Manoj Raut - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Manoj Raut

Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition education and counselling by frontline health and nutrition care workers is associated with improved iron adherence among pregnant women: evidence from the National Family Health Surveys, 2015-21

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting developing and developed countrie... more Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health and social and economic development. Methods: This paper attempted to understand the determinants of iron adherence among women of reproductive age during their last pregnancy in India and states/union territories, the iron deficiency being associated with anaemia, using multiple logistic regression analyses of data from the fourth (2015-16) and fifth (2019-21) rounds of the India National Family Health Survey. The individual unit-level data were analysed using Stata 17 software. Results: After adjusting for standard covariates, it was found that those who reported receiving counselling by a frontline health worker and/or antenatal care visits were much more likely to consume at least 90 days of iron-containing supplements. Results shows that for NFHS-4 women who had received counselling from a frontline health and nutrition care worker were 1.4...

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-demographic and economic determinants of adherence to iron intake among pregnant women in selected low and lower middle income countries in Asia: insights from a cross-country analyses of global demographic and health surveys

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, Mar 23, 2018

Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children worldwide (201... more Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children worldwide (2011 estimates). Anaemia is defined as reduced haemoglobin concentration. Among children, it has a known association with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work. Anaemia is a problem affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human ABSTRACT Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting around 800 million children and women worldwide. Anaemia, defined as a reduced haemoglobin concentration, is associated with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work. Methods: This paper attempts to understand the determinants underlying iron intake in select countries in Asia using multivariate regression analyses of recent data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of eight countries of Afghanistan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The individual level data was analysed, using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW) 18.0 release. Results: After adjusting for standard co-variates, exposure to newspaper was found to be associated with increased adherence to iron tablets or syrup, in five of the eight countries (India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and the Philippines). Exposure to television was significantly associated with coverage and adherence to iron tablets or syrup in Afghanistan, India, Indonesia and Myanmar. Those who received at least three antenatal care visits were much more likely to adhere to at least 90 days of iron tablet or syrup or iron and folic acid tablets supplementation. Conclusions: Based on insights from eight demographic and health surveys, mass media (including print and TV), as well as antenatal care-seeking visits seem to be a particularly effective ways of reaching women and in increasing the likelihood of uptake of iron only or iron and folic acid supplements.

Research paper thumbnail of Awareness about Anaemia and Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) among School-Going Adolescent Girls and Parents in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (Proceedings of the 13th Asian Congress of Nutrition (ACN) : Nutrition and Food Innovation for Sustained Well-being)

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, Dec 1, 2020

Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) prog... more Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) program in two provinces for school going adolescent girls to reduce anaemia. This study aimed to explore the awareness and understanding of school-going adolescent girls and parents regarding anaemia and WIFAS. The study was conducted in 10 districts, each from East Java province and East Nusa Tenggara province. Twenty focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n5174) and ten FGDs with parents (n566). Also, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n520) and their parents (n510) from 20 schools. All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using NVivo Pro 12 software. School going adolescent girls and parents had high levels of misinformation about anaemia and healthy nutritional practices, which were influenced by socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits. Both parents and girls perceived low risk of anaemia for school-going adolescent girls. Girls stated that their parents' opinion about anaemia influenced their desire to consume iron supplements. In conclusion, girls and parents would benefit from increased access to information about anaemia risks and prevention, and the benefits of WIFAS for adolescent girls. Prevention of anemia should include relevant dietary guidance that considers their socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits.

Research paper thumbnail of National and Sub-National Estimates of Household Coverage of Iodized Salt and Urinary Iodine Status among Women of Reproductive Age in India: Insights from the India Iodine Survey, 2018–19

National and Sub-National Estimates of Household Coverage of Iodized Salt and Urinary Iodine Status among Women of Reproductive Age in India: Insights from the India Iodine Survey, 2018–19

The Journal of Nutrition

Background: Iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem for many populations worldwi... more Background: Iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem for many populations worldwide, including India, particularly during the "first 1000 days" of life. Though Universal Salt iodization (USI) is mandatory in India, prior to 2018-19, there was no statewide survey with estimates of iodine concentrations in salt using iodometric titration. Taking cognizance of this fact, Nutrition International commissioned the first-of-its-kind national-level survey in India, titled the India Iodine Survey 2018-19. Objectives: The study was conducted across the country to provide national and subnational estimates of iodine concentrations in household salt using iodometric titration and iodine nutrition status among women of reproductive age (15-49 y). Methods: The survey adopted a multi-stage random cluster probability proportional to size sampling design, covering 21,406 households in all the states and union territories (UTs) of India. Results: At the national level, the household coverage of edible salt with adequate iodine (content !15 parts/million) was 76.3%. At the sub-national level, the coverage varied, with 10 states and 3 UTs achieving USI and 11 states and 2 UTs falling below the national average, with the highest among all the states and UTs, being Jammu and Kashmir and the lowest being Tamil Nadu. At the national level, the median urinary iodine concentration for pregnant women was 173.4 μg/L, for lactating women was 172.8 μg/L, and for non-pregnant, nonlactating women, it was 178.0 μg/L, which is within the adequate iodine nutrition range according to the WHO guidelines. Conclusions: The survey results can be widely used by various stakeholders, including government, academia, and industry, to understand the iodine nutrition status of the population, enable the scale-up of sustained efforts toward consolidating gains and achieving USI, leading to the reduction and elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.

