Morenike Folayan | Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife,Nigeria (original) (raw)

Papers by Morenike Folayan

Research paper thumbnail of Social media information and its association with the adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures in four Latin American countries

Research paper thumbnail of A multi-country study of the associations between HIV vulnerability status, perception of COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the first wave of the pandemic

BMC Public Health

Background This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 related stigma and post-trau... more Background This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); and the associations between PTSS and COVID-19 related stigma, HIV status, COVID-19 status and key HIV population status. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data of 12,355 study participants generated through an online survey that recruited adults from 152 countries between July and December 2020. The dependent variables were COVID-19-related stigma and PTSS. The independent variables were HIV status (positive/negative), transaction sex (yes/no), use of psychoactive drugs (yes/no), and vulnerability status (transaction sex workers, people who use psychoactive drugs, living with HIV, and COVID-19 status). The confounding variables were age, sex at birth (male/female), level of education, sexual minority individuals (yes/no) and country income level. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between the dependent...

Research paper thumbnail of Association between Family Level Influences and Caries Prevention Views and Practices of School Children in a Sub-Urban Nigerian Community

BioMed

Little is known about how family-level factors influence children’s caries prevention views and p... more Little is known about how family-level factors influence children’s caries prevention views and practices in Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between family level characteristics and caries prevention views and practices of 6–11-year-old primary school children. Data was collected through a cross-sectional survey of 1326 children in Ile-Ife, a Nigerian suburb. The child’s family structure, size, and birth rank were independent variables while the child’s caries prevention views and self-care practices were dependent variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk indicator(s) for caries prevention views and practices. The study participants’ mean (SD) age was 8.7 (1.9) years, 407 (30.7%) children had positive caries prevention views, and 106 (8.0%) children did not use the recommended self-care caries preventive methods. Children from larger families had significantly lower odds of having positive prevention views...

Research paper thumbnail of Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Psychoactives

This study aimed to assess the proportion of adolescents and young people (AYP) in Nigeria who ch... more This study aimed to assess the proportion of adolescents and young people (AYP) in Nigeria who changed their frequency of e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic; and factors associated with the increase, decrease or no change in e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking (including night smoking). This study was a cross-sectional study of AYP recruited from all geopolitical zones in the country. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine if respondents’ health HIV and COVID-19 status and anxiety levels were associated with changes in e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking frequency. There were 568 (59.5%) e-cigarette users, of which 188 (33.1%) increased and 70 (12.3%) decreased e-cigarette use and 389 (68.5%) increased night e-cigarette use. There were 787 (82.4%) current tobacco smokers, of which 305 (38.8%) increased and 102 (13.0%) decreased tobacco smoking and 534 (67.9%) increased night tobacco smoking. Having a medical condition was ...

Research paper thumbnail of A multi-country survey on access to healthcare and treatment services among individuals with critical medical care needs during the first wave of the pandemic

BMC Public Health

Background Healthcare services were significantly interrupted during the early phase of the COVID... more Background Healthcare services were significantly interrupted during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the present study was to determine the associations between sociodemographic factors and healthcare access during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with critical care needs. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the data of 5,156 participants recruited from 152 countries during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The dependent variables were self-reported difficulty of access to health care, challenges with obtaining medication, and the use of alternative medical services. The independent variables were age at last birthday; sex at birth, level of education, employment status and the macro-social vulnerability status. The confounding variable was the country income level. Three multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the dependent variables and the independent variables after ...

Research paper thumbnail of Risk indicators for dental caries, and gingivitis among 6–11-year-old children in Nigeria: a household-based survey

BMC Oral Health

Background There is little is known about the factors associated with caries experience and gingi... more Background There is little is known about the factors associated with caries experience and gingivitis among 6–11-year-old children in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and preventive oral health behaviors associated with caries and gingivitis among 6–11-year-old children in Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The dependent variables were caries and gingivitis. The dmft/DMFT index was used to assess dental caries experience (present or absent) and caries severity. The gingival index was used to assess the prevalence (present or absent) and severity of gingivitis (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis). The independent variables were preventive oral health behaviors (frequency of daily tooth brushing, frequency of consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, use of fluoridated toothpaste, and use of dental floss, history of dental service utilization). A seri...

