Afsal Kalangadan | International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai (original) (raw)
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Books by Afsal Kalangadan
Taylor & Francis, 2020
Kerala has a long history of migration, and return migration always has a part of the migration p... more Kerala has a long history of migration, and return migration always has a part of the migration process. Kerala has been the major sender of migrants to the Gulf region since the 1970s after the 'oil boom' in the Gulf region (Prakash, 1978; Zachariah and Rajan, 2004). Currently, 90 percent of Kerala's international migrants live in the Gulf region (Rajan and Zacha-riah, 2019). Before opening the door to the Gulf region, most Keralites had migrated towards the Indian metropolitan cities such as Bombay, Kolkata, Delhi and Madras, and there were some migrants from Kerala to Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaya and Singapore. The migration to the Gulf countries has resulted to an inflow of remittance to Kerala which eventually led to poverty reduction, a decrease in the unemployment rate, increases in health care facilities, and improvements in education and demographic indicators (Zachariah et al., 2001a, 2001b). Consequently, however, the flow of international migrants returning back to Kerala started during the mid-1980s, and increased during the 1990s from the Gulf region to Kerala due to the completion of construction and infrastructural works in the Gulf countries, as well as the intense demand of the local citizens for a more significant share of the employment market. Hence, many unskilled and semiskilled labourers were forced to depart from abroad (Shekhar, 1997; Zachariah et al., 2001a; 2001b). As per the Kerala Migration Survey conducted in 1998 (Zachariah et al., 2001a; 2001b), the stock of return migrants was more than seven lakhs in Kerala. In 2003, the number of return migrants rose to 8.9 lakhs (Zachariah and Rajan, 2004). In the global financial crisis period, the number of return migrants increased to 1.16 million, which slipped to 1.15 million in the post-global economic crisis period. During this period, the majority of returnees were from the UAE, followed by Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Zachariah and Rajan, 2010, 2011). However, after 2011, returnees increased to 1.3 million, and the largest number of return emigrants were from Saudi Arabia, followed by UAE and Oman (Zachariah and Rajan, 2012a; Prakash, 2013).
Conference Presentations by Afsal Kalangadan
Just after the global Covid-19 outbreak, 413,000 Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs) living outside Ind... more Just after the global Covid-19 outbreak, 413,000 Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs) living outside India have registered to return to Kerala under Vande Bharath Mission. The Covid outbreak directly affects the three group of migrants, 1. Migrants who have returned to Kerala for breaks/leaves before the pandemic couldn't return/lost the job 2.Migrants returned in the time of pandemic and 3. Migrants at the destination who lost the income source but not returned. The pandemic and the consequences of lockdown have had self-evident impacts on remittances to Kerala from Gulf countries and an unemployment crisis among NRKs. Besides that natural disasters (flood, cyclone, torrential rains and landslides) and public health challenges like epidemic diseases (e.g. viral fever, chikungunya, dengue, Nipah virus and H1N1) are raising the severe threat to the fiscal stability of the state in the last few years. This study reveals the migration and return migration pattern of Kerala using Kerala Migration Data, particularly highlighting the recession of 2008 and also covers the socioeconomic impact of return migration including return migration due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kerala may have to supplement the anticipated drop in the remittances with other revenue. Furthermore, enhancing the talents of returning migrants can be mobilised to sectors suffering from a deficit of human resources and may also facilitate further international migration to new destinations or to the Gulf itself. For quite some time in Kerala, return migration and integration strategies have lost their pertinence. This moment could be an opportunity to reorient these strategies to address the current demands.