Research paper thumbnail of Antenatal care is associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in selected low‐middle‐income‐countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean regions: Insights from Demographic and Health Surveys

Antenatal care is associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in selected low‐middle‐income‐countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean regions: Insights from Demographic and Health Surveys

Maternal & Child Nutrition

Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anae... more Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anaemia is associated with perinatal mortality, child morbidity and mortality, mental development, immune competence, susceptibility to lead poisoning and performance at work. The objective of this article is to identify whether antenatal care‐seeking was associated with the uptake of iron supplementation among pregnant women, adjusting for a range of covariates. This article used data from the cross‐sectional recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean regions. The individual‐level data from 273,144 women of reproductive age (15−49 years) were analysed from multi‐country DHS. Multiple Logistic regression analyses were conducted using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW), Release 18.0. Receiving at least four antenatal care visits was significantly associated with the consumption of 90 or more iron‐containing suppl...

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-demographic factors associated with anaemia among non-pregnant and non-lactating women from low-income families in two selected districts of Madhya Pradesh state of India: a random forest analysis

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Background: Anaemia is one of the most common public health challenges. The objective of this pap... more Background: Anaemia is one of the most common public health challenges. The objective of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of anaemia among non-pregnant and non-lactating women (NPNLW) (15-49 years) from low-income families and to assess the associations between socio-demographic and economic factors, and the prevalence of anaemia.Methods: Primary data of non-pregnant and non-lactating women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) from low-income families collected from two selected districts of Madhya Pradesh state, India were used. Inferential statistical tools like; multiple binary logistic regressions and random forest analysis were adopted to assess the socio-demographic and economic factors associated with anaemia.Results: The results revealed that prevalence of anaemia in both the districts are quite high at 60.8% (95% CI: 58.6%, 62.9%) in Vidisha to 63.7% (95% CI: 61.6%, 65.7%) in Raisen with mean haemoglobin levels of 11.27±1.92 g/dl in Vidisha to 11.24±1.70 g/dl in Ra...

Research paper thumbnail of Coverage and Adherence of Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation among School Going Adolescent Girls in Indonesia

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2020

The Weekly Iron Folic Acid (WIFA) supplementation program for school going adolescent girls has b... more The Weekly Iron Folic Acid (WIFA) supplementation program for school going adolescent girls has been implemented by Indonesian Government since 2016. The objective of this study was to assess the coverage and adherence toward the WIFAS among school going adolescent girls, as part of a baseline assessment of the new intervention. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in East Java (EJ) and East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) in year 2018. The samples were drawn from 60 high schools from 20 districts. The data collection was done by using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Results: The total number of respondents in EJ and ENT was 934 and 922 adolescent girls respectively, with a mean age of 17 y. The percentage of girls who reported to have received WIFAS tablet in the last six months was only 10% in ENT and 31% in EJ. The average number of WIFA tablet received was only 0.4-1.4 tablets and the average number of tablets consumed was only 0.4-0.7 tablet in the last 6 mo. Adolescent girls, who consumed at least 1 tablet was only 9% in ENT and 18% in EJ. The frequently causes of not consuming WIFA were that they forgot; did not think it was necessary; and were scared side effects. Conclusion: The coverage and adherence to WIFA program among school going adolescent girls in EJ and ENT provinces were low.

Research paper thumbnail of Motivation of Health Workers and Their Performance at Grassroots Level and Attitude of People Towards Health Services and Delivery: Findings of a Field Study in Gujarat & Odisha States of India

Background: Motivation is a force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. T... more Background: Motivation is a force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. There are different theories which have been proposed to describe the various aspects of motivation as well as job satisfaction of workers. Health worker motivation and work performance are closely related.