Research paper thumbnail of Differences in risk indicators associated with electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking among adolescents and young people in Nigeria

BMJ Open Respiratory Research

IntroductionThe study determined the proportion of adolescents and young persons (AYP) in Nigeria... more IntroductionThe study determined the proportion of adolescents and young persons (AYP) in Nigeria who use e-cigarettes and smoke tobacco; and identified factors associated with the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco smoking.MethodsAYP aged 11–23 years were recruited to participate in an online survey. The independent variables were respondents’ health, HIV and COVID-19 status and their level of anxiety. The dependent variables were tobacco smoking and use of e-cigarettes. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, educational level and vulnerability status).ResultsThere were 2206 respondents of which 568 (19.8%) used e-cigarettes and 787 (27.4%) smoked tobacco. Individual (18–23 years, having a health condition, high anxiety and being vulnerable) and familial (having father, mother, siblings or friends who used e-cigarettes) factors were associated with both the use of e-ci...

Research paper thumbnail of Early childhood caries: Are maternal psychosocial factors, decision-making ability, and caries status risk indicators for children in a sub-urban Nigerian population?

BMC Oral Health

ObjectiveEarly childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim o... more ObjectiveEarly childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim of the study was to determine the association of maternal psychosocial factors (general anxiety, dental anxiety, sense of coherence, parenting stress, fatalism, social support, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction), decision-making abilities, education, income and caries status with the prevalence and severity of ECC among children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.MethodsA dataset of 1549 mother–child (6–71-months-old) dyads collected through examinations and a household survey, using validated psychometric tools to measure the psychosocial factors, were analyzed. The DMFT for the mothers and the dmft for the child were determined. The association between maternal psychosocial factors, education, income, and decision-making ability, the prevalence of maternal caries, and the prevalence of ECC was determined using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of maternal caries ...

Research paper thumbnail of Editorial: Young People's Sexual and Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap

Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Association between mental health, caries experience and gingival health of adolescents in sub-urban Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2021

BackgroundThis study assessed the association of mental health problems and risk indicators of me... more BackgroundThis study assessed the association of mental health problems and risk indicators of mental health problems with caries experience and moderate/severe gingivitis in adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria. Data collected from 10 to 19-years-old adolescents between December 2018 and January 2019 were sociodemographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status); oral health indicators (tooth brushing, use of fluoridated toothpaste, consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, dental services utilization, dental anxiety and plaque); mental health indicators (smoking habits, intake of alcohol and use of psychoactive drugs) and mental health problems (low and high). Gingival health (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis) and caries experience (present or absent) were also assessed. A series of five logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between presence of c...

Research paper thumbnail of Epidemiological profile of early childhood caries in a sub-urban population in Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2021

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood ca... more BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood caries (ECC) in children 6–71-months; identify the teeth most at risk for ECC; and identify risk indicators associated with significant caries index (SiC) score in different age groups.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study that collected data (using a household survey) on the ECC risk indicators (frequency of tooth brushing, consumption of refined carbohydrate in-between-meals, daily use of fluoridated toothpaste, and dental service utilization in the 12 months) in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. We computed the prevalence of ECC using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASI (d1–6)) index; caries severity using the ICDAS-2(d1–2) and ICDAS-3(d3–6) for non-cavitated and cavitated lesions respectively, decayed missing, filled teeth (dmft), and surfaces (dmfs) and SiC indices; and caries complications using the pulp (p), ulceration (u), fistula (f) and abscesses (a) (pufa) index, ...

