International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion (IJFSE) | GHB' Journal (original) (raw)

Papers by International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion (IJFSE)

International Journal of Forest, Soil and …, 2013

Problem soils are those which owing to land or soil characteristics cannot be economically used f... more Problem soils are those which owing to land or soil characteristics cannot be economically used for cultivation of crops without adopting proper management strategies. More than 50 per cent of 143 m ha-1 (net cultivated area) falls in the category of problems soils. More than 90 per cent of the land in the north eastern states alone is affected by soil acidity of varying degrees which have restricted the crop choice in more than 70 per cent of gross cropped area in this region to cereals particularly the rice. The amelioration of 25 million hectares promises additional 25 million tones of food grains. Besides, the fertilizer use as well its efficiency is also poor due to unfavorable pH conditions. The soil degradation due to salinity and alkalinity problems had affected significant chunk of fertile tracts, covering an area of about 67.27 lac hectares. The emphasis should therefore be given to solve these soil problems by adopting different management strategies like addition of different amendments, choice of crop, irrigation and drainage management for increasing the production as well as productivity on sustainable basis.

International Journal of Forest, Soil and …, 2013

Hypericum perforatum is used as a folk remedy for the treatment of various neurological disorders... more Hypericum perforatum is used as a folk remedy for the treatment of various neurological disorders. In this study, antioxidant activity of flower-bearing branches of H. perforatum was investigated employing various in vitro assay systems. IC 50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 96.0 ± 3.7 ȝg ml -1 . Extract showed potent nitric oxide scavenging activity between 6.25 and 100 ȝg ml -1 . Percentage of inhibition was increased with increasing concentrations of the extract. IC 50 was 21.1±1.8 ȝg ml -1 . Extract showed good reducing power that was comparable with vitamin C (p> 0.05). Extract showed very weak Fe 2+ chelating ability. Percentage of inhibition was 41% at 200 ȝg ml -1 in scavenging of H 2 O 2 . This plant was a good source of phenols and contains very high amount of total phenolics. Total phenol compounds, as determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method, was 505.7 ± 18 mg GAE and the total flavonoid content, by AlCl 3 method was 23.8 ± 1.6 mg QE. Antioxidant activity may be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of high amount of phenols and flavonoids in the extract. Potent nitric oxide scavenging activity may explain reported anti-inflammatory and CNS activities of this plant. These activities may be partially mediated by NO pathway.

… Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion ( …, 2013

The study of satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey revealed that the... more The study of satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey revealed that the study has a network of interlinked subsurface fractures. In according with the nature, potential and problem with the bet amount of interference, watershed management approach is aimed to make entire development. For surface water resources and ground water resources, the proper evaluation of water potential helps in additional exploration at optional level. The river basin objective of watershed management involves geological, hydrological consideration and economic, political, financial aspect. For the formulize of proper management program, a reliable and up to date information about various factor, viz. size and shape of river basin, topography, soil, slope, elevation and their characteristics, land use/land cover, drainage parameters etc. are required. To obtain a synoptic view of respective coverage, Remote sensing and GIS techniques provide a powerful input media, unbiased reproduction of the natural features in the form of photography/ imagery and their by economizing the process of multi-displinary approach for planning and decision of land and water resource in a watershed for integrated development. Resource information system is makes in a stabile GIS environment for the selected area. In this system evolves a subsistence plan for optimum development of the water resources and for finding solutions for different management problem related to natural resources.

… Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion ( …, 2013

Rangeland exclusion to livestock is one of the management methods for range management increase v... more Rangeland exclusion to livestock is one of the management methods for range management increase vegetation cover and improvement soil. The goal of this study is to access the effects of grazing and exclusion on physical-chemical soil properties. 78 soil samples extracted from 0-30 cm depth of Viseh Valley sent to laboratory. Soil properties include: texture, Bulk density, sodium, potassium, CaCO 3 , magnesium, EC, PH, organic matter and the texture of samples analyzed in the lab. SPSS, Excel software and paired sample t-test were employed to compare the data obtained from soil characteristics. Study of soil parameters changes indicates that exclusion do not have significant effect on percent of sand silt, clay, sodium, CaCO 3 , EC, PH, organic matter but potassium, magnesium were significant difference in both site. Also, soil case study shows that exclusion have significant effect on soil parameters.

International Journal of …, 2013

Foliage part of Hypericum tetrapterum Fries. contains essential oil was collected from north part... more Foliage part of Hypericum tetrapterum Fries. contains essential oil was collected from north part of Iran. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method and its components were identified using GC and GC-MS. In this study, thirty-six components (67.21% of total essential oil compositions) were characterized. Alkans (50.07%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (14.42%) were identified as the main fractions of the essential oil together with small amount of monoterpens (0.5 %). The most abundant constituents were n-undecane (30.84%), n-nonane (9.99%), n-tridecane (3.55 %) and ȕ-funebrene (2.79 %).