Research paper thumbnail of Awareness about Anaemia and Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) among School-Going Adolescent Girls and Parents in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2020

Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) prog... more Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) program in two provinces for school going adolescent girls to reduce anaemia. This study aimed to explore the awareness and understanding of school-going adolescent girls and parents regarding anaemia and WIFAS. The study was conducted in 10 districts, each from East Java province and East Nusa Tenggara province. Twenty focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n5174) and ten FGDs with parents (n566). Also, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n520) and their parents (n510) from 20 schools. All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using NVivo Pro 12 software. School going adolescent girls and parents had high levels of misinformation about anaemia and healthy nutritional practices, which were influenced by socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits. Both parents and girls perceived low risk of anaemia for school-going adolescent girls. Girls stated that their parents' opinion about anaemia influenced their desire to consume iron supplements. In conclusion, girls and parents would benefit from increased access to information about anaemia risks and prevention, and the benefits of WIFAS for adolescent girls. Prevention of anemia should include relevant dietary guidance that considers their socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits.

Research paper thumbnail of Associations of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices toward Anemia with Anemia Prevalence and Height-for-Age Z-Score among Indonesian Adolescent Girls

Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2021

Background: Crucial gaps persist in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of adolescent girls t... more Background: Crucial gaps persist in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of adolescent girls that affect anemia and linear growth failure. Objective: To understand the role of KAP as a risk factor of anemia and linear growth problem in adolescent girls. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 335 adolescent girls selected by clustered random sampling. The KAP questionnaire had 18 variables consisting of 9 knowledge, 3 attitude, and 6 practice components. Twelve variables addressed nutrition, dietary diversity, and health environments related to both anemia and stunting. The questionnaire was adapted from the 2014 Food and Agriculture Organization nutrition-related KAP guidelines for anemia. Dietary practice was evaluated from 2-day 24-hour recalls and a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Associations between KAP and anemia, and height-for-age z-score (HAZ), were analyzed using multivariate logistic and linear regression models, respectively. Results: The me...

Research paper thumbnail of Monitoring of health and nutrition sustainable development goals and indicators: a case of estimation of denominators in thirteen 100 million+ countries for the mid-year of 2017

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, Apr 24, 2018

program. This is usually available through population censuses, which with quinquennial or decada... more program. This is usually available through population censuses, which with quinquennial or decadal. But, during the inter-censal period, there is a need to obtain data on denominators for monitoring the program to enable effective course corrections to achieve the program objective, outputs and outcomes. This is an attempt to devise a methodology to arrive at these denominators for program monitoring.

Research paper thumbnail of Sdg 3 monitoring at sub-national level with data from the civil registration system in rajasthan state, india : 2001-14

Journal of Management and Science, 2017

In India, Civil registration was initiated under the registration of births and deaths act,1969 t... more In India, Civil registration was initiated under the registration of births and deaths act,1969 to give reliable estimates of fertility and mortality situation for the nation up to the lowest administrative levels, but due to its inadequate and underreporting, still the Sample Registration System is used to generate reliable indicators of fertility and mortality. In this paper, an attempt is made to compute certain indicators from the civil registration system for the period of 2001-14 in the State of Rajasthan, India. The major SDG indicators of goal 3 of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages; targets 3.1 (By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births) and 3.2 (By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births)...

Research paper thumbnail of Association between adherence to iron intake and anaemia prevalence among women in Cambodia and India: new evidence from recent global demographic and health surveys

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting around 800 million children and w... more Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting around 800 million children and women worldwide. Anaemia, defined as a reduced haemoglobin concentration, is associated with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work.Methods: This paper attempts to understand the determinants underlying iron and folic acid intake and correlates of anaemia prevalence in two countries in the Asia region using multivariate binary logistic regression analyses of recent data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Cambodia and India. The individual level data was analysed, using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW) 18.0 release.Results: After adjusting for standard co-variates, reading newspaper and watching television was significantly associated with coverage, while reading newspaper and listening to radio was ...

Research paper thumbnail of Projection of population of stunted children under five years and anaemic women of reproductive age in thirteen low, upper and high income 100 million+ countries around the world up to 2050

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: In 2012, the World Health Assembly Resolution 65.6 endorsed a comprehensive implement... more Background: In 2012, the World Health Assembly Resolution 65.6 endorsed a comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition, which specified a set of six global nutrition targets that by 2025. The goals were aimed at reducing stunting, anaemia, low birth weight, no increase in childhood overweight, increase rates of exclusive breastfeeding and reduce and maintain wasting. Out of these an average annual rate of reduction (AARR) of 3.9% for a 40% reduction in reduction in the number of children under five years of age who are stunted and an average annual rate of reduction of 5.2% has been estimated for a 50% reduction in anaemia among women of reproductive age.Methods: This paper uses demographic techniques to project the number of stunted children under five years and anaemic women for the thirteen 100 million plus countries as of UN population projections, 2017 of Philippines, Ethiopia, Japan, Mexico, Russian Federation, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Intensive monitoring and interpersonal counselling by lady health worker improves the coverage of vitamin A among children between ages 6 and 59 months in selected low performing provinces of Pakistan

