James Grellier | Imperial College London (original) (raw)
Papers by James Grellier
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (... more Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (pp'DDE) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic environmental pollutants with potential neurotoxic effects. Despite a growing body of studies investigating the health effects associated with these compounds, their specific effects on early neuropsychological development remain unclear. We investigated such neuropsychological effects in a population-based birth cohort based in three regions in Spain (Sabadell, Gipuzkoa, and Valencia) derived from the INMA [Environment and Childhood] Project. The main analyses in this report were based on 1391 mother-child pairs with complete information on maternal levels of organochlorine compounds and child neuropsychological assessment (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) at age 14months. We found that prenatal PCB exposure, particularly to congeners 138 and 153, resulted in impairment of psychomotor development (coefficient=-1.24, 95% confidence interval=-2.41, -0.07), but found no evidence for effects on cognitive development. Prenatal exposure to pp'DDE or HCB was not associated with early neuropsychological development. The negative effects of exposure to PCBs on early psychomotor development suggest that the potential neurotoxic effects of these compounds may be evident even at low doses.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between maternal intelligence-mental health and neuropsych... more OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between maternal intelligence-mental health and neuropsychological development at age 14 months in a normal population, taking into account maternal occupational social class and education.
METHODS: We prospectively studied a population-based birth cohort, which forms part of the INMA (Environment and Childhood) Project. Cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed at 14 months using Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Maternal intelligence and mental health were assessed by the Cattell and Cattell test and the General Health Questionnaire-12 respectively.
RESULTS: We observed a crude association between maternal intelligence and cognitive development in children at 14 months but this association disappeared when maternal education was included. The associations were stratified by maternal education and occupational social class. Within the manual maternal occupational social class, there was a significant difference in cognitive development between children whose mothers scored in the highest tertile of maternal IQ and those whose mothers scored in the lowest tertile. In contrast, no differences were observed among children whose mothers were in the non-manual occupational social class.
CONCLUSIONS: The association between maternal intelligence and child cognitive development differed by occupational social class. While this association was not confounded by education or other variables in manual occupational social classes, maternal education explained this association among advantaged occupational social classes.
Philosophical …, Jan 1, 2009
This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with dis... more This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and describes the potential mechanism of action.
There appears to be good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between exposure to DBPs, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers including colorectal cancer is inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for an association between exposure to DBPs, specifically THMs, and little for gestational age/intrauterine growth retardation and, to a lesser extent, pre-term delivery, but evidence for relationships with other outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality is inconclusive and inconsistent. Major limitations in exposure assessment, small sample sizes and potential biases may account for the inconclusive and inconsistent results in epidemiological studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on total THMs as the exposure metric, whereas other DBPs appear to be more toxic than the THMs, albeit generally occurring at lower levels in the water.
The mechanisms through which DBPs may cause adverse health effects including cancer and adverse reproductive effects have not been well investigated. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of folate metabolism, disruption of the synthesis and/or secretion of placental syncytiotrophoblast-derived chorionic gonadotropin and lowering of testosterone levels, but further work is required in this area.
… of Toxicology and …, Jan 1, 2009
Environmental health sciences focus on the link between the presence of contaminants in the envir... more Environmental health sciences focus on the link between the presence of contaminants in the environment and their relation with possible adverse health effects. Within this context, human biomonitoring (HBM) data have proven to be a valuable addition to, or have even surpassed, estimates of exposure based on environmental measures. Probably the main achievement of HBM data is that it provides an integrated overview of the pollutant dose any constituent is exposed to and incorporates bioaccumulation, excretion, half-life, and other potentially critical toxicokinetic parameters. In an integrated environmental health impact assessment framework, HBM serves as a pivotal point between environment and health, on the one hand leaning on environmental data to provide information on sources and pathways of exposure, and on the other hand clarifying hypotheses on the relationship between internal dose and prevalence of disease clusters. This study reflects the work performed in the INTARESE project (Integrated Assessment of Health Risk of Environmental Stressors in Europe). Because it was perceived that there was an overall lack of knowledge on the general methodology and potential application of HBM data in integrated environmental health impact assessment, an extensive review of literature was performed on past and current developments, potential, and applicability of HBM within the context of integrated environmental health impact assessment. This study covers three main topics that provide guidance for improved interpretation and application of HBM data: (1) sample collection and storage, (2) sample measurement, and (3) data interpretation. These main issues were discussed for 15 of the most common or relevant (classes of) chemicals. For more detailed information, the reader is pointed to the unabridged review (INTARESE, 2007), and consultation is available through the INTARESE web site (www.intarese.org).
rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org
Roma Rights Quarterly, Jan 1, 2004
…, Jan 1, 2009
Methods: Causal diagrams were assembled of the full chain between contaminants in drinking water ... more Methods: Causal diagrams were assembled of the full chain between contaminants in drinking water and burden of disease, via epidemiological measures of exposure-response. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to calculate distributions of attributable ...