For knowing the hydrological behavior and water management of Sepidroud River (North of Iran-Gila... more For knowing the hydrological behavior and water management of Sepidroud River (North of Iran-Gilan) the present study focused on stream flow forecasting with artificial neural network. Ten years (2000-2009) historical inflow data, observed from the Sepidroud River, were selected ; then 10 years inflow of the Sepidroud River have been forecasted by neural network. Finally, the results obtained from forecasted data compared with observed data. The results showed that neural network could predict stream flow with high precision and the maximum error between predicted and observed data was 3% approximately.

A field study was conducted at Harwood Forest, NE England to investigate the effects of forest ma... more A field study was conducted at Harwood Forest, NE England to investigate the effects of forest management practices (drainage, mounding and fertilisation on soil properties from 2006 to 2008. The experiment was laid out in a factorial split plot design on grassland in peaty gley soil. Mounding increased soil bulk density, while drainage reduced carbon concentration in 0−10 cm layer. Soil organic carbon concentration in the 0−10 cm layer was increased by fertilisation. Mounding did not have any effect in soil organic carbon. The concentration of nitrogen in the in 0−10 cm was significantly reduced by drainage and was not affected by mounding or fertilisation. Soil microbial biomass carbon was not affected by drainage, mounding or fertilisation. Ammonium (NH4+) was significantly increased by mounding and fertilisation, while none of the treatment affected nitrate (NO3−) availability.

Establishment of in vitro plantlets in the greenhouse on various additives of soil mixtures is co... more Establishment of in vitro plantlets in the greenhouse on various additives of soil mixtures is considered as one of the trickiest phases of micropropagation. In the present research, we report the results of experiments aimed at optimizing acclimatization of tea clone Iran 100 plantlets (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) by using different types and ratios of potting media. Potting media like peat moss, vermiculite and perlite having various ratios are mixed together. This experiment was done in four repetitions by keeping the base of randomized complete block design. The properties such as survival rate, number of leaves, plant height and root length were measured and recorded in the period of the experiment. The collected data was analyzed by SAS statistical software and the mean of data was evaluated by the Tuckey Test using the probability of 1 percent. Nevertheless, the mixture containing peatmoss+ vermiculite+ perlite (2:1:1; v/v/v) resulted in increased percentage of plant survival, root length plant height and number of leaves of tea clone Iran 100 and it is therefore, a recommended medium for growth of the cultivar during acclimatization.

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an essential role in many aspects of plant development and grow... more Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an essential role in many aspects of plant development and growth. Also it a key element in response to stresses. In the present study, we investigated role salt stress in induced programmed cell death or apoptosis wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) suspension cell culture. Wheat suspension cells were exposed to 500 Mm NaCl and cell death was determined using several apoptosis assay. We observed morphological and biochemical apoptosis features such as nuclear condensation, DNA laddering, transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Positive TUNEL and reduction cell viability results were obtained treatment wheat suspension cell. The results indicate that 500 mM NaCl can induced pcd in suspension cell.

Abstract An investigation was carried out on the seed germination and seedling growth response ... more Abstract An investigation was carried out on the seed germination and seedling growth response of two indigenous savanna tree species (Acacia senegal and Parkia biglobosa) to salt (NaCl). Soil samples from two plots within Dabagi research farm of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto were used. These samples were taken from Dabagi Upland 2 (DUP2) and Dabagi Lowland (DLL) at the depth of 0-30cm. The seeds were sown in the soil samples of 0.0dSm-1, 2.2dSm-1and 2.8dSm-1 salt levels and observed until complete germination, and growth parameters (height and collar diameter) were measured fortnightly for 12 weeks. It was observed that salinity influenced the germination of seeds of the species with A. senegal (54%) showing a better germination at 2.2dSm-1 compared with P. biglobosa (44%). Secondly, the tree seedlings showed significant differences in their growth over the period of the study. It was observed that on the whole when compared, P. biglobosa showed a significant difference at (P<0.05) between 0.0dSm-1 and 2.8dSm-1. The result indicated that P. biglobosa though a savanna species, does not thrive well in high saline soils and should not be used in agro-forestry plot deep in the savanna where irrigation water may tend to increase soil salinity.