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: Nutrition International, previously known as Micronutrient Initiative, has been suppo... more Background: Nutrition International, previously known as Micronutrient Initiative, has been supporting the government of Pakistan to address vitamin A deficiency in 24 districts of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 78 union councils of Lahore and Karachi. The program aims to improve capacity of health managers and frontline workers on supply chain management and monitoring; monitoring of stock-outs at health facilities and frontline distribution points; and focus on regular monitoring and supervision through EPI and health departments. Challenge however remains in achieving meaningful coverage. The Nutrition International piloted an intensive monitoring strategy in a sub-set of four districts of Balochistan and KPK and 14 union councils in Karachi and Lahore with an aim to improve coverage of vitamin A. The study assessed the changes in coverage of vitamin A supplementation 2011 to 2012 due to the intensive monitoring.Methods: Two rounds of repeated cross-sectional mixed-method...

Research paper thumbnail of Addressing the rising cause of death due to diseases of the circulatory system geared towards achieving SDG 3: evidence from data on medical certification of cause of deaths in Rajasthan State, India: 1999-2015

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2017

Background: Medical certification of cause of death (MCCD) scheme is imperative tool to obtain sc... more Background: Medical certification of cause of death (MCCD) scheme is imperative tool to obtain scientific and reliable information in terms causes of mortality. The office of the registrar general of India (ORGI) initiated the scheme on MCCD under civil registration system (CRS), during the third five year plan. Methods: This paper analyzes the data for the last 16 years for MCCD in Rajasthan from 1999 to 2015. The findings are based on more than half a million deaths, for which cause of death data is reported. The per cent of cause of deaths have been computed and the curve estimation method has been used to project the cause of death due to circulatory diseases. Results: The data reveals that the percentage of medically certified deaths hovers around 10 to 13 percent during 1999 to 2015 of the total deaths registered under the civil registration system, which is about 5 million deaths. The highest percentage of deaths that has been medically certified is due to circulatory disease...

Research paper thumbnail of Global age-specific denominator estimation for monitoring of health and nutrition SDGs and indicators based on population projections of the UN World population prospects, 2017 revision, for the year 2018

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: The success of any program is measured by continuous monitoring through service stati... more Background: The success of any program is measured by continuous monitoring through service statistics for a periodic oversight and through evaluation surveys to measure the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities in the light of specified objectives. Service statistics need a lot of indicators to be tracked on a regular basis. The service statistics provide us with numerators. To understand the numerators more meaningfully, we need to standardize them by using specific denominators. So, denominators have to be estimated, which can enable computation of indicators for monitoring purposes. Census and Large scale sample surveys provide proportions to calculate denominators for program monitoring purposes.Methods: This paper uses demographic techniques to estimate denominators for all the countries for which data from the world population prospects is available.Results: The denominators have been estimated for number of infants, children and women of reproductive ...

Research paper thumbnail of Enablers of vitamin A coverage among children under five years of age from multi-country analyses of global demographic and health surveys in selected LMIC and LIC countries in Africa and Asia: a random forest analysis

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: Vitamin A deficiency is a common form of micronutrient malnutrition. The estimated re... more Background: Vitamin A deficiency is a common form of micronutrient malnutrition. The estimated relative risks associated with vitamin A deficiency in children were 1.86 (95% CI 1.32–2.59) for measles mortality, 2.15 (95% CI 1.83–2.58) for diarrhoea mortality, 1.78 (95% CI 1.43–2.19) for malaria mortality, 1.13 (95% CI 1.01–1.32) for other infectious disease mortality. Vitamin A supplementation reduces night blindness, child morbidity and mortality.Methods: This paper tries to explore the socio-demographic causes of receipt of vitamin A in selected lower-middle-income and low income countries by analysing the data of the demographic and health surveys from 2012 and 2016 using PASW 18.0 software. Multivariate binary logistic regressions were conducted to explore the role of socio-demographic covariates in the receipt of vitamin A supplementation. In addition, random forest (RF) analyses were conducted using Python 3.6.Results: After adjusting for related socio-economic and demographic...