Research paper thumbnail of An Overview Of Maternal And Child Health In Africa At The End Of 2015

As we approach 2015, the MDG target year, concerns about maternal and child health (MCH) in sub-S... more As we approach 2015, the MDG target year, concerns about maternal and child health (MCH) in sub-Saharan Africa continue to dominate the health discourse. This is because of the unflattering statistics and daily carnage in which the processes of conception, child birth and nurturing the new born which should be occasions for joy are turned into avoidable misery. This is partly because of the poor MCH indices, mostly due to a host of factors including: low uptake of contraceptives, resulting in a high fertility rate. Limited access to maternal health services exacerbated by sociocultural barriers. There are also issues of early marriage and teenage pregnancies, poor nutrition and stress during pregnancy-all of whichmay result in prematurity and low birth weights with their associated mortality and morbidity. There are many commitments expressed in several fora to address this situation and reverse the tide. However, progress is slow because the required human and physical infrastructu...

Research paper thumbnail of 15. History, Culture, and Social Norms: Implications for Ebola Drug and Vaccine Clinical Trials

Research paper thumbnail of Validation of maternal report of early childhood caries status in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2020

Background To determine the validity of maternal reports of the presence of early childhood carie... more Background To determine the validity of maternal reports of the presence of early childhood caries (ECC), and to identify maternal variables that increase the accuracy of the reports. Methods This secondary data analysis included 1155 mother–child dyads, recruited through a multi-stage sampling household approach in Ile-Ife Nigeria. Survey data included maternal characteristics (age, monthly income, decision-making ability) and maternal perception about whether or not her child (age 6 months to 5 years old) had ECC. Presence of ECC was clinically determined using the dmft index. Maternally reported and clinically determined ECC presence were compared using a chi-squared test. McNemar's test was used to assess the similarity of maternal and clinical reports of ECC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, absolute bias, relative bias and inflation factor were calculated. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. Results The clinically-deter...

Research paper thumbnail of Time to Scale-up Research Collaborations to Address the Global Impact of COVID-19 – A Commentary

Health Behavior and Policy Review, 2021

VID- 19 pandemic provides a compelling reason for researchers to stretch beyond usual limits and ... more VID- 19 pandemic provides a compelling reason for researchers to stretch beyond usual limits and find new ways to engage in global collaborations. Methods: We point to data that have emerged on the mental health and economic consequences of the pandemic to illustrate the extent to which these common issues cross national borders. There is high likelihood that these burdens will continue to persist long after the pandemic is declared “over.” Results: We urge researchers, particularly those from countries with higher income economies, to share resources to increase international collaborative research efforts. We present a case study of an ongoing project and offer some lessons learned for individual investigators. Conclusion: Global problems require global solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis that should prompt researchers to engage in science and research across national borders.

Research paper thumbnail of Malnutrition, enamel defects, and early childhood caries in preschool children in a sub-urban Nigeria population

PLOS ONE, 2020

The study tried to determine if malnutrition (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight) and ena... more The study tried to determine if malnutrition (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight) and enamel defects (enamel hypoplasia, hypomineralized second molar, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis) were associated with early childhood caries (ECC). The study also examined whether malnutrition was associated with the presence of enamel defects in 0-5-yearold children. Methods The study was a secondary analysis of primary data of a cross-sectional study assessing the association between maternal psychosocial health and ECC in suburban Nigerian population collected in December 2018 and January 2019. One hundred and fifty nine children were recruited. Exploratory variables were malnutrition and enamel defects. The outcome variables were the prevalence of ECC in 0-2-year-old, 3-5-year-old, and 0-5-year-old children. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the associations, and socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status, and frequency of in-between-meals sugar consumption were adjusted for. The adjusted prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values were calculated.

Research paper thumbnail of Governance, maternal well-being and early childhood caries in 3–5-year-old children

BMC Oral Health, 2020

Background This study assessed the direct, indirect and total effect of distal – political - risk... more Background This study assessed the direct, indirect and total effect of distal – political - risk indicators (affecting populations), and proximal risk indicators (affecting women) on the global prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3–5 year old children. Methods Data on global ECC prevalence were obtained from a prior study. Data for distal risk indicators (voice and accountability; political stability/absence of terrorism; control of corruption) were obtained from the World Bank Governance indicators, 2016. Data for proximal risk indicators (women’s opportunity for leadership; percentage of female legislators, top officials and managers; basic employability status of women; ability of women to afford time off work to care for newborns; gross national income (GNI) per capita for females) were derived from the Human Development Index, 2016. Associations between variables were assessed with path analysis. Results Voice and accountability (β = − 0.60) and GNI per capita for fe...