Papers by Afsal Kalangadan
Migration and Diversity, 2023
The purpose of this study was to examine to investigate the motivations behind phila... more The purpose of this study was to examine to investigate the motivations behind philanthropic actions among diaspora respondents and gain insights into the areas where the diaspora community channels their donation. The study employed a quantitative research method, collecting primary data from 291 return migrants and migrants on vacation in Malappuram district, Kerala. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to gather quantitative data. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the percentage distribution of philanthropic motives and areas of donation. Cross-tabulations were conducted to explore the relationship between motives for donation and the areas of philanthropic donation based on respondents' background characteristics.The study revealed that spiritual and religious motivation, cultural and community affiliation, ethical response, and seriousness of the problem were the major motives inspiring philanthropic activities. Religious and cultural affiliation were higher amongolder age groups, individuals with lower educational attainment, and those employed in unskilled sectors. Healthcare and medical services, house construction and rehabilitation, education, poverty alleviation, and social welfare activities were the primary areas where the diaspora allocated their resources. Bivariate analysis showed that donors in the below-45 age group had a significantly higher percentage of donations towards education, while those in the above-45 group significantly allocated a higher proportion than their counterparts to religious and social welfare initiatives
Global Social Welfare , 2023
Taylor & Francis, 2020
Kerala has a long history of migration, and return migration always has a part of the migration p... more Kerala has a long history of migration, and return migration always has a part of the migration process. Kerala has been the major sender of migrants to the Gulf region since the 1970s after the 'oil boom' in the Gulf region (Prakash, 1978; Zachariah and Rajan, 2004). Currently, 90 percent of Kerala's international migrants live in the Gulf region (Rajan and Zacha-riah, 2019). Before opening the door to the Gulf region, most Keralites had migrated towards the Indian metropolitan cities such as Bombay, Kolkata, Delhi and Madras, and there were some migrants from Kerala to Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaya and Singapore. The migration to the Gulf countries has resulted to an inflow of remittance to Kerala which eventually led to poverty reduction, a decrease in the unemployment rate, increases in health care facilities, and improvements in education and demographic indicators (Zachariah et al., 2001a, 2001b). Consequently, however, the flow of international migrants returning back to Kerala started during the mid-1980s, and increased during the 1990s from the Gulf region to Kerala due to the completion of construction and infrastructural works in the Gulf countries, as well as the intense demand of the local citizens for a more significant share of the employment market. Hence, many unskilled and semiskilled labourers were forced to depart from abroad (Shekhar, 1997; Zachariah et al., 2001a; 2001b). As per the Kerala Migration Survey conducted in 1998 (Zachariah et al., 2001a; 2001b), the stock of return migrants was more than seven lakhs in Kerala. In 2003, the number of return migrants rose to 8.9 lakhs (Zachariah and Rajan, 2004). In the global financial crisis period, the number of return migrants increased to 1.16 million, which slipped to 1.15 million in the post-global economic crisis period. During this period, the majority of returnees were from the UAE, followed by Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Zachariah and Rajan, 2010, 2011). However, after 2011, returnees increased to 1.3 million, and the largest number of return emigrants were from Saudi Arabia, followed by UAE and Oman (Zachariah and Rajan, 2012a; Prakash, 2013).
Just after the global Covid-19 outbreak, 413,000 Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs) living outside Ind... more Just after the global Covid-19 outbreak, 413,000 Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs) living outside India have registered to return to Kerala under Vande Bharath Mission. The Covid outbreak directly affects the three group of migrants, 1. Migrants who have returned to Kerala for breaks/leaves before the pandemic couldn't return/lost the job 2.Migrants returned in the time of pandemic and 3. Migrants at the destination who lost the income source but not returned. The pandemic and the consequences of lockdown have had self-evident impacts on remittances to Kerala from Gulf countries and an unemployment crisis among NRKs. Besides that natural disasters (flood, cyclone, torrential rains and landslides) and public health challenges like epidemic diseases (e.g. viral fever, chikungunya, dengue, Nipah virus and H1N1) are raising the severe threat to the fiscal stability of the state in the last few years. This study reveals the migration and return migration pattern of Kerala using Kerala Migration Data, particularly highlighting the recession of 2008 and also covers the socioeconomic impact of return migration including return migration due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kerala may have to supplement the anticipated drop in the remittances with other revenue. Furthermore, enhancing the talents of returning migrants can be mobilised to sectors suffering from a deficit of human resources and may also facilitate further international migration to new destinations or to the Gulf itself. For quite some time in Kerala, return migration and integration strategies have lost their pertinence. This moment could be an opportunity to reorient these strategies to address the current demands.
Migration and Diversity, 2023
The purpose of this study was to examine to investigate the motivations behind phila... more The purpose of this study was to examine to investigate the motivations behind philanthropic actions among diaspora respondents and gain insights into the areas where the diaspora community channels their donation. The study employed a quantitative research method, collecting primary data from 291 return migrants and migrants on vacation in Malappuram district, Kerala. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to gather quantitative data. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the percentage distribution of philanthropic motives and areas of donation. Cross-tabulations were conducted to explore the relationship between motives for donation and the areas of philanthropic donation based on respondents' background characteristics.The study revealed that spiritual and religious motivation, cultural and community affiliation, ethical response, and seriousness of the problem were the major motives inspiring philanthropic activities. Religious and cultural affiliation were higher amongolder age groups, individuals with lower educational attainment, and those employed in unskilled sectors. Healthcare and medical services, house construction and rehabilitation, education, poverty alleviation, and social welfare activities were the primary areas where the diaspora allocated their resources. Bivariate analysis showed that donors in the below-45 age group had a significantly higher percentage of donations towards education, while those in the above-45 group significantly allocated a higher proportion than their counterparts to religious and social welfare initiatives
Global Social Welfare , 2023