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-demographic Determinants of Vitamin A Supplementation in Bangladesh: Evidences from Recent Bangladesh Demographic & Health Surveys, 2007 & 2011

Socio-demographic Determinants of Vitamin A Supplementation in Bangladesh: Evidences from Recent Bangladesh Demographic & Health Surveys, 2007 & 2011

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Sociodemographic and economic determinants of overweight and obesity in female food-aid users in France (The ABENA study 2004–2005)

Sociodemographic and economic determinants of overweight and obesity in female food-aid users in France (The ABENA study 2004–2005)

Preventive Medicine, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition education and counselling by frontline health and nutrition care workers is associated with improved iron adherence among pregnant women: evidence from the National Family Health Surveys, 2015-21

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting developing and developed countrie... more Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health and social and economic development. Methods: This paper attempted to understand the determinants of iron adherence among women of reproductive age during their last pregnancy in India and states/union territories, the iron deficiency being associated with anaemia, using multiple logistic regression analyses of data from the fourth (2015-16) and fifth (2019-21) rounds of the India National Family Health Survey. The individual unit-level data were analysed using Stata 17 software. Results: After adjusting for standard covariates, it was found that those who reported receiving counselling by a frontline health worker and/or antenatal care visits were much more likely to consume at least 90 days of iron-containing supplements. Results shows that for NFHS-4 women who had received counselling from a frontline health and nutrition care worker were 1.4...

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-demographic and economic determinants of adherence to iron intake among pregnant women in selected low and lower middle income countries in Asia: insights from a cross-country analyses of global demographic and health surveys

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, Mar 23, 2018

Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children worldwide (201... more Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children worldwide (2011 estimates). Anaemia is defined as reduced haemoglobin concentration. Among children, it has a known association with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work. Anaemia is a problem affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human ABSTRACT Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting around 800 million children and women worldwide. Anaemia, defined as a reduced haemoglobin concentration, is associated with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work. Methods: This paper attempts to understand the determinants underlying iron intake in select countries in Asia using multivariate regression analyses of recent data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of eight countries of Afghanistan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The individual level data was analysed, using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW) 18.0 release. Results: After adjusting for standard co-variates, exposure to newspaper was found to be associated with increased adherence to iron tablets or syrup, in five of the eight countries (India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and the Philippines). Exposure to television was significantly associated with coverage and adherence to iron tablets or syrup in Afghanistan, India, Indonesia and Myanmar. Those who received at least three antenatal care visits were much more likely to adhere to at least 90 days of iron tablet or syrup or iron and folic acid tablets supplementation. Conclusions: Based on insights from eight demographic and health surveys, mass media (including print and TV), as well as antenatal care-seeking visits seem to be a particularly effective ways of reaching women and in increasing the likelihood of uptake of iron only or iron and folic acid supplements.

Research paper thumbnail of Awareness about Anaemia and Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) among School-Going Adolescent Girls and Parents in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (Proceedings of the 13th Asian Congress of Nutrition (ACN) : Nutrition and Food Innovation for Sustained Well-being)

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, Dec 1, 2020

Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) prog... more Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) program in two provinces for school going adolescent girls to reduce anaemia. This study aimed to explore the awareness and understanding of school-going adolescent girls and parents regarding anaemia and WIFAS. The study was conducted in 10 districts, each from East Java province and East Nusa Tenggara province. Twenty focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n5174) and ten FGDs with parents (n566). Also, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n520) and their parents (n510) from 20 schools. All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using NVivo Pro 12 software. School going adolescent girls and parents had high levels of misinformation about anaemia and healthy nutritional practices, which were influenced by socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits. Both parents and girls perceived low risk of anaemia for school-going adolescent girls. Girls stated that their parents' opinion about anaemia influenced their desire to consume iron supplements. In conclusion, girls and parents would benefit from increased access to information about anaemia risks and prevention, and the benefits of WIFAS for adolescent girls. Prevention of anemia should include relevant dietary guidance that considers their socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits.

Research paper thumbnail of National and Sub-National Estimates of Household Coverage of Iodized Salt and Urinary Iodine Status among Women of Reproductive Age in India: Insights from the India Iodine Survey, 2018–19

National and Sub-National Estimates of Household Coverage of Iodized Salt and Urinary Iodine Status among Women of Reproductive Age in India: Insights from the India Iodine Survey, 2018–19

The Journal of Nutrition

Background: Iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem for many populations worldwi... more Background: Iodine deficiency is a significant public health problem for many populations worldwide, including India, particularly during the "first 1000 days" of life. Though Universal Salt iodization (USI) is mandatory in India, prior to 2018-19, there was no statewide survey with estimates of iodine concentrations in salt using iodometric titration. Taking cognizance of this fact, Nutrition International commissioned the first-of-its-kind national-level survey in India, titled the India Iodine Survey 2018-19. Objectives: The study was conducted across the country to provide national and subnational estimates of iodine concentrations in household salt using iodometric titration and iodine nutrition status among women of reproductive age (15-49 y). Methods: The survey adopted a multi-stage random cluster probability proportional to size sampling design, covering 21,406 households in all the states and union territories (UTs) of India. Results: At the national level, the household coverage of edible salt with adequate iodine (content !15 parts/million) was 76.3%. At the sub-national level, the coverage varied, with 10 states and 3 UTs achieving USI and 11 states and 2 UTs falling below the national average, with the highest among all the states and UTs, being Jammu and Kashmir and the lowest being Tamil Nadu. At the national level, the median urinary iodine concentration for pregnant women was 173.4 μg/L, for lactating women was 172.8 μg/L, and for non-pregnant, nonlactating women, it was 178.0 μg/L, which is within the adequate iodine nutrition range according to the WHO guidelines. Conclusions: The survey results can be widely used by various stakeholders, including government, academia, and industry, to understand the iodine nutrition status of the population, enable the scale-up of sustained efforts toward consolidating gains and achieving USI, leading to the reduction and elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.