One of the foundations of long-term management in the northern forests of Iran is the existence o... more One of the foundations of long-term management in the northern forests of Iran is the existence of forest roads network. Passing the roads through low to moderate slopes and areas with high level of stability, reduces the costs of excavation, earth filling, land stabilization, excavation gable roofs and earth filling, and thus reduces construction costs. This research was carried out in the Shafaroud forest in the west of Guilan province. The paper aims to develop a method using the GIS technology and MPSIAC model to produce the stability map for designing the new roads network in the study area. The results showed that the proposed road network with a length of 23908 meters compare to existing roads network with a length of 25280 meters, could generate a suitable coverage among the parcels. The length of the proposed roads network is 1372 meters less than the length of the existing roads and creates the highest percentage of coverage with the least length so that in addition to the reduction of costs the forestry plans could be directed in the way of sustainable development. Some 12% of the proposed road passes through regions with high stability more than the existing road and the passage of the proposed road through the unstable regions as compared to the existing road has reduced two times and has had a significant difference in the level of 99% and totally has reduced the corrosive effects of the road on the nature. Ultimately, the results yielded show that using the GIS can increase the accuracy of the designing and quality of the forest road network and reduce the costs.

Geochemistry composition of different bulk soil and rock samples from Hormozgan province were inv... more Geochemistry composition of different bulk soil and rock samples from Hormozgan province were investigated in order to address element distribution of soils in the context of their weathering, soil forming process and geology to describe impacts of parent material and soil evolution on the soil characteristics. For this reason, major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, and Zr) as metal oxides and mineralogy composition of bulk soil and rocks were analyzed. Total content of some trace elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb) were measured in bulk soil samples as well. The studied area is part of arid region in southern Iran with predominant sedimentary rocks and evaporite formations. Coefficients between the elements of each subgroup are positive and significant (p<0.05), indicating that their presence can be accounted for by similar reasons. In general, soils developed on metamorphic and igeneous parent rocks rather than evaporates indicated distinct accumulation of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, K, Ti, and Zr in different particles. Indices based on soil macro elements, such as CIA, CIW, PWI, WIP could express the variations in unweathered materials and rate of weathering and can be taken as an index of soil development. In addition to high contents of alkali and alkali earth elements of the sand and silt rich soils, both the Chemical Index of Alteration values (4.61 to 67.40), Chemical Index of Weathering values (4.82 to 71.73) and also high Product of Weathering Index (PWI) and Weathering Index of Parker (WIP) contents, suggests a relatively mild weathering source area.

In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and de... more In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and degraded sites were evaluated in Shafaroud forests. Three sampling plots (one hectare in each site) were selected and each plot divided to four sub-plots (10*10m).In each Sub-plot plant samples were collected and identified using different flora references. Results showed that a total 45 species were known from untouched area that belong to 28 families and 39 genera. 32(71%) dicotyledones ,8 (18%) monocotyledones and 5 (11%) pterydophyta were identified. Lamiacea with four species was the highest number species.17 families have only one species. Flora of degraded site includes 74 species (60 (80%) dictyledones, 9 (12%) monocotyledones and 5 (8%) pterdophyta) that belong to 32 families and 62 genera. Asteraceae with 9 species are the most abundant in this area. Also 7 species of Lamiaceae family were identified in degraded area. hemichryptophytes are the most frequent life forms in the both areas. From the view of geographical distribution, plants of untouched area included 69% species belonging to Euro-Sibrean and only 2.5% species belonging to Cosmopolitan while in degraded area 51% and 3.5% species belaged to Euro-Sibrean and Cosmopolitan, respectively. Key Words: degraded ecosystems, life forms , chorology Caspian forests

The current study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of periodic application of w... more The current study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of periodic application of wastewater on some soil chemical properties and distribution and migration of Cu and Zn in soil profile. Application of wastewater on the soil properties showed that, irrigation with wastewater decreased soil pH and CCE, and on the other hand, increased Ec, SAR and OM, compared with non irrigated soils. The change of Zn and Cu fractions with depth for non-irrigated soil showed that Zn and Cu are strongly associated with the residual fraction. Chemical forms of Cu and Zn tendency to decrease with depth. Increased wastewater after 6 and 12 months caused increases in all chemical forms of Zn (except Carbonate form), especially in the surface layer. The mobility factor of Zn was reduced in three layers after 6 months of irrigation. In contrast, after 12 months of irrigating with wastewater resulted in the transformation of metals from the non mobile fraction towards the mobile fraction and finally mobility factor of Zn was increased in three layers. The result showed higher concentrations of chemical forms of Cu in the surface layers than sub surfaces. In irrigated soil, concentration of Chemical forms of Cu tendency to decrease with depth. The mobility factor of Cu was increased in three layers after 6 and 12 months of irrigation. Generally, application of wastewater caused increase in chemical forms of Zn and Cu and finally mobility factor, however, these factors were below of very mobile range.

