Stanislau Paulau | Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte (IEG), Mainz (original) (raw)
Book by Stanislau Paulau
Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 2021
Bereits im Jahre 1534 reiste ein äthiopischer Mönch nach Wittenberg, um dort Kontakt mit Martin L... more Bereits im Jahre 1534 reiste ein äthiopischer Mönch nach Wittenberg, um dort Kontakt mit Martin Luther und Philipp Melanchthon aufzunehmen. Der daraus resultierte theologische Dialog markierte den Anfang einer Verflechtungsgeschichte von äthiopisch-orthodoxem Christentum und europäischem Protestantismus.
Das andere Christentum erschließt erstmals die vielfältigen Wechselwirkungen von äthiopisch-orthodoxem Christentum und europäischem Protestantismus im Zeitraum vom 16. bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Damit bietet es einen neuen Blick sowohl auf die afrikanische als auch auf die europäische Kirchengeschichte der Neuzeit.
Das Werk zeigt beispielhaft, auf welche Weise konfessionell und kulturell divergierende Varianten des Christentums kontinentübergreifend miteinander verknüpft waren, und leistet somit einen grundlegenden Beitrag zur globalen Christentumsgeschichte und der Interkulturellen Theologie. Methodisch knüpft die Arbeit hierbei an den Ansatz der Histoire croisée an und macht ihn für eine transkonfessionelle Kirchengeschichtsschreibung fruchtbar.
As early as 1534, an Ethiopian Orthodox monk travelled to Wittenberg where he established contact... more As early as 1534, an Ethiopian Orthodox monk travelled to Wittenberg where he established contact with Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon. The resulting theological dialogue marked the beginning of an entangled history of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and European Protestantism. The book analyses for the first time the manifold interactions between Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and European Protestantism in the period from the 16th to the early 20th century and offers a new perspective on both African and European church history.
Using the methodological approach of the histoire croisée the work exemplifies the way in which denominationally and culturally divergent variants of Christianity have been interconnected across continents and shaped each other. By doing so, it makes a fundamental contribution to the fields of Global history of Christianity and Intercultural Theology.
Book Contributions by Stanislau Paulau
The History of East Syriac Christianity in modern times is not least the history of migration and... more The History of East Syriac Christianity in modern times is not least the history of migration and resettlement. One of the main landmarks of the history of transnational mobility of the East Syriac Christians in modern times was the establishment of contacts with the Russia Empire. In the course of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, imperial Russia did not only actively engage – both politically and militarily – in northwestern Iran and the eastern Ottoman Empire, the region inhabited by the adherents of the Church of the East, but also become one of the principal destinations of migration of the East Syriac Christians. Thus, the nineteenth century witnessed the beginning of East Syrian migration from their ancestral regions as well as the advent of the idea of resettlement of the entire community, a precursor of the mass movement that would occur during and after World War I.
The contribution begins with a discussion of the first encounters between East Syriac Christianity and imperial Russia in the late eighteenth century and highlights its importance for the ongoing debate about the emergence of modern Assyrianism, a concept that perceives the East Syriac Christians (or even all Syriac Christians) as descendants of the Assyrians of the ancient Near East. It then looks at the emergence of the vision of resettlement of the East Syriac community to imperial Russia in the early nineteenth century and analyzes how the competing ideas of belonging had been negotiated in this context. Special attention is given to the historical sources, namely the letters of Pavel Cicianov (1754–1806), the imperial Governor General of Georgia, addressed to the Head of the Church of the East, Mar Shemʿon XVI Yoḥannan (r. 1780–1820), and bishop of Urmia Mar Yoḥannan. These letters, written in 1805, are of considerable interest not least because they give a glimpse of the life of the Church of the East in a period about which information is very scarce. Therefore, one of the aims of this contribution is to make these historical documents available by publishing them along with an English translation.