Research paper thumbnail of Antenatal care is associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in selected low‐middle‐income‐countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean regions: Insights from Demographic and Health Surveys

Antenatal care is associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in selected low‐middle‐income‐countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean regions: Insights from Demographic and Health Surveys

Maternal & Child Nutrition

Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anae... more Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anaemia is associated with perinatal mortality, child morbidity and mortality, mental development, immune competence, susceptibility to lead poisoning and performance at work. The objective of this article is to identify whether antenatal care‐seeking was associated with the uptake of iron supplementation among pregnant women, adjusting for a range of covariates. This article used data from the cross‐sectional recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean regions. The individual‐level data from 273,144 women of reproductive age (15−49 years) were analysed from multi‐country DHS. Multiple Logistic regression analyses were conducted using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW), Release 18.0. Receiving at least four antenatal care visits was significantly associated with the consumption of 90 or more iron‐containing suppl...

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-demographic factors associated with anaemia among non-pregnant and non-lactating women from low-income families in two selected districts of Madhya Pradesh state of India: a random forest analysis

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Background: Anaemia is one of the most common public health challenges. The objective of this pap... more Background: Anaemia is one of the most common public health challenges. The objective of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of anaemia among non-pregnant and non-lactating women (NPNLW) (15-49 years) from low-income families and to assess the associations between socio-demographic and economic factors, and the prevalence of anaemia.Methods: Primary data of non-pregnant and non-lactating women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) from low-income families collected from two selected districts of Madhya Pradesh state, India were used. Inferential statistical tools like; multiple binary logistic regressions and random forest analysis were adopted to assess the socio-demographic and economic factors associated with anaemia.Results: The results revealed that prevalence of anaemia in both the districts are quite high at 60.8% (95% CI: 58.6%, 62.9%) in Vidisha to 63.7% (95% CI: 61.6%, 65.7%) in Raisen with mean haemoglobin levels of 11.27±1.92 g/dl in Vidisha to 11.24±1.70 g/dl in Ra...

Research paper thumbnail of Coverage and Adherence of Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation among School Going Adolescent Girls in Indonesia

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2020

The Weekly Iron Folic Acid (WIFA) supplementation program for school going adolescent girls has b... more The Weekly Iron Folic Acid (WIFA) supplementation program for school going adolescent girls has been implemented by Indonesian Government since 2016. The objective of this study was to assess the coverage and adherence toward the WIFAS among school going adolescent girls, as part of a baseline assessment of the new intervention. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in East Java (EJ) and East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) in year 2018. The samples were drawn from 60 high schools from 20 districts. The data collection was done by using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Results: The total number of respondents in EJ and ENT was 934 and 922 adolescent girls respectively, with a mean age of 17 y. The percentage of girls who reported to have received WIFAS tablet in the last six months was only 10% in ENT and 31% in EJ. The average number of WIFA tablet received was only 0.4-1.4 tablets and the average number of tablets consumed was only 0.4-0.7 tablet in the last 6 mo. Adolescent girls, who consumed at least 1 tablet was only 9% in ENT and 18% in EJ. The frequently causes of not consuming WIFA were that they forgot; did not think it was necessary; and were scared side effects. Conclusion: The coverage and adherence to WIFA program among school going adolescent girls in EJ and ENT provinces were low.

Research paper thumbnail of Motivation of Health Workers and Their Performance at Grassroots Level and Attitude of People Towards Health Services and Delivery: Findings of a Field Study in Gujarat & Odisha States of India

Background: Motivation is a force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. T... more Background: Motivation is a force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. There are different theories which have been proposed to describe the various aspects of motivation as well as job satisfaction of workers. Health worker motivation and work performance are closely related.

