The scabbard consists of several parts attached to the wooden base and decorated with gold seeds and inlay. The inlay did not survive in many of the discovered items, but the traces of it remain. In the process of degradation, some jewels have changed their color, and currently look grey. Micro-samples for the research were selected from the crumbling fragments of inlay, acquired during restoration of the artifact. Modern natural scientific me...

Duana's Burial Ground on Ustyurt of the 2rd–3th Centuries A.D. (According to the Archaeological and Anthropological Data)

Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost

To the Issue of Anthropological Contacts Between the Populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul Cultures of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan Steppes

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija

Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the... more Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age. New data is based on the burial grounds of the Kozhumberdy type of the Alakul culture from Western Kazakhstan. Methods and materials. The authors compare the craniological series which are formed according to the geographical localization of the monuments and modern archaeological ideas about their cultural interpretation. Analysis. As a result of statistical analysis, the craniological series of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures are morphologically quite close, but the latter show higher variability of characteristics. More close to each other are samples of female skulls which show that the formation of physical characteristics of these populations occurred on a single anthropological substrate. Initially, carriers of different caucasoid complexes, mainly of steppe origin, and in a small proportion of the uraloid ones took part in the pro...

Natural scientific methods in exploration of reference monuments of the Saka Culture in Kazakh Altai

Genesis: исторические исследования

This article explores the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process o... more This article explores the ancient gold jewelry with inlay, which were discovered in the process of archeological studies conducted in Summer 2018 of grave complexes located on the Eleke Sazy Plateau, Tarbagatay Ridge in East Kazakhstan Region in the burial of a young man belonging to aristocratic ancestry. It refers to the Saka culture, and dates back to approximately VIII-VII centuries BC. Among the discovered objects were garments embroidered with gold, quiver with arrows, and a bronze dagger in gold scabbard. This work studied the golden scabbard for dagger. The scabbard consists of several parts attached to a wooden base and decorated with granulation and inlay. In many cases, only traces of inlay remain. Some gems changed in color in the process of degradation, and currently look grey. Micro-samples for the research were selected from the crumbling fragments of inlay obtained in the process of restoration of the item. Modern natural scientific methods allow studying the materia...

The Return to Ancient Chorasmia: Explorations of the Joint Karakalpak-Russian Complex Archaeological Expedition on the Ustyurt Plateau and at Bol’shoy K’irk-K’iz

Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural c... more For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

Представленная книга является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притянь... more Представленная книга является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притяньшанья. Географически рассматриваемый регион находится на территории Южного Казахстана, Семиречья и Киргизии. Настоящая работа включает данные, собранные как самими авторами, так и ранее опубликованные, которые основаны на изучении палеоантропологических коллекций. Все полученные данные являются актуальным источником информации, необходимым для решения вопросов исторических процессов, происходящих в раннем железном веке в рассматриваемом регионе.
Данная книга адресована как специалистам – антропологам и археологам, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.

Травматические повреждения на черепах позднего периода эпохи бронзы – раннего железного века Западного Казахстана (на примере могильника Утвинка), 2020

Работа посвящена свидетельствам боевого травматизма на краниологических материалах бронзового и р... more Работа посвящена свидетельствам боевого травматизма на краниологических материалах бронзового и раннего железного века на территории Западного Казахстана. Рассматриваются поражения костной ткани и их возможная связь с типами ударных орудий. В целом травматизм населения срубной культуры поздней бронзы и сарматского времени раннего железного века явление не частое. Эти показатели вполне определенно демонстрируют общую социальную ситуацию, являются важными для реконструкции процессов взаимоотношений древних обществ.

The paper focuses on the military trauma in the craniological materials of the Bronze Age (Srubnaya culture) in the West Kazakhstan region. Lesions are studied in relation to the types of attack weapons. In general, the number of injuries of the Srubnaya culture in the Late Bronze Age and Sarmatian culture demonstrates the decrease of traumas. These rates indicate a general social situation and are very important for reconstruction of the relations between ancient communities.

ПАЛЕОАНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАННЕСАРМАТСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ЭМБА ПО ДАННЫМ ИЗ МОГИЛЬНИКА МОРТЫК I, 2020

The paper focuses on the anthropological materials obtained from the cemetery Mortyk I. This arch... more The paper focuses on the anthropological materials obtained from the cemetery Mortyk I. This archaeological monument is located on the Emba River, which originates from the western slopes of Mugodzhar mountains and flows into the Caspian Sea. Today it is one of the southernmost studied Sauromat-Sarmatian monuments of the early nomads. Unfortunately, there are practically no studied cemeteries dating back to the VI-IV centuries BC located in this region, despite the large number of cemeteries in this region and the Northern Aral Sea region. Anthropological materials from Mortyk I cemetery were studied using the craniological and osteometric programs, comonnly used in Russian science. A statistical and individual typological analysis was performed due to small number of series and their satisfactory preservation. According to the results of the analysis, the presented series shows the closest analogies with the population of the Ural river basin of the end of VI-IV centuries BC, despite the small number of individuals. Moreover, it can be noted that the Mortyk I archaeological monument appears to be the part of the general array of Sauromat-Sarmatian monuments, which occupies not only the Ural river basin and the Ustyurt plateau, but also the region to the north of the Aral Sea. It can be assumed that forming of culture and physical characteristics shown by the early nomads of the Sauromat-Sarmatian appearance connects them with the territory of the Aral Sea region and the Southern Ural. Further study of the monuments in the arid territories of the Northern Aral Sea region will reveal a lot of answers to debatable questions about the early nomads of the Volga-Ural region and Western Kazakhstan and origin and genesis of their culture and appearance.

Представленная монография является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Пр... more Представленная монография является результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии Притяньшанья. Географически рассматриваемый регион находится на территории Казахстана (Семиречье) и Киргизии. Настоящая работа включает данные, собранные как самими авторами, так и ранее опубликованные материалы, которые основаны на изучении палеоантропологических коллекций. Все полученные данные являются актуальным источником информации, необходимым для решения вопросов об исторических процессах, происходящих в раннем железном веке в рассматриваемом регионе.

Данная книга адресована как специалистам - антропологам и археологам, так и всем, кто интересуется древней историей.

The article covers the main findings of the first season of the South Aral Joint Karakalpak-Russi... more The article covers the main findings of the first season of the South Aral Joint Karakalpak-Russian Complex Archaeological Expedition, created according to the agreement of the Institute of Oriental Studies (Russian Academy of Sciences), the State Museum of Oriental Art; Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Azhiniyaz. At the first stage (April 15–30), during the work at Gunzheli Burial Ground 1 (Ustyurt plateau, Karakalpakstan Shumanai region), there were excavated 23 burial mounds of the early nomadic era, as well as Caravanserai (Gunzheli 2). Studies of the Greater Gungeli mound (Gunzheli 3) allowed to make conclusions about two stages of its functioning: The first, judging by the findings of the Chorasmian wheel-turned pottery of the 4th–1st centuries BC, dates accordingly; during the second stage (3rd–4th centuries AD), ten ossuaries with bones, buried according to the Zoroastrian rite, were let into the stone structure-crepe located at the base of the mound.
For the second stage (May 2–17), the expedition moved to the Illikalli region of Karakalpakstan, where the citadel of the Bol’shoy K’irk-K’iz and the Western suburban complex were explored. During excavations on the crest of the fortress wall we completely uncovered a section of the rifle gallery at the level, as can be assumed today, of the lower floor. In addition, a significant section of the citadel adjacent to the defensive wall of the fortress was excavated. During the excavation of the Western suburban complex, dating from the size of bricks and ceramics findings 4th–2nd centuries BC, there were revealed traces of polychrome painting and monumental unbaked clay sculpture.

The article is devoted to the publication of the excavations of three mounds on the burial field ... more The article is devoted to the publication of the excavations of three mounds on the burial field Sunkar in Semirechie. In the course of the research was got an interesting material on burial traditions and partly on the material culture of ancient nomads of this region. Two of the investigated mounds can be dated within the Saka period. The chronology of the third burial is complicated due to the lack of dating objects from it, and previously it is related to the Hun-Sarmatian epoch.

Science, 2019

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asi... more By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population.
The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.

The study is devoted to traumatic injuries on the crania of the early nomads of the Volga-Ural re... more The study is devoted to traumatic injuries on the crania of the early nomads of the Volga-Ural region. According to the results of the analysis it can be noted that a small number of injuries together with no stress indicators suggest a safe existence of the population of the early Iron Age in this territory. It is important to say that the injuries are mostly antemortem (with traces of healing) and were probably received in combat. Provided that there are practically no fatal injuries in the burial grounds, this may indicate the absence of conflicts on the territory of the nomadic Savromatian-Sarmatians. However, the abundance of weapons in burials suggests that the society was rather militarized, while the number of individuals with injuries incompatible with life is negligible. Apparently, military conflicts took place outside the territory occupied by the early Savromatian-Sarmatians, which may suggest existence of a major tribal union that influenced the historical processes in Eurasia.

Рассмотрены случаи трепанации из пяти погребений раннесакского времени Центрального Казахстана

Статья посвящена публикации материалов раскопок курганного могильника Рахат на территории Семиреч... more Статья посвящена публикации материалов раскопок курганного могильника Рахат на территории Семиречья (Республика Казахстан). В первую очередь публикуются захоронения, относящиеся к эпохе ранних кочевников. В ходе их раскопок был получен интересный материал по погребальным традициям и отчасти материальной культуре древнего населения региона в периоды раннего железа и средневековья. Большая часть курганных захоронений на данном некрополе относится к сакскому времени, публикации которых посвящена настоящая статья. Кроме того, было выявлено впускное захоронение, относящееся к раннему средневековью. Иследование основано на археологическом изучении курганов, а также анализе полученных артефактов. В исследованных захоронениях был собран палеоантропологический материал, в результате изучения которого были получены дополнительные данные по краниологии, остеологии и патологиям древнего населения Семиречья в период ранних кочевников. Исследованные на данном могильнике курганные погребения характеризуются типичными для сакского периода Семиречья погребальными традициями. Немногочисленные предметы сопроводительного инвентаря, представленные керамической посудой и предметами быта, позволили определить хронологию исследованных курганов в рамках втор. пол. V – перв. пол II вв. до н.э. и отнести основную часть исследованных курганных захоронений к сакской культуре Притяньшанья.

Paleoanthropology of Saka Tribes of Alai in the Context of the Early Iron Age Populations of Adjacent Territories

Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, 2021

Environmental assessment and regulatory impact review for a rule to reduce sea turtle bycatch by the eastern Gulf of Mexico bottom longline component of the reef fish fishery

Western Kazakhstan Population in the Early Iron Age Based on Human Skeletal Remains from the Kos-Oba Cemetery

Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, 2021

Natural scientific methods in exploration of reference monuments belonging to Saka culture in the Kazakh Altai

SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Duana's Burial Ground on Ustyurt of the 2rd–3th Centuries A.D. (According to the Archaeological and Anthropological Data)

Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost

To the Issue of Anthropological Contacts Between the Populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul Cultures of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan Steppes

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija

Natural scientific methods in exploration of reference monuments of the Saka Culture in Kazakh Altai

Genesis: исторические исследования

The Return to Ancient Chorasmia: Explorations of the Joint Karakalpak-Russian Complex Archaeological Expedition on the Ustyurt Plateau and at Bol’shoy K’irk-K’iz

Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Science, 2019

Рассмотрены случаи трепанации из пяти погребений раннесакского времени Центрального Казахстана

В данной монографии впервые сведены воедино материалы могильника позднего бронзового века Кулевчи... more В данной монографии впервые сведены воедино материалы могильника позднего бронзового века Кулевчи VI в Южном Зауралье. В книге читатель может найти как исчерпывающее описание исследованных экспедицией ЧГПИ в 1979–1983 гг. объектов, так и результаты обработки материалов этого замечательного во многих аспектах памятника разнообразными профильными специалистами. Безусловным достоинством монографии является ее обширный иллюстративный ряд.
Монография предназначена, прежде всего, для археологов. Но может быть полезна для всех интересующихся проблемами древней истории Южного Зауралья. Пространное англоязычное резюме, как надеются авторы, многократно увеличит читательскую аудиторию книги.

В представленной монографии представлены данные по изучению памятников ранних кочевников в област... more В представленной монографии представлены данные по изучению памятников ранних кочевников в областях Западного Казахстана раннего железного века. Основной материал представленный в монографии это палеоантропологические материалы. Они являются результатом многолетних исследований в области антропологии степной полосы Западного Казахстана и Волго-Уральского региона. Настоящая работа включает палеоантропологические данные, собранные учеными за период с 2007 г. по настоящее время. Авторы исследования, обобщив все имеющиеся данные, основанные на анализе индивидуальных краниометрических, а также одонтологических характеристик и патологических изменений, постарались осветить возможности решения вопросов в изучении кочевого населения Западного Казахстана и Волго-Уральского региона в раннем железном веке.

Археологические открытия, 2018

The artical deals with new archaeological investigations in North Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria re... more The artical deals with new archaeological investigations in North Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria region).

Science Advances, 2021

The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian steppe du... more The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian steppe during the first millennium BCE. Because of the lack of first-hand written records, little is known about the origins and relations among the different cultures. To address these questions, we produced genome-wide data for 111 ancient individuals retrieved from 39 archaeological sites from the first millennia BCE and CE across the Central Asian Steppe. We uncovered major admixture events in the Late Bronze Age forming the genetic substratum for two main Iron Age gene-pools emerging around the Altai and the Urals respectively. Their demise was mirrored by new genetic turnovers, linked to the spread of the eastern nomad empires in the first centuries CE. Compared to the high genetic heterogeneity of the past, the homogenization of the present-day Kazakhs gene pool is notable, likely a result of 400 years of strict exogamous social rules.