In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and de... more In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and degraded sites were evaluated in Shafaroud forests. Three sampling plots (one hectare in each site) were selected and each plot divided to four sub-plots (10*10m).In each Sub-plot plant samples were collected and identified using different flora references. Results showed that a total 45 species were known from untouched area that belong to 28 families and 39 genera. 32(71%) dicotyledones ,8 (18%) monocotyledones and 5 (11%) pterydophyta were identified. Lamiacea with four species was the highest number species.17 families have only one species. Flora of degraded site includes 74 species (60 (80%) dictyledones, 9 (12%) monocotyledones and 5 (8%) pterdophyta) that belong to 32 families and 62 genera. Asteraceae with 9 species are the most abundant in this area. Also 7 species of Lamiaceae family were identified in degraded area. hemichryptophytes are the most frequent life forms in the both areas. From the view of geographical distribution, plants of untouched area included 69% species belonging to Euro-Sibrean and only 2.5% species belonging to Cosmopolitan while in degraded area 51% and 3.5% species belaged to Euro-Sibrean and Cosmopolitan, respectively. Key Words: degraded ecosystems, life forms , chorology Caspian forests

International Journal of Forest, …, 2012

Some of the most important local factors on Carbon Sequestration in soil, is climate and topograp... more Some of the most important local factors on Carbon Sequestration in soil, is climate and topographic features (such as altitude, aspect and percent slope), In order to study the effect of slope aspect and elevation for Soil Carbon Sequestration took over in Kermanshah province .For this search 6 height class and 4 main slopes aspect was selected and sampling of the soil was done 0-30 cm randomly. Results showed that increasing the height increases the amount of Carbon Sequestration.Most Carbon Sequestration 52.73 tons, was at an altitude of 2100 meters in the north aspect, That is far from the grazing and human activity and vegetation growth is not limited .Results showed that the physiographic plays important role in land management order to access the Carbon Sequestration Soil Considering the physiographic and climatic conditions different management schedules including replanting species, grazing and soil protection should be considered.

International Journal of …, Jan 1, 2012

International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion (IJFSE …, Jan 1, 2012

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of Cd on the growth, oxidative stress, and antiox... more The aim of this study is to examine the effects of Cd on the growth, oxidative stress, and antioxidative enzymes as well as on photosynthetic performance of early wheat seedlings. The possible mechanisms of wheat seedlings, response to Cd stress involving free radical metabolism and antioxidant changes are also discussed. Effects of cadmium (Cd) on seed germination, seedling biomass, root length and shoot height, Cd uptake, amylase activity and the activities of antioxidative enzymes as well as photosynthetic activities, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in wheat seedlings were investigated. Seedlings were exposed to different CdCl 2 concentrations for 7 days. Seed germination and seedling biomass and root and shoot elongation decreased with increasing of Cd. Root was the most sensitive parameter. Seedlings took more Cd up with increasing Cd in the test solutions. Fluorescence measurements showed that F 0 was slimly increased but F M was decreased progressively with increasing Cd. Total amylolytic, α-amylase and β-amylase activities were depressed by the higher Cd concentrations. A significant increase of MDA contents and peroxidase POD and superoxide dismutase SOD activity in Seedlings were observed with increasing concentration of Cd. The MDA content was linearly and positively correlated with seed germination frequency, biomass increment, root length and shoot height elongation, suggesting that MDA may be useful as a biological indicator of Cd toxicity in wheat.

International Journal of Forest, Soil and …, Jan 1, 2012

International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion (IJFSE …, Jan 1, 2012

The KINFIL rainfall-runoff model has been used for the reconstruction of the rainfall runoff even... more The KINFIL rainfall-runoff model has been used for the reconstruction of the rainfall runoff events in agricultural land use. The implementation of the KINFIL model supported by GIS proved to be a proper method for the flood runoff assessment on Sepidroud catchments(north of Iran), during which different scenarios of the rainfall events. The results show when the observed discharge peak was 2.25 m 3 /s, the computed discharge by the KINFIL model predicted 2.4 m 3 /s (about 7% errors) and when the observed discharge peak was 1.9 m 3 /s, the computed discharge by the KINFIL model predicted 1.8 m 3 /s (about 5% errors) .also, the KINFIL model may be used for the catchment management, including the investigation of deforestation on predict flood runoff assessment with a significant precision. The results showed when deforestation reaches 10% of total primitive areas in Sepidroud basin; the runoff-peak may increase more than 14.5 times.