Research paper thumbnail of Lessons from the Ebola epidemics and their applications for COVID‐19 pandemic response in sub‐Saharan Africa

Developing World Bioethics, 2020

COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuh... more COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. It was first confirmed in sub‐Saharan Africa in Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and has since spread quickly to all sub‐Saharan African countries, causing more than 111,309 confirmed cases and 2,498 deaths as of 03 June 2020. The lessons learned during the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in some sub‐Saharan African countries were expected to shape and influence the region’s responses to COVID‐19 pandemic. However, some of the challenges associated with the management of the EVD outbreaks persist and create obstacles for the effective management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article describes the commonalities between the EVD epidemics and COVID‐19 pandemic, with a view to draw on lessons learned to effectively tackle the ongoing pandemic. Key successes, failures and lessons learned from previous EVD outbreaks are discussed. Recommendations on how these lessons can be t...

Research paper thumbnail of Psychosocial, education, economic factors, decision-making ability, and caries status of mothers of children younger than 6 years in suburban Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2020

Background Little information is available on the relationship between mothers’ psychosocial prof... more Background Little information is available on the relationship between mothers’ psychosocial profile and caries status, and less information is available on the oral health status and psychosocial status of mothers of young children in Africa. This study examined the association between the psychosocial profile of mothers in Nigeria and their prevalence of caries. Methods The prevalence of caries and severe caries (DMFT > 3) in mothers with children 71 months old and younger recruited through a household survey in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, was estimated through clinical examination. The explanatory variables were maternal education, income, decision-making status, and psychosocial status (dental anxiety, general anxiety, depressive symptoms, parenting stress, executive dysfunction, sense of coherence, fatalism and social support). The risk indicators for maternal caries were analyzed with logistic regression. Results The prevalence of caries was 3.3%. Twenty (39.2%) of the 51 women with ...

Research paper thumbnail of HIV sexual risk behavior and preferred HIV prevention service outlet by men who have sex with men in Nigeria

BMC Health Services Research, 2019

Background: The study objectives were to identify differences in HIV sexual risk behavior of men ... more Background: The study objectives were to identify differences in HIV sexual risk behavior of men who had sex with other men (MSM) resident in urban and rural Nigeria, their perspectives on need for HIV prevention services and perceived barriers and facilitators to access of HIV prevention services in private, public and peer-led health facilities. Method: Data were collected from MSM resident in urban and rural parts of River and Kaduna States. Qualitative assessment sought perspectives on barriers and facilitators of MSM uptake of HIV prevention services. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to seek information on HIV sexual risk behaviors (sexual abuse, age of sexual debut, multiple sexual partners and use of condom at last sexual intercourse), willingness to use and perceived barriers to access of HIV prevention services in public, private and peer-led health facilities, and willingness to use and perception about availability of structural intervention services. Differences in HIV sexual risk behaviors by residential location, and associations between sexual risk behavior and willingness to access HIV prevention services were determined. Results: More MSM resident in urban than rural areas engaged in three or more HIV sexual risk behaviors (25.9% vs 8.7%; p = 0.02). More respondents were willing to access HIV prevention service provided through peer-led health facilities. Less than 35% of respondents identified non-availability of free services as a barrier to HIV prevention service access in the three types of health facilities. More MSM with multiple sexual risk behaviors were willing to access services promoting mental and psychosocial health (p < 0.001), HIV positive peer support programs (p = 0. 002) and training on human rights and paralegal services (p < 0.001). Respondents opined that services that assured confidential HIV testing and mitigated structural drivers of HIV infection for MSM provided through peer-led facilities, will increase MSM's uptake of HIV prevention services. Conclusion: HIV risk reduction intervention services differentiated by rural and urban residence, may be needed for MSM. Services provided through peer-led facilities, that include mental and psychosocial health care, peer support, human rights and paralegal services will likely increase its use by MSM with more HIV sexual risk behaviors.