Research paper thumbnail of Awareness about Anaemia and Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) among School-Going Adolescent Girls and Parents in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2020

Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) prog... more Since 2016, Indonesia has been implementing a weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFAS) program in two provinces for school going adolescent girls to reduce anaemia. This study aimed to explore the awareness and understanding of school-going adolescent girls and parents regarding anaemia and WIFAS. The study was conducted in 10 districts, each from East Java province and East Nusa Tenggara province. Twenty focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n5174) and ten FGDs with parents (n566). Also, in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with school-going adolescent girls (n520) and their parents (n510) from 20 schools. All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using NVivo Pro 12 software. School going adolescent girls and parents had high levels of misinformation about anaemia and healthy nutritional practices, which were influenced by socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits. Both parents and girls perceived low risk of anaemia for school-going adolescent girls. Girls stated that their parents' opinion about anaemia influenced their desire to consume iron supplements. In conclusion, girls and parents would benefit from increased access to information about anaemia risks and prevention, and the benefits of WIFAS for adolescent girls. Prevention of anemia should include relevant dietary guidance that considers their socio-cultural milieu and local dietary habits.

Research paper thumbnail of Associations of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices toward Anemia with Anemia Prevalence and Height-for-Age Z-Score among Indonesian Adolescent Girls

Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2021

Background: Crucial gaps persist in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of adolescent girls t... more Background: Crucial gaps persist in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of adolescent girls that affect anemia and linear growth failure. Objective: To understand the role of KAP as a risk factor of anemia and linear growth problem in adolescent girls. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 335 adolescent girls selected by clustered random sampling. The KAP questionnaire had 18 variables consisting of 9 knowledge, 3 attitude, and 6 practice components. Twelve variables addressed nutrition, dietary diversity, and health environments related to both anemia and stunting. The questionnaire was adapted from the 2014 Food and Agriculture Organization nutrition-related KAP guidelines for anemia. Dietary practice was evaluated from 2-day 24-hour recalls and a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Associations between KAP and anemia, and height-for-age z-score (HAZ), were analyzed using multivariate logistic and linear regression models, respectively. Results: The me...

Research paper thumbnail of Monitoring of health and nutrition sustainable development goals and indicators: a case of estimation of denominators in thirteen 100 million+ countries for the mid-year of 2017

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, Apr 24, 2018

program. This is usually available through population censuses, which with quinquennial or decada... more program. This is usually available through population censuses, which with quinquennial or decadal. But, during the inter-censal period, there is a need to obtain data on denominators for monitoring the program to enable effective course corrections to achieve the program objective, outputs and outcomes. This is an attempt to devise a methodology to arrive at these denominators for program monitoring.

Research paper thumbnail of Sdg 3 monitoring at sub-national level with data from the civil registration system in rajasthan state, india : 2001-14

Journal of Management and Science, 2017

In India, Civil registration was initiated under the registration of births and deaths act,1969 t... more In India, Civil registration was initiated under the registration of births and deaths act,1969 to give reliable estimates of fertility and mortality situation for the nation up to the lowest administrative levels, but due to its inadequate and underreporting, still the Sample Registration System is used to generate reliable indicators of fertility and mortality. In this paper, an attempt is made to compute certain indicators from the civil registration system for the period of 2001-14 in the State of Rajasthan, India. The major SDG indicators of goal 3 of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages; targets 3.1 (By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births) and 3.2 (By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births)...

Research paper thumbnail of Association between adherence to iron intake and anaemia prevalence among women in Cambodia and India: new evidence from recent global demographic and health surveys

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting around 800 million children and w... more Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting around 800 million children and women worldwide. Anaemia, defined as a reduced haemoglobin concentration, is associated with increased peri-natal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work.Methods: This paper attempts to understand the determinants underlying iron and folic acid intake and correlates of anaemia prevalence in two countries in the Asia region using multivariate binary logistic regression analyses of recent data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Cambodia and India. The individual level data was analysed, using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW) 18.0 release.Results: After adjusting for standard co-variates, reading newspaper and watching television was significantly associated with coverage, while reading newspaper and listening to radio was ...

Research paper thumbnail of Projection of population of stunted children under five years and anaemic women of reproductive age in thirteen low, upper and high income 100 million+ countries around the world up to 2050

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: In 2012, the World Health Assembly Resolution 65.6 endorsed a comprehensive implement... more Background: In 2012, the World Health Assembly Resolution 65.6 endorsed a comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition, which specified a set of six global nutrition targets that by 2025. The goals were aimed at reducing stunting, anaemia, low birth weight, no increase in childhood overweight, increase rates of exclusive breastfeeding and reduce and maintain wasting. Out of these an average annual rate of reduction (AARR) of 3.9% for a 40% reduction in reduction in the number of children under five years of age who are stunted and an average annual rate of reduction of 5.2% has been estimated for a 50% reduction in anaemia among women of reproductive age.Methods: This paper uses demographic techniques to project the number of stunted children under five years and anaemic women for the thirteen 100 million plus countries as of UN population projections, 2017 of Philippines, Ethiopia, Japan, Mexico, Russian Federation, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Intensive monitoring and interpersonal counselling by lady health worker improves the coverage of vitamin A among children between ages 6 and 59 months in selected low performing provinces of Pakistan