International Journal of Forest, Soil and …, 2013

Problem soils are those which owing to land or soil characteristics cannot be economically used f... more Problem soils are those which owing to land or soil characteristics cannot be economically used for cultivation of crops without adopting proper management strategies. More than 50 per cent of 143 m ha-1 (net cultivated area) falls in the category of problems soils. More than 90 per cent of the land in the north eastern states alone is affected by soil acidity of varying degrees which have restricted the crop choice in more than 70 per cent of gross cropped area in this region to cereals particularly the rice. The amelioration of 25 million hectares promises additional 25 million tones of food grains. Besides, the fertilizer use as well its efficiency is also poor due to unfavorable pH conditions. The soil degradation due to salinity and alkalinity problems had affected significant chunk of fertile tracts, covering an area of about 67.27 lac hectares. The emphasis should therefore be given to solve these soil problems by adopting different management strategies like addition of different amendments, choice of crop, irrigation and drainage management for increasing the production as well as productivity on sustainable basis.

International Journal of Forest, Soil and …, 2013

Hypericum perforatum is used as a folk remedy for the treatment of various neurological disorders... more Hypericum perforatum is used as a folk remedy for the treatment of various neurological disorders. In this study, antioxidant activity of flower-bearing branches of H. perforatum was investigated employing various in vitro assay systems. IC 50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 96.0 ± 3.7 ȝg ml -1 . Extract showed potent nitric oxide scavenging activity between 6.25 and 100 ȝg ml -1 . Percentage of inhibition was increased with increasing concentrations of the extract. IC 50 was 21.1±1.8 ȝg ml -1 . Extract showed good reducing power that was comparable with vitamin C (p> 0.05). Extract showed very weak Fe 2+ chelating ability. Percentage of inhibition was 41% at 200 ȝg ml -1 in scavenging of H 2 O 2 . This plant was a good source of phenols and contains very high amount of total phenolics. Total phenol compounds, as determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method, was 505.7 ± 18 mg GAE and the total flavonoid content, by AlCl 3 method was 23.8 ± 1.6 mg QE. Antioxidant activity may be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of high amount of phenols and flavonoids in the extract. Potent nitric oxide scavenging activity may explain reported anti-inflammatory and CNS activities of this plant. These activities may be partially mediated by NO pathway.

… Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion ( …, 2013

The study of satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey revealed that the... more The study of satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey revealed that the study has a network of interlinked subsurface fractures. In according with the nature, potential and problem with the bet amount of interference, watershed management approach is aimed to make entire development. For surface water resources and ground water resources, the proper evaluation of water potential helps in additional exploration at optional level. The river basin objective of watershed management involves geological, hydrological consideration and economic, political, financial aspect. For the formulize of proper management program, a reliable and up to date information about various factor, viz. size and shape of river basin, topography, soil, slope, elevation and their characteristics, land use/land cover, drainage parameters etc. are required. To obtain a synoptic view of respective coverage, Remote sensing and GIS techniques provide a powerful input media, unbiased reproduction of the natural features in the form of photography/ imagery and their by economizing the process of multi-displinary approach for planning and decision of land and water resource in a watershed for integrated development. Resource information system is makes in a stabile GIS environment for the selected area. In this system evolves a subsistence plan for optimum development of the water resources and for finding solutions for different management problem related to natural resources.

… Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion ( …, 2013

Rangeland exclusion to livestock is one of the management methods for range management increase v... more Rangeland exclusion to livestock is one of the management methods for range management increase vegetation cover and improvement soil. The goal of this study is to access the effects of grazing and exclusion on physical-chemical soil properties. 78 soil samples extracted from 0-30 cm depth of Viseh Valley sent to laboratory. Soil properties include: texture, Bulk density, sodium, potassium, CaCO 3 , magnesium, EC, PH, organic matter and the texture of samples analyzed in the lab. SPSS, Excel software and paired sample t-test were employed to compare the data obtained from soil characteristics. Study of soil parameters changes indicates that exclusion do not have significant effect on percent of sand silt, clay, sodium, CaCO 3 , EC, PH, organic matter but potassium, magnesium were significant difference in both site. Also, soil case study shows that exclusion have significant effect on soil parameters.

International Journal of …, 2013

Foliage part of Hypericum tetrapterum Fries. contains essential oil was collected from north part... more Foliage part of Hypericum tetrapterum Fries. contains essential oil was collected from north part of Iran. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method and its components were identified using GC and GC-MS. In this study, thirty-six components (67.21% of total essential oil compositions) were characterized. Alkans (50.07%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (14.42%) were identified as the main fractions of the essential oil together with small amount of monoterpens (0.5 %). The most abundant constituents were n-undecane (30.84%), n-nonane (9.99%), n-tridecane (3.55 %) and ȕ-funebrene (2.79 %).