Research paper thumbnail of Social media information and its association with the adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures in four Latin American countries

Research paper thumbnail of A multi-country study of the associations between HIV vulnerability status, perception of COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the first wave of the pandemic

BMC Public Health

Background This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 related stigma and post-trau... more Background This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); and the associations between PTSS and COVID-19 related stigma, HIV status, COVID-19 status and key HIV population status. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data of 12,355 study participants generated through an online survey that recruited adults from 152 countries between July and December 2020. The dependent variables were COVID-19-related stigma and PTSS. The independent variables were HIV status (positive/negative), transaction sex (yes/no), use of psychoactive drugs (yes/no), and vulnerability status (transaction sex workers, people who use psychoactive drugs, living with HIV, and COVID-19 status). The confounding variables were age, sex at birth (male/female), level of education, sexual minority individuals (yes/no) and country income level. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between the dependent...

Research paper thumbnail of Association between Family Level Influences and Caries Prevention Views and Practices of School Children in a Sub-Urban Nigerian Community

BioMed

Little is known about how family-level factors influence children’s caries prevention views and p... more Little is known about how family-level factors influence children’s caries prevention views and practices in Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between family level characteristics and caries prevention views and practices of 6–11-year-old primary school children. Data was collected through a cross-sectional survey of 1326 children in Ile-Ife, a Nigerian suburb. The child’s family structure, size, and birth rank were independent variables while the child’s caries prevention views and self-care practices were dependent variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk indicator(s) for caries prevention views and practices. The study participants’ mean (SD) age was 8.7 (1.9) years, 407 (30.7%) children had positive caries prevention views, and 106 (8.0%) children did not use the recommended self-care caries preventive methods. Children from larger families had significantly lower odds of having positive prevention views...

Research paper thumbnail of Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Psychoactives

This study aimed to assess the proportion of adolescents and young people (AYP) in Nigeria who ch... more This study aimed to assess the proportion of adolescents and young people (AYP) in Nigeria who changed their frequency of e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic; and factors associated with the increase, decrease or no change in e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking (including night smoking). This study was a cross-sectional study of AYP recruited from all geopolitical zones in the country. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine if respondents’ health HIV and COVID-19 status and anxiety levels were associated with changes in e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking frequency. There were 568 (59.5%) e-cigarette users, of which 188 (33.1%) increased and 70 (12.3%) decreased e-cigarette use and 389 (68.5%) increased night e-cigarette use. There were 787 (82.4%) current tobacco smokers, of which 305 (38.8%) increased and 102 (13.0%) decreased tobacco smoking and 534 (67.9%) increased night tobacco smoking. Having a medical condition was ...

Research paper thumbnail of A multi-country survey on access to healthcare and treatment services among individuals with critical medical care needs during the first wave of the pandemic

BMC Public Health

Background Healthcare services were significantly interrupted during the early phase of the COVID... more Background Healthcare services were significantly interrupted during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the present study was to determine the associations between sociodemographic factors and healthcare access during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with critical care needs. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the data of 5,156 participants recruited from 152 countries during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The dependent variables were self-reported difficulty of access to health care, challenges with obtaining medication, and the use of alternative medical services. The independent variables were age at last birthday; sex at birth, level of education, employment status and the macro-social vulnerability status. The confounding variable was the country income level. Three multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the dependent variables and the independent variables after ...

Research paper thumbnail of Risk indicators for dental caries, and gingivitis among 6–11-year-old children in Nigeria: a household-based survey

BMC Oral Health

Background There is little is known about the factors associated with caries experience and gingi... more Background There is little is known about the factors associated with caries experience and gingivitis among 6–11-year-old children in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and preventive oral health behaviors associated with caries and gingivitis among 6–11-year-old children in Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The dependent variables were caries and gingivitis. The dmft/DMFT index was used to assess dental caries experience (present or absent) and caries severity. The gingival index was used to assess the prevalence (present or absent) and severity of gingivitis (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis). The independent variables were preventive oral health behaviors (frequency of daily tooth brushing, frequency of consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, use of fluoridated toothpaste, and use of dental floss, history of dental service utilization). A seri...