…, Jan 1, 2010
Exposure to total trihalomethanes in drinking water has been associated with several adverse birt... more Exposure to total trihalomethanes in drinking water has been associated with several adverse birth outcomes relating to fetal growth and prematurity. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies featuring original peer-reviewed data on the association of total trihalomethane exposure and health outcomes related to fetal growth and prematurity. A comprehensive literature search yielded 37 studies, 15 of which were selected for the extraction of relative risks relating adverse birth outcomes to trihalomethane exposure. Sufficient data were available for meta-analyses to be carried out for 4 adverse birth outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), term low birth weight (term LBW), preterm delivery, and small for gestational age (SGA) (including intra uterine growth retardation). We found little or no evidence for associations between third trimester trihalomethane exposure and LBW (odds ratio per 10 microg total trihalomethane/L = 1.00 [95% confidence interval = 0.97-1.03]), term LBW (1.03 [0.93-1.15]), or preterm delivery (0.99 [0.98-1.00]), but some evidence for SGA (1.01 [1.00-1.02]). There was little or no evidence for associations between total trihalomethane concentration and adverse birth outcomes relating to fetal growth and prematurity, with the possible exception of SGA. We discuss these findings and the uncertainties-relating particularly to exposure-that may have affected them.
…, Jan 1, 2009
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maint... more Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. ... Skip Navigation Links Home > ...
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (... more Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (pp'DDE) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic environmental pollutants with potential neurotoxic effects. Despite a growing body of studies investigating the health effects associated with these compounds, their specific effects on early neuropsychological development remain unclear. We investigated such neuropsychological effects in a population-based birth cohort based in three regions in Spain (Sabadell, Gipuzkoa, and Valencia) derived from the INMA [Environment and Childhood] Project. The main analyses in this report were based on 1391 mother-child pairs with complete information on maternal levels of organochlorine compounds and child neuropsychological assessment (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) at age 14months. We found that prenatal PCB exposure, particularly to congeners 138 and 153, resulted in impairment of psychomotor development (coefficient=-1.24, 95% confidence interval=-2.41, -0.07), but found no evidence for effects on cognitive development. Prenatal exposure to pp'DDE or HCB was not associated with early neuropsychological development. The negative effects of exposure to PCBs on early psychomotor development suggest that the potential neurotoxic effects of these compounds may be evident even at low doses.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between maternal intelligence-mental health and neuropsych... more OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between maternal intelligence-mental health and neuropsychological development at age 14 months in a normal population, taking into account maternal occupational social class and education.
METHODS: We prospectively studied a population-based birth cohort, which forms part of the INMA (Environment and Childhood) Project. Cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed at 14 months using Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Maternal intelligence and mental health were assessed by the Cattell and Cattell test and the General Health Questionnaire-12 respectively.
RESULTS: We observed a crude association between maternal intelligence and cognitive development in children at 14 months but this association disappeared when maternal education was included. The associations were stratified by maternal education and occupational social class. Within the manual maternal occupational social class, there was a significant difference in cognitive development between children whose mothers scored in the highest tertile of maternal IQ and those whose mothers scored in the lowest tertile. In contrast, no differences were observed among children whose mothers were in the non-manual occupational social class.
CONCLUSIONS: The association between maternal intelligence and child cognitive development differed by occupational social class. While this association was not confounded by education or other variables in manual occupational social classes, maternal education explained this association among advantaged occupational social classes.
Philosophical …, Jan 1, 2009
This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with dis... more This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and describes the potential mechanism of action.
There appears to be good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between exposure to DBPs, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers including colorectal cancer is inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for an association between exposure to DBPs, specifically THMs, and little for gestational age/intrauterine growth retardation and, to a lesser extent, pre-term delivery, but evidence for relationships with other outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality is inconclusive and inconsistent. Major limitations in exposure assessment, small sample sizes and potential biases may account for the inconclusive and inconsistent results in epidemiological studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on total THMs as the exposure metric, whereas other DBPs appear to be more toxic than the THMs, albeit generally occurring at lower levels in the water.
The mechanisms through which DBPs may cause adverse health effects including cancer and adverse reproductive effects have not been well investigated. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of folate metabolism, disruption of the synthesis and/or secretion of placental syncytiotrophoblast-derived chorionic gonadotropin and lowering of testosterone levels, but further work is required in this area.
… of Toxicology and …, Jan 1, 2009
Environmental health sciences focus on the link between the presence of contaminants in the envir... more Environmental health sciences focus on the link between the presence of contaminants in the environment and their relation with possible adverse health effects. Within this context, human biomonitoring (HBM) data have proven to be a valuable addition to, or have even surpassed, estimates of exposure based on environmental measures. Probably the main achievement of HBM data is that it provides an integrated overview of the pollutant dose any constituent is exposed to and incorporates bioaccumulation, excretion, half-life, and other potentially critical toxicokinetic parameters. In an integrated environmental health impact assessment framework, HBM serves as a pivotal point between environment and health, on the one hand leaning on environmental data to provide information on sources and pathways of exposure, and on the other hand clarifying hypotheses on the relationship between internal dose and prevalence of disease clusters. This study reflects the work performed in the INTARESE project (Integrated Assessment of Health Risk of Environmental Stressors in Europe). Because it was perceived that there was an overall lack of knowledge on the general methodology and potential application of HBM data in integrated environmental health impact assessment, an extensive review of literature was performed on past and current developments, potential, and applicability of HBM within the context of integrated environmental health impact assessment. This study covers three main topics that provide guidance for improved interpretation and application of HBM data: (1) sample collection and storage, (2) sample measurement, and (3) data interpretation. These main issues were discussed for 15 of the most common or relevant (classes of) chemicals. For more detailed information, the reader is pointed to the unabridged review (INTARESE, 2007