For knowing the hydrological behavior and water management of Sepidroud River (North of Iran-Gila... more For knowing the hydrological behavior and water management of Sepidroud River (North of Iran-Gilan) the present study focused on stream flow forecasting with artificial neural network. Ten years (2000-2009) historical inflow data, observed from the Sepidroud River, were selected ; then 10 years inflow of the Sepidroud River have been forecasted by neural network. Finally, the results obtained from forecasted data compared with observed data. The results showed that neural network could predict stream flow with high precision and the maximum error between predicted and observed data was 3% approximately.

A field study was conducted at Harwood Forest, NE England to investigate the effects of forest ma... more A field study was conducted at Harwood Forest, NE England to investigate the effects of forest management practices (drainage, mounding and fertilisation on soil properties from 2006 to 2008. The experiment was laid out in a factorial split plot design on grassland in peaty gley soil. Mounding increased soil bulk density, while drainage reduced carbon concentration in 0−10 cm layer. Soil organic carbon concentration in the 0−10 cm layer was increased by fertilisation. Mounding did not have any effect in soil organic carbon. The concentration of nitrogen in the in 0−10 cm was significantly reduced by drainage and was not affected by mounding or fertilisation. Soil microbial biomass carbon was not affected by drainage, mounding or fertilisation. Ammonium (NH4+) was significantly increased by mounding and fertilisation, while none of the treatment affected nitrate (NO3−) availability.

Establishment of in vitro plantlets in the greenhouse on various additives of soil mixtures is co... more Establishment of in vitro plantlets in the greenhouse on various additives of soil mixtures is considered as one of the trickiest phases of micropropagation. In the present research, we report the results of experiments aimed at optimizing acclimatization of tea clone Iran 100 plantlets (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) by using different types and ratios of potting media. Potting media like peat moss, vermiculite and perlite having various ratios are mixed together. This experiment was done in four repetitions by keeping the base of randomized complete block design. The properties such as survival rate, number of leaves, plant height and root length were measured and recorded in the period of the experiment. The collected data was analyzed by SAS statistical software and the mean of data was evaluated by the Tuckey Test using the probability of 1 percent. Nevertheless, the mixture containing peatmoss+ vermiculite+ perlite (2:1:1; v/v/v) resulted in increased percentage of plant survival, root length plant height and number of leaves of tea clone Iran 100 and it is therefore, a recommended medium for growth of the cultivar during acclimatization.

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an essential role in many aspects of plant development and grow... more Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an essential role in many aspects of plant development and growth. Also it a key element in response to stresses. In the present study, we investigated role salt stress in induced programmed cell death or apoptosis wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) suspension cell culture. Wheat suspension cells were exposed to 500 Mm NaCl and cell death was determined using several apoptosis assay. We observed morphological and biochemical apoptosis features such as nuclear condensation, DNA laddering, transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Positive TUNEL and reduction cell viability results were obtained treatment wheat suspension cell. The results indicate that 500 mM NaCl can induced pcd in suspension cell.

Abstract An investigation was carried out on the seed germination and seedling growth response ... more Abstract An investigation was carried out on the seed germination and seedling growth response of two indigenous savanna tree species (Acacia senegal and Parkia biglobosa) to salt (NaCl). Soil samples from two plots within Dabagi research farm of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto were used. These samples were taken from Dabagi Upland 2 (DUP2) and Dabagi Lowland (DLL) at the depth of 0-30cm. The seeds were sown in the soil samples of 0.0dSm-1, 2.2dSm-1and 2.8dSm-1 salt levels and observed until complete germination, and growth parameters (height and collar diameter) were measured fortnightly for 12 weeks. It was observed that salinity influenced the germination of seeds of the species with A. senegal (54%) showing a better germination at 2.2dSm-1 compared with P. biglobosa (44%). Secondly, the tree seedlings showed significant differences in their growth over the period of the study. It was observed that on the whole when compared, P. biglobosa showed a significant difference at (P<0.05) between 0.0dSm-1 and 2.8dSm-1. The result indicated that P. biglobosa though a savanna species, does not thrive well in high saline soils and should not be used in agro-forestry plot deep in the savanna where irrigation water may tend to increase soil salinity.