Research paper thumbnail of Differences in risk indicators associated with electronic cigarette use and tobacco smoking among adolescents and young people in Nigeria

BMJ Open Respiratory Research

IntroductionThe study determined the proportion of adolescents and young persons (AYP) in Nigeria... more IntroductionThe study determined the proportion of adolescents and young persons (AYP) in Nigeria who use e-cigarettes and smoke tobacco; and identified factors associated with the use of e-cigarettes and tobacco smoking.MethodsAYP aged 11–23 years were recruited to participate in an online survey. The independent variables were respondents’ health, HIV and COVID-19 status and their level of anxiety. The dependent variables were tobacco smoking and use of e-cigarettes. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, educational level and vulnerability status).ResultsThere were 2206 respondents of which 568 (19.8%) used e-cigarettes and 787 (27.4%) smoked tobacco. Individual (18–23 years, having a health condition, high anxiety and being vulnerable) and familial (having father, mother, siblings or friends who used e-cigarettes) factors were associated with both the use of e-ci...

Research paper thumbnail of Early childhood caries: Are maternal psychosocial factors, decision-making ability, and caries status risk indicators for children in a sub-urban Nigerian population?

BMC Oral Health

ObjectiveEarly childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim o... more ObjectiveEarly childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim of the study was to determine the association of maternal psychosocial factors (general anxiety, dental anxiety, sense of coherence, parenting stress, fatalism, social support, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction), decision-making abilities, education, income and caries status with the prevalence and severity of ECC among children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.MethodsA dataset of 1549 mother–child (6–71-months-old) dyads collected through examinations and a household survey, using validated psychometric tools to measure the psychosocial factors, were analyzed. The DMFT for the mothers and the dmft for the child were determined. The association between maternal psychosocial factors, education, income, and decision-making ability, the prevalence of maternal caries, and the prevalence of ECC was determined using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of maternal caries ...

Research paper thumbnail of Editorial: Young People's Sexual and Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap

Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Association between mental health, caries experience and gingival health of adolescents in sub-urban Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2021

BackgroundThis study assessed the association of mental health problems and risk indicators of me... more BackgroundThis study assessed the association of mental health problems and risk indicators of mental health problems with caries experience and moderate/severe gingivitis in adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria. Data collected from 10 to 19-years-old adolescents between December 2018 and January 2019 were sociodemographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status); oral health indicators (tooth brushing, use of fluoridated toothpaste, consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, dental services utilization, dental anxiety and plaque); mental health indicators (smoking habits, intake of alcohol and use of psychoactive drugs) and mental health problems (low and high). Gingival health (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis) and caries experience (present or absent) were also assessed. A series of five logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between presence of c...

Research paper thumbnail of Epidemiological profile of early childhood caries in a sub-urban population in Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2021

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood ca... more BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood caries (ECC) in children 6–71-months; identify the teeth most at risk for ECC; and identify risk indicators associated with significant caries index (SiC) score in different age groups.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study that collected data (using a household survey) on the ECC risk indicators (frequency of tooth brushing, consumption of refined carbohydrate in-between-meals, daily use of fluoridated toothpaste, and dental service utilization in the 12 months) in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. We computed the prevalence of ECC using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASI (d1–6)) index; caries severity using the ICDAS-2(d1–2) and ICDAS-3(d3–6) for non-cavitated and cavitated lesions respectively, decayed missing, filled teeth (dmft), and surfaces (dmfs) and SiC indices; and caries complications using the pulp (p), ulceration (u), fistula (f) and abscesses (a) (pufa) index, ...