Christine Chaillot (ed), The Dialogue Between the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Volos: Volos Academy Publications 2016, 415–422
Zemenfes Tsighe et al. (eds.), International Conference on Eritrean Studies 20–22 July 2016. Proceedings. Vol. 1, Asmara: National Higher Education and Research Institute 2018, 143–155, 2018
The paper introduces the “Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Protestant”, an until now neglect... more The paper introduces the “Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Protestant”, an until now neglected literary work composed in the early 20th-century Eritrea, which provides a detailed account of the traditional dispute resolution and its application to an interconfessional debate. This composition is unique not only due to the fact that it seems to be the very first larger text within the Eritrean and Ethiopian Orthodox traditions deliberately responding to the spreading Protestantism, but also due to the fact that it bears witness of an intriguing mode of entanglement between the Christian theology and the traditional litigation in the Horn of Africa. Moreover, the “Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Protestant” sheds light on some important aspects of the legal, political, religious and cultural history of Eritrea. The given paper offers a preliminary analysis of the text and its manuscript tradition.
LIT Umschlagbild: Andreas und Petrus in brüderlicher Umarmung Mit freundlicher Genehmigung zum Ge... more LIT Umschlagbild: Andreas und Petrus in brüderlicher Umarmung Mit freundlicher Genehmigung zum Gebrauch durch das Andreas-Petrus-Werk, Catholica Unio Österreich, Päpstliches Werk der Congregation für die Ostkirchen. http://www.andreas-petrus-werk.at/?ikonenkarte Ñ ½ Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Werkdruckpapier entsprechend ANSI Z3948 DIN ISO 9706 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Journal Articles by Stanislau Paulau
Ecumenical Trends 50, no. 3, 2021
The 16th-century Protestant Reformation not only dramatically impacted the fate of Western Christ... more The 16th-century Protestant Reformation not only dramatically impacted the fate of Western Christendom but also profoundly reshaped the trajectory of Christianity as a worldwide religious system. The ways in which the Reformation legacy has taken root and been expressed contextually around the world – particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America – invite attention and constitute one of the most vibrant research fields within the academic discipline of World Christianity. Yet, the relations between the Reformation and the wider world can also be conceptualized in a radically different way. Instead of looking at the Reformation as an initially European phenomenon that became global as a result of worldwide transmission and cross-cultural diffusion of its impulses (predominantly in the 19th and 20th centuries), one can invert this perspective and ask whether the Reformation itself can be seen as a product of the increasing global interconnectedness of the early modern Christian world. In the following, I will argue that non-European actors have a considerable share in what became known as the Protestant Reformation and that the religious knowledge produced by and about them was a substantial influence in the development of early Protestant identities. In order to substantiate this claim, I will focus upon African, and more specifically Ethiopian, agency.
The Harp. A Review of Syriac, Oriental and Ecumenical Studies, 2016
![Research paper thumbnail of Towards a New Definition of Notions "Unity" and "Pluralism" in Philosophy of Religion: Karl Rahner’s Contribution to the Current Discussion [In Russian: На пути к новому определению понятий "единство" и "плюрализм" в философии религии: Вклад Карла Ранера в современную дискуссию]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63423683/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of Spurensuche: Karl Rahner in der UdSSR [A Search for Traces: Karl Rahner in the USSR]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63409812/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](G2W. Ökumenisches Forum für Glauben, Religion und Gesellschaft in Ost und West 7/8, 2011
Call for Papers by Stanislau Paulau
![Research paper thumbnail of Call for Papers [ICES 20]. Ethiopian Christianity: Global Interconnections and Local Identities (October 1–5, 2018)](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54648336/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Job offer by Stanislau Paulau
Position within the Research Training Group 2304 “Byzantium and the Euro-Mediterranean Cultures o... more Position within the Research Training Group 2304 “Byzantium and the Euro-Mediterranean Cultures of War. Exchange, Differentiation and Reception”. Candidates are asked either to submit their own proposals for a dissertation topic or to orient their proposals upon one of the perspectives discussed below.