One of the foundations of long-term management in the northern forests of Iran is the existence o... more One of the foundations of long-term management in the northern forests of Iran is the existence of forest roads network. Passing the roads through low to moderate slopes and areas with high level of stability, reduces the costs of excavation, earth filling, land stabilization, excavation gable roofs and earth filling, and thus reduces construction costs. This research was carried out in the Shafaroud forest in the west of Guilan province. The paper aims to develop a method using the GIS technology and MPSIAC model to produce the stability map for designing the new roads network in the study area. The results showed that the proposed road network with a length of 23908 meters compare to existing roads network with a length of 25280 meters, could generate a suitable coverage among the parcels. The length of the proposed roads network is 1372 meters less than the length of the existing roads and creates the highest percentage of coverage with the least length so that in addition to the reduction of costs the forestry plans could be directed in the way of sustainable development. Some 12% of the proposed road passes through regions with high stability more than the existing road and the passage of the proposed road through the unstable regions as compared to the existing road has reduced two times and has had a significant difference in the level of 99% and totally has reduced the corrosive effects of the road on the nature. Ultimately, the results yielded show that using the GIS can increase the accuracy of the designing and quality of the forest road network and reduce the costs.

Geochemistry composition of different bulk soil and rock samples from Hormozgan province were inv... more Geochemistry composition of different bulk soil and rock samples from Hormozgan province were investigated in order to address element distribution of soils in the context of their weathering, soil forming process and geology to describe impacts of parent material and soil evolution on the soil characteristics. For this reason, major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, and Zr) as metal oxides and mineralogy composition of bulk soil and rocks were analyzed. Total content of some trace elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb) were measured in bulk soil samples as well. The studied area is part of arid region in southern Iran with predominant sedimentary rocks and evaporite formations. Coefficients between the elements of each subgroup are positive and significant (p<0.05), indicating that their presence can be accounted for by similar reasons. In general, soils developed on metamorphic and igeneous parent rocks rather than evaporates indicated distinct accumulation of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, K, Ti, and Zr in different particles. Indices based on soil macro elements, such as CIA, CIW, PWI, WIP could express the variations in unweathered materials and rate of weathering and can be taken as an index of soil development. In addition to high contents of alkali and alkali earth elements of the sand and silt rich soils, both the Chemical Index of Alteration values (4.61 to 67.40), Chemical Index of Weathering values (4.82 to 71.73) and also high Product of Weathering Index (PWI) and Weathering Index of Parker (WIP) contents, suggests a relatively mild weathering source area.

In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and de... more In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and degraded sites were evaluated in Shafaroud forests. Three sampling plots (one hectare in each site) were selected and each plot divided to four sub-plots (10*10m).In each Sub-plot plant samples were collected and identified using different flora references. Results showed that a total 45 species were known from untouched area that belong to 28 families and 39 genera. 32(71%) dicotyledones ,8 (18%) monocotyledones and 5 (11%) pterydophyta were identified. Lamiacea with four species was the highest number species.17 families have only one species. Flora of degraded site includes 74 species (60 (80%) dictyledones, 9 (12%) monocotyledones and 5 (8%) pterdophyta) that belong to 32 families and 62 genera. Asteraceae with 9 species are the most abundant in this area. Also 7 species of Lamiaceae family were identified in degraded area. hemichryptophytes are the most frequent life forms in the both areas. From the view of geographical distribution, plants of untouched area included 69% species belonging to Euro-Sibrean and only 2.5% species belonging to Cosmopolitan while in degraded area 51% and 3.5% species belaged to Euro-Sibrean and Cosmopolitan, respectively. Key Words: degraded ecosystems, life forms , chorology Caspian forests

The current study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of periodic application of w... more The current study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of periodic application of wastewater on some soil chemical properties and distribution and migration of Cu and Zn in soil profile. Application of wastewater on the soil properties showed that, irrigation with wastewater decreased soil pH and CCE, and on the other hand, increased Ec, SAR and OM, compared with non irrigated soils. The change of Zn and Cu fractions with depth for non-irrigated soil showed that Zn and Cu are strongly associated with the residual fraction. Chemical forms of Cu and Zn tendency to decrease with depth. Increased wastewater after 6 and 12 months caused increases in all chemical forms of Zn (except Carbonate form), especially in the surface layer. The mobility factor of Zn was reduced in three layers after 6 months of irrigation. In contrast, after 12 months of irrigating with wastewater resulted in the transformation of metals from the non mobile fraction towards the mobile fraction and finally mobility factor of Zn was increased in three layers. The result showed higher concentrations of chemical forms of Cu in the surface layers than sub surfaces. In irrigated soil, concentration of Chemical forms of Cu tendency to decrease with depth. The mobility factor of Cu was increased in three layers after 6 and 12 months of irrigation. Generally, application of wastewater caused increase in chemical forms of Zn and Cu and finally mobility factor, however, these factors were below of very mobile range.