Research paper thumbnail of An Overview Of Maternal And Child Health In Africa At The End Of 2015

As we approach 2015, the MDG target year, concerns about maternal and child health (MCH) in sub-S... more As we approach 2015, the MDG target year, concerns about maternal and child health (MCH) in sub-Saharan Africa continue to dominate the health discourse. This is because of the unflattering statistics and daily carnage in which the processes of conception, child birth and nurturing the new born which should be occasions for joy are turned into avoidable misery. This is partly because of the poor MCH indices, mostly due to a host of factors including: low uptake of contraceptives, resulting in a high fertility rate. Limited access to maternal health services exacerbated by sociocultural barriers. There are also issues of early marriage and teenage pregnancies, poor nutrition and stress during pregnancy-all of whichmay result in prematurity and low birth weights with their associated mortality and morbidity. There are many commitments expressed in several fora to address this situation and reverse the tide. However, progress is slow because the required human and physical infrastructu...

Research paper thumbnail of 15. History, Culture, and Social Norms: Implications for Ebola Drug and Vaccine Clinical Trials

Research paper thumbnail of Validation of maternal report of early childhood caries status in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2020

Background To determine the validity of maternal reports of the presence of early childhood carie... more Background To determine the validity of maternal reports of the presence of early childhood caries (ECC), and to identify maternal variables that increase the accuracy of the reports. Methods This secondary data analysis included 1155 mother–child dyads, recruited through a multi-stage sampling household approach in Ile-Ife Nigeria. Survey data included maternal characteristics (age, monthly income, decision-making ability) and maternal perception about whether or not her child (age 6 months to 5 years old) had ECC. Presence of ECC was clinically determined using the dmft index. Maternally reported and clinically determined ECC presence were compared using a chi-squared test. McNemar's test was used to assess the similarity of maternal and clinical reports of ECC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, absolute bias, relative bias and inflation factor were calculated. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. Results The clinically-deter...

Research paper thumbnail of Time to Scale-up Research Collaborations to Address the Global Impact of COVID-19 – A Commentary

Health Behavior and Policy Review, 2021

VID- 19 pandemic provides a compelling reason for researchers to stretch beyond usual limits and ... more VID- 19 pandemic provides a compelling reason for researchers to stretch beyond usual limits and find new ways to engage in global collaborations. Methods: We point to data that have emerged on the mental health and economic consequences of the pandemic to illustrate the extent to which these common issues cross national borders. There is high likelihood that these burdens will continue to persist long after the pandemic is declared “over.” Results: We urge researchers, particularly those from countries with higher income economies, to share resources to increase international collaborative research efforts. We present a case study of an ongoing project and offer some lessons learned for individual investigators. Conclusion: Global problems require global solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis that should prompt researchers to engage in science and research across national borders.

Research paper thumbnail of Malnutrition, enamel defects, and early childhood caries in preschool children in a sub-urban Nigeria population

PLOS ONE, 2020

The study tried to determine if malnutrition (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight) and ena... more The study tried to determine if malnutrition (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight) and enamel defects (enamel hypoplasia, hypomineralized second molar, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis) were associated with early childhood caries (ECC). The study also examined whether malnutrition was associated with the presence of enamel defects in 0-5-yearold children. Methods The study was a secondary analysis of primary data of a cross-sectional study assessing the association between maternal psychosocial health and ECC in suburban Nigerian population collected in December 2018 and January 2019. One hundred and fifty nine children were recruited. Exploratory variables were malnutrition and enamel defects. The outcome variables were the prevalence of ECC in 0-2-year-old, 3-5-year-old, and 0-5-year-old children. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the associations, and socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status, and frequency of in-between-meals sugar consumption were adjusted for. The adjusted prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values were calculated.

Research paper thumbnail of Governance, maternal well-being and early childhood caries in 3–5-year-old children

BMC Oral Health, 2020

Background This study assessed the direct, indirect and total effect of distal – political - risk... more Background This study assessed the direct, indirect and total effect of distal – political - risk indicators (affecting populations), and proximal risk indicators (affecting women) on the global prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3–5 year old children. Methods Data on global ECC prevalence were obtained from a prior study. Data for distal risk indicators (voice and accountability; political stability/absence of terrorism; control of corruption) were obtained from the World Bank Governance indicators, 2016. Data for proximal risk indicators (women’s opportunity for leadership; percentage of female legislators, top officials and managers; basic employability status of women; ability of women to afford time off work to care for newborns; gross national income (GNI) per capita for females) were derived from the Human Development Index, 2016. Associations between variables were assessed with path analysis. Results Voice and accountability (β = − 0.60) and GNI per capita for fe...