“The fall of Constantinople and the ‘Turkish threat’: theological interpretations of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire in Reformation theology” or: “Visions of an apoca- lyptic war: the reception of Eastern Christian eschatological thought in Early Modern
Protestantism”, or: “The Spiritual Struggle. The Early Modern reception of an Early Christian Topos and its circulation in the Euromediterranean”.
Promotionsstelle im Graduiertenkolleg 2304 „Byzanz und die euromediterranen Kriegskulturen. Austa... more Promotionsstelle im Graduiertenkolleg 2304 „Byzanz und die euromediterranen Kriegskulturen. Austausch, Abgrenzung und Rezeption“. Bewerberinnen und Bewerber sind aufgefordert, eigene Themenvorschläge zu präsentieren oder aber sich an den im Folgenden genannten Perspektiven bzw. möglichen Dissertationsthemen zu orientieren:
„Der Fall Konstantinopels und die »Türkengefahr«: Theologische Deutungen des Untergangs des Byzantinischen Reichs in der reformatorischen Theologie“, oder: „Visionen eines apokalyptischen Kriegs. Rezeptionen des ostkirchlichen eschatologischen Gedankenguts im frühneuzeitlichen Protestantismus“, oder: „Der Geistliche Kampf. Frühneuzeitliche Rezeptionen eines altkirchlichen Topos und dessen Zirkulation im euromediterranen Raum“.
Talks by Stanislau Paulau
This conference brings together different disciplinary orientations (history, anthropology, relig... more This conference brings together different disciplinary orientations (history, anthropology, religious studies, literary studies, heritage and museum studies) to examine claims of authenticity
and construction of religious and political identity through competing narratives on religious and symbolic sites. It pays particular attention to the ways in which discursive traditions in multi-religious contexts influence constructions of the past, perceptions of history, and social interactions, as they relate to symbolic spaces and sites. Part of the agenda is to examine both the intersection and interdependence of religious and historical narrations in knowledge production, identity formation and belonging. The aim is to formulate questions and devise methodological tools which would allow for comparison both temporally and across regions.
Webinar hosted by the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs at Georgetown University
The webinar will explore a remarkable dialogue between the Wittenberg Reformers, Martin Luther an... more The webinar will explore a remarkable dialogue between the Wittenberg Reformers, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, and Ethiopian Orthodox monk Abba Mika’el that took place in 1534. This early intercultural encounter that has been largely neglected until now should be regarded not only as the starting point of the interaction between the Reformation and the multifaceted world of Orthodox Churches, but also the very first encounter of Protestantism with a non-European form of Christianity. Most importantly, the theological dialogue of Abba Mika’el, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon resulted in a mutually shared conviction that despite some differences Orthodox Christians and proponents of the Wittenberg Reformation belong to the same one Church of Christ. Hence, this proto-ecumenical encounter has extraordinary significant implications for both our understanding of the Reformation’s relations with the wider world and the history of global Christianity in the Early Modern period.
David D. Daniels III, a leading scholar of the global context of the early Reformation period, will moderate a panel between Paulau and three other panelists versed in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox-Lutheran dialogue to discuss the implications of Paulau’s paper and research. The discussants are Rev. Dr. Dagmar Heller, acting director of the Institute for Ecumenical Studies and Research; Solomon Gebreyes Beyene, research fellow at the Hiob Ludolf Centre for Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies; and Tim Wengert, emeritus professor of church history at the United Lutheran Seminary (Philadelphia). The discussion will be framed within three ecumenical contexts: 1) the substance and significance of the 1534 event being the first documented meeting of Protestant leaders and an Orthodox monk; 2) the pre-Regensburg conversation about resolving the Catholic and Protestant conflict; and 3) the intercultural context that frames what we now understand as Global North-South exchanges between Christians and the manner in which the Southern Hemisphere first entered the European Reformation.