In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and de... more In order to study on environmental changes effects on understory vegetation, two untouched and degraded sites were evaluated in Shafaroud forests. Three sampling plots (one hectare in each site) were selected and each plot divided to four sub-plots (10*10m).In each Sub-plot plant samples were collected and identified using different flora references. Results showed that a total 45 species were known from untouched area that belong to 28 families and 39 genera. 32(71%) dicotyledones ,8 (18%) monocotyledones and 5 (11%) pterydophyta were identified. Lamiacea with four species was the highest number species.17 families have only one species. Flora of degraded site includes 74 species (60 (80%) dictyledones, 9 (12%) monocotyledones and 5 (8%) pterdophyta) that belong to 32 families and 62 genera. Asteraceae with 9 species are the most abundant in this area. Also 7 species of Lamiaceae family were identified in degraded area. hemichryptophytes are the most frequent life forms in the both areas. From the view of geographical distribution, plants of untouched area included 69% species belonging to Euro-Sibrean and only 2.5% species belonging to Cosmopolitan while in degraded area 51% and 3.5% species belaged to Euro-Sibrean and Cosmopolitan, respectively. Key Words: degraded ecosystems, life forms , chorology Caspian forests

International Journal of Forest, …, 2012

Some of the most important local factors on Carbon Sequestration in soil, is climate and topograp... more Some of the most important local factors on Carbon Sequestration in soil, is climate and topographic features (such as altitude, aspect and percent slope), In order to study the effect of slope aspect and elevation for Soil Carbon Sequestration took over in Kermanshah province .For this search 6 height class and 4 main slopes aspect was selected and sampling of the soil was done 0-30 cm randomly. Results showed that increasing the height increases the amount of Carbon Sequestration.Most Carbon Sequestration 52.73 tons, was at an altitude of 2100 meters in the north aspect, That is far from the grazing and human activity and vegetation growth is not limited .Results showed that the physiographic plays important role in land management order to access the Carbon Sequestration Soil Considering the physiographic and climatic conditions different management schedules including replanting species, grazing and soil protection should be considered.

International Journal of …, Jan 1, 2012

International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion (IJFSE …, Jan 1, 2012

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of Cd on the growth, oxidative stress, and antiox... more The aim of this study is to examine the effects of Cd on the growth, oxidative stress, and antioxidative enzymes as well as on photosynthetic performance of early wheat seedlings. The possible mechanisms of wheat seedlings, response to Cd stress involving free radical metabolism and antioxidant changes are also discussed. Effects of cadmium (Cd) on seed germination, seedling biomass, root length and shoot height, Cd uptake, amylase activity and the activities of antioxidative enzymes as well as photosynthetic activities, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in wheat seedlings were investigated. Seedlings were exposed to different CdCl 2 concentrations for 7 days. Seed germination and seedling biomass and root and shoot elongation decreased with increasing of Cd. Root was the most sensitive parameter. Seedlings took more Cd up with increasing Cd in the test solutions. Fluorescence measurements showed that F 0 was slimly increased but F M was decreased progressively with increasing Cd. Total amylolytic, α-amylase and β-amylase activities were depressed by the higher Cd concentrations. A significant increase of MDA contents and peroxidase POD and superoxide dismutase SOD activity in Seedlings were observed with increasing concentration of Cd. The MDA content was linearly and positively correlated with seed germination frequency, biomass increment, root length and shoot height elongation, suggesting that MDA may be useful as a biological indicator of Cd toxicity in wheat.

International Journal of Forest, Soil and …, Jan 1, 2012

International Journal of Forest, Soil and Erosion (IJFSE …, Jan 1, 2012

The KINFIL rainfall-runoff model has been used for the reconstruction of the rainfall runoff even... more The KINFIL rainfall-runoff model has been used for the reconstruction of the rainfall runoff events in agricultural land use. The implementation of the KINFIL model supported by GIS proved to be a proper method for the flood runoff assessment on Sepidroud catchments(north of Iran), during which different scenarios of the rainfall events. The results show when the observed discharge peak was 2.25 m 3 /s, the computed discharge by the KINFIL model predicted 2.4 m 3 /s (about 7% errors) and when the observed discharge peak was 1.9 m 3 /s, the computed discharge by the KINFIL model predicted 1.8 m 3 /s (about 5% errors) .also, the KINFIL model may be used for the catchment management, including the investigation of deforestation on predict flood runoff assessment with a significant precision. The results showed when deforestation reaches 10% of total primitive areas in Sepidroud basin; the runoff-peak may increase more than 14.5 times.