Research paper thumbnail of Lessons from the Ebola epidemics and their applications for COVID‐19 pandemic response in sub‐Saharan Africa

Developing World Bioethics, 2020

COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuh... more COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. It was first confirmed in sub‐Saharan Africa in Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and has since spread quickly to all sub‐Saharan African countries, causing more than 111,309 confirmed cases and 2,498 deaths as of 03 June 2020. The lessons learned during the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in some sub‐Saharan African countries were expected to shape and influence the region’s responses to COVID‐19 pandemic. However, some of the challenges associated with the management of the EVD outbreaks persist and create obstacles for the effective management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article describes the commonalities between the EVD epidemics and COVID‐19 pandemic, with a view to draw on lessons learned to effectively tackle the ongoing pandemic. Key successes, failures and lessons learned from previous EVD outbreaks are discussed. Recommendations on how these lessons can be t...

Research paper thumbnail of Psychosocial, education, economic factors, decision-making ability, and caries status of mothers of children younger than 6 years in suburban Nigeria

BMC Oral Health, 2020

Background Little information is available on the relationship between mothers’ psychosocial prof... more Background Little information is available on the relationship between mothers’ psychosocial profile and caries status, and less information is available on the oral health status and psychosocial status of mothers of young children in Africa. This study examined the association between the psychosocial profile of mothers in Nigeria and their prevalence of caries. Methods The prevalence of caries and severe caries (DMFT > 3) in mothers with children 71 months old and younger recruited through a household survey in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, was estimated through clinical examination. The explanatory variables were maternal education, income, decision-making status, and psychosocial status (dental anxiety, general anxiety, depressive symptoms, parenting stress, executive dysfunction, sense of coherence, fatalism and social support). The risk indicators for maternal caries were analyzed with logistic regression. Results The prevalence of caries was 3.3%. Twenty (39.2%) of the 51 women with ...

Research paper thumbnail of HIV sexual risk behavior and preferred HIV prevention service outlet by men who have sex with men in Nigeria

BMC Health Services Research, 2019

Background: The study objectives were to identify differences in HIV sexual risk behavior of men ... more Background: The study objectives were to identify differences in HIV sexual risk behavior of men who had sex with other men (MSM) resident in urban and rural Nigeria, their perspectives on need for HIV prevention services and perceived barriers and facilitators to access of HIV prevention services in private, public and peer-led health facilities. Method: Data were collected from MSM resident in urban and rural parts of River and Kaduna States. Qualitative assessment sought perspectives on barriers and facilitators of MSM uptake of HIV prevention services. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to seek information on HIV sexual risk behaviors (sexual abuse, age of sexual debut, multiple sexual partners and use of condom at last sexual intercourse), willingness to use and perceived barriers to access of HIV prevention services in public, private and peer-led health facilities, and willingness to use and perception about availability of structural intervention services. Differences in HIV sexual risk behaviors by residential location, and associations between sexual risk behavior and willingness to access HIV prevention services were determined. Results: More MSM resident in urban than rural areas engaged in three or more HIV sexual risk behaviors (25.9% vs 8.7%; p = 0.02). More respondents were willing to access HIV prevention service provided through peer-led health facilities. Less than 35% of respondents identified non-availability of free services as a barrier to HIV prevention service access in the three types of health facilities. More MSM with multiple sexual risk behaviors were willing to access services promoting mental and psychosocial health (p < 0.001), HIV positive peer support programs (p = 0. 002) and training on human rights and paralegal services (p < 0.001). Respondents opined that services that assured confidential HIV testing and mitigated structural drivers of HIV infection for MSM provided through peer-led facilities, will increase MSM's uptake of HIV prevention services. Conclusion: HIV risk reduction intervention services differentiated by rural and urban residence, may be needed for MSM. Services provided through peer-led facilities, that include mental and psychosocial health care, peer support, human rights and paralegal services will likely increase its use by MSM with more HIV sexual risk behaviors.