November 18th from 20:00–21:30 MEZ (2:00-3:30pm EST)
See more information and register here: https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/events/the-proto-ecumenical-dialogue-of-abba-mika-el-martin-luther-and-philip-melanchthon
Papers by Stanislau Paulau
Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 2021
Bereits im Jahre 1534 reiste ein äthiopischer Mönch nach Wittenberg, um dort Kontakt mit Martin L... more Bereits im Jahre 1534 reiste ein äthiopischer Mönch nach Wittenberg, um dort Kontakt mit Martin Luther und Philipp Melanchthon aufzunehmen. Der daraus resultierte theologische Dialog markierte den Anfang einer Verflechtungsgeschichte von äthiopisch-orthodoxem Christentum und europäischem Protestantismus.
Das andere Christentum erschließt erstmals die vielfältigen Wechselwirkungen von äthiopisch-orthodoxem Christentum und europäischem Protestantismus im Zeitraum vom 16. bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Damit bietet es einen neuen Blick sowohl auf die afrikanische als auch auf die europäische Kirchengeschichte der Neuzeit.
Das Werk zeigt beispielhaft, auf welche Weise konfessionell und kulturell divergierende Varianten des Christentums kontinentübergreifend miteinander verknüpft waren, und leistet somit einen grundlegenden Beitrag zur globalen Christentumsgeschichte und der Interkulturellen Theologie. Methodisch knüpft die Arbeit hierbei an den Ansatz der Histoire croisée an und macht ihn für eine transkonfessionelle Kirchengeschichtsschreibung fruchtbar.
As early as 1534, an Ethiopian Orthodox monk travelled to Wittenberg where he established contact... more As early as 1534, an Ethiopian Orthodox monk travelled to Wittenberg where he established contact with Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon. The resulting theological dialogue marked the beginning of an entangled history of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and European Protestantism. The book analyses for the first time the manifold interactions between Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and European Protestantism in the period from the 16th to the early 20th century and offers a new perspective on both African and European church history.
Using the methodological approach of the histoire croisée the work exemplifies the way in which denominationally and culturally divergent variants of Christianity have been interconnected across continents and shaped each other. By doing so, it makes a fundamental contribution to the fields of Global history of Christianity and Intercultural Theology.
The History of East Syriac Christianity in modern times is not least the history of migration and... more The History of East Syriac Christianity in modern times is not least the history of migration and resettlement. One of the main landmarks of the history of transnational mobility of the East Syriac Christians in modern times was the establishment of contacts with the Russia Empire. In the course of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, imperial Russia did not only actively engage – both politically and militarily – in northwestern Iran and the eastern Ottoman Empire, the region inhabited by the adherents of the Church of the East, but also become one of the principal destinations of migration of the East Syriac Christians. Thus, the nineteenth century witnessed the beginning of East Syrian migration from their ancestral regions as well as the advent of the idea of resettlement of the entire community, a precursor of the mass movement that would occur during and after World War I.
The contribution begins with a discussion of the first encounters between East Syriac Christianity and imperial Russia in the late eighteenth century and highlights its importance for the ongoing debate about the emergence of modern Assyrianism, a concept that perceives the East Syriac Christians (or even all Syriac Christians) as descendants of the Assyrians of the ancient Near East. It then looks at the emergence of the vision of resettlement of the East Syriac community to imperial Russia in the early nineteenth century and analyzes how the competing ideas of belonging had been negotiated in this context. Special attention is given to the historical sources, namely the letters of Pavel Cicianov (1754–1806), the imperial Governor General of Georgia, addressed to the Head of the Church of the East, Mar Shemʿon XVI Yoḥannan (r. 1780–1820), and bishop of Urmia Mar Yoḥannan. These letters, written in 1805, are of considerable interest not least because they give a glimpse of the life of the Church of the East in a period about which information is very scarce. Therefore, one of the aims of this contribution is to make these historical documents available by publishing them along with an English translation.