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: Nutrition International, previously known as Micronutrient Initiative, has been suppo... more Background: Nutrition International, previously known as Micronutrient Initiative, has been supporting the government of Pakistan to address vitamin A deficiency in 24 districts of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 78 union councils of Lahore and Karachi. The program aims to improve capacity of health managers and frontline workers on supply chain management and monitoring; monitoring of stock-outs at health facilities and frontline distribution points; and focus on regular monitoring and supervision through EPI and health departments. Challenge however remains in achieving meaningful coverage. The Nutrition International piloted an intensive monitoring strategy in a sub-set of four districts of Balochistan and KPK and 14 union councils in Karachi and Lahore with an aim to improve coverage of vitamin A. The study assessed the changes in coverage of vitamin A supplementation 2011 to 2012 due to the intensive monitoring.Methods: Two rounds of repeated cross-sectional mixed-method...

Research paper thumbnail of Addressing the rising cause of death due to diseases of the circulatory system geared towards achieving SDG 3: evidence from data on medical certification of cause of deaths in Rajasthan State, India: 1999-2015

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2017

Background: Medical certification of cause of death (MCCD) scheme is imperative tool to obtain sc... more Background: Medical certification of cause of death (MCCD) scheme is imperative tool to obtain scientific and reliable information in terms causes of mortality. The office of the registrar general of India (ORGI) initiated the scheme on MCCD under civil registration system (CRS), during the third five year plan. Methods: This paper analyzes the data for the last 16 years for MCCD in Rajasthan from 1999 to 2015. The findings are based on more than half a million deaths, for which cause of death data is reported. The per cent of cause of deaths have been computed and the curve estimation method has been used to project the cause of death due to circulatory diseases. Results: The data reveals that the percentage of medically certified deaths hovers around 10 to 13 percent during 1999 to 2015 of the total deaths registered under the civil registration system, which is about 5 million deaths. The highest percentage of deaths that has been medically certified is due to circulatory disease...

Research paper thumbnail of Global age-specific denominator estimation for monitoring of health and nutrition SDGs and indicators based on population projections of the UN World population prospects, 2017 revision, for the year 2018

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: The success of any program is measured by continuous monitoring through service stati... more Background: The success of any program is measured by continuous monitoring through service statistics for a periodic oversight and through evaluation surveys to measure the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities in the light of specified objectives. Service statistics need a lot of indicators to be tracked on a regular basis. The service statistics provide us with numerators. To understand the numerators more meaningfully, we need to standardize them by using specific denominators. So, denominators have to be estimated, which can enable computation of indicators for monitoring purposes. Census and Large scale sample surveys provide proportions to calculate denominators for program monitoring purposes.Methods: This paper uses demographic techniques to estimate denominators for all the countries for which data from the world population prospects is available.Results: The denominators have been estimated for number of infants, children and women of reproductive ...

Research paper thumbnail of Enablers of vitamin A coverage among children under five years of age from multi-country analyses of global demographic and health surveys in selected LMIC and LIC countries in Africa and Asia: a random forest analysis

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2018

Background: Vitamin A deficiency is a common form of micronutrient malnutrition. The estimated re... more Background: Vitamin A deficiency is a common form of micronutrient malnutrition. The estimated relative risks associated with vitamin A deficiency in children were 1.86 (95% CI 1.32–2.59) for measles mortality, 2.15 (95% CI 1.83–2.58) for diarrhoea mortality, 1.78 (95% CI 1.43–2.19) for malaria mortality, 1.13 (95% CI 1.01–1.32) for other infectious disease mortality. Vitamin A supplementation reduces night blindness, child morbidity and mortality.Methods: This paper tries to explore the socio-demographic causes of receipt of vitamin A in selected lower-middle-income and low income countries by analysing the data of the demographic and health surveys from 2012 and 2016 using PASW 18.0 software. Multivariate binary logistic regressions were conducted to explore the role of socio-demographic covariates in the receipt of vitamin A supplementation. In addition, random forest (RF) analyses were conducted using Python 3.6.Results: After adjusting for related socio-economic and demographic...

Research paper thumbnail of Socio-demographic Determinants of Vitamin A Supplementation in Bangladesh: Evidences from Recent Bangladesh Demographic & Health Surveys, 2007 & 2011

Socio-demographic Determinants of Vitamin A Supplementation in Bangladesh: Evidences from Recent Bangladesh Demographic & Health Surveys, 2007 & 2011

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Sociodemographic and economic determinants of overweight and obesity in female food-aid users in France (The ABENA study 2004–2005)

Sociodemographic and economic determinants of overweight and obesity in female food-aid users in France (The ABENA study 2004–2005)

Preventive Medicine, 2010