Christine Chaillot (ed), The Dialogue Between the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Volos: Volos Academy Publications 2016, 415–422
Zemenfes Tsighe et al. (eds.), International Conference on Eritrean Studies 20–22 July 2016. Proceedings. Vol. 1, Asmara: National Higher Education and Research Institute 2018, 143–155, 2018
The paper introduces the “Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Protestant”, an until now neglect... more The paper introduces the “Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Protestant”, an until now neglected literary work composed in the early 20th-century Eritrea, which provides a detailed account of the traditional dispute resolution and its application to an interconfessional debate. This composition is unique not only due to the fact that it seems to be the very first larger text within the Eritrean and Ethiopian Orthodox traditions deliberately responding to the spreading Protestantism, but also due to the fact that it bears witness of an intriguing mode of entanglement between the Christian theology and the traditional litigation in the Horn of Africa. Moreover, the “Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Protestant” sheds light on some important aspects of the legal, political, religious and cultural history of Eritrea. The given paper offers a preliminary analysis of the text and its manuscript tradition.
LIT Umschlagbild: Andreas und Petrus in brüderlicher Umarmung Mit freundlicher Genehmigung zum Ge... more LIT Umschlagbild: Andreas und Petrus in brüderlicher Umarmung Mit freundlicher Genehmigung zum Gebrauch durch das Andreas-Petrus-Werk, Catholica Unio Österreich, Päpstliches Werk der Congregation für die Ostkirchen. http://www.andreas-petrus-werk.at/?ikonenkarte Ñ ½ Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Werkdruckpapier entsprechend ANSI Z3948 DIN ISO 9706 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Ecumenical Trends 50, no. 3, 2021
The 16th-century Protestant Reformation not only dramatically impacted the fate of Western Christ... more The 16th-century Protestant Reformation not only dramatically impacted the fate of Western Christendom but also profoundly reshaped the trajectory of Christianity as a worldwide religious system. The ways in which the Reformation legacy has taken root and been expressed contextually around the world – particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America – invite attention and constitute one of the most vibrant research fields within the academic discipline of World Christianity. Yet, the relations between the Reformation and the wider world can also be conceptualized in a radically different way. Instead of looking at the Reformation as an initially European phenomenon that became global as a result of worldwide transmission and cross-cultural diffusion of its impulses (predominantly in the 19th and 20th centuries), one can invert this perspective and ask whether the Reformation itself can be seen as a product of the increasing global interconnectedness of the early modern Christian world. In the following, I will argue that non-European actors have a considerable share in what became known as the Protestant Reformation and that the religious knowledge produced by and about them was a substantial influence in the development of early Protestant identities. In order to substantiate this claim, I will focus upon African, and more specifically Ethiopian, agency.
The Harp. A Review of Syriac, Oriental and Ecumenical Studies, 2016
G2W. Ökumenisches Forum für Glauben, Religion und Gesellschaft in Ost und West 7/8, 2011
Position within the Research Training Group 2304 “Byzantium and the Euro-Mediterranean Cultures o... more Position within the Research Training Group 2304 “Byzantium and the Euro-Mediterranean Cultures of War. Exchange, Differentiation and Reception”. Candidates are asked either to submit their own proposals for a dissertation topic or to orient their proposals upon one of the perspectives discussed below.
“The fall of Constantinople and the ‘Turkish threat’: theological interpretations of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire in Reformation theology” or: “Visions of an apoca- lyptic war: the reception of Eastern Christian eschatological thought in Early Modern
Protestantism”, or: “The Spiritual Struggle. The Early Modern reception of an Early Christian Topos and its circulation in the Euromediterranean”.
Promotionsstelle im Graduiertenkolleg 2304 „Byzanz und die euromediterranen Kriegskulturen. Austa... more Promotionsstelle im Graduiertenkolleg 2304 „Byzanz und die euromediterranen Kriegskulturen. Austausch, Abgrenzung und Rezeption“. Bewerberinnen und Bewerber sind aufgefordert, eigene Themenvorschläge zu präsentieren oder aber sich an den im Folgenden genannten Perspektiven bzw. möglichen Dissertationsthemen zu orientieren:
„Der Fall Konstantinopels und die »Türkengefahr«: Theologische Deutungen des Untergangs des Byzantinischen Reichs in der reformatorischen Theologie“, oder: „Visionen eines apokalyptischen Kriegs. Rezeptionen des ostkirchlichen eschatologischen Gedankenguts im frühneuzeitlichen Protestantismus“, oder: „Der Geistliche Kampf. Frühneuzeitliche Rezeptionen eines altkirchlichen Topos und dessen Zirkulation im euromediterranen Raum“.
This conference brings together different disciplinary orientations (history, anthropology, relig... more This conference brings together different disciplinary orientations (history, anthropology, religious studies, literary studies, heritage and museum studies) to examine claims of authenticity
and construction of religious and political identity through competing narratives on religious and symbolic sites. It pays particular attention to the ways in which discursive traditions in multi-religious contexts influence constructions of the past, perceptions of history, and social interactions, as they relate to symbolic spaces and sites. Part of the agenda is to examine both the intersection and interdependence of religious and historical narrations in knowledge production, identity formation and belonging. The aim is to formulate questions and devise methodological tools which would allow for comparison both temporally and across regions.
Webinar hosted by the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs at Georgetown University
The webinar will explore a remarkable dialogue between the Wittenberg Reformers, Martin Luther an... more The webinar will explore a remarkable dialogue between the Wittenberg Reformers, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, and Ethiopian Orthodox monk Abba Mika’el that took place in 1534. This early intercultural encounter that has been largely neglected until now should be regarded not only as the starting point of the interaction between the Reformation and the multifaceted world of Orthodox Churches, but also the very first encounter of Protestantism with a non-European form of Christianity. Most importantly, the theological dialogue of Abba Mika’el, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon resulted in a mutually shared conviction that despite some differences Orthodox Christians and proponents of the Wittenberg Reformation belong to the same one Church of Christ. Hence, this proto-ecumenical encounter has extraordinary significant implications for both our understanding of the Reformation’s relations with the wider world and the history of global Christianity in the Early Modern period.
David D. Daniels III, a leading scholar of the global context of the early Reformation period, will moderate a panel between Paulau and three other panelists versed in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox-Lutheran dialogue to discuss the implications of Paulau’s paper and research. The discussants are Rev. Dr. Dagmar Heller, acting director of the Institute for Ecumenical Studies and Research; Solomon Gebreyes Beyene, research fellow at the Hiob Ludolf Centre for Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies; and Tim Wengert, emeritus professor of church history at the United Lutheran Seminary (Philadelphia). The discussion will be framed within three ecumenical contexts: 1) the substance and significance of the 1534 event being the first documented meeting of Protestant leaders and an Orthodox monk; 2) the pre-Regensburg conversation about resolving the Catholic and Protestant conflict; and 3) the intercultural context that frames what we now understand as Global North-South exchanges between Christians and the manner in which the Southern Hemisphere first entered the European Reformation.
November 18th from 20:00–21:30 MEZ (2:00-3:30pm EST)
See more information and register here: https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/events/the-proto-ecumenical-dialogue-of-abba-mika-el-martin-luther-and-philip-melanchthon
Philosophy and Theology, 2020
This article describes the presence of Karl Rahner in philosophical, theological, and propagandis... more This article describes the presence of Karl Rahner in philosophical, theological, and propagandistic works published in the Soviet Union or published outside the USSR and distributed within it. Some references to Rahner appeared in self-published works without the approval of Soviet censors. These included the works of Orthodox theologians such as Sergej Želudkov and Alexander Men’. Other references to Rahner appeared in anti-religious propaganda and in works by Marxist-Leninist philosophers such as Bronislavas Juozas Kuzmickas. By 1992, the year following the collapse of the USSR, Rahner began to receive a more favorable reception in the writing of philosophers such as Elena B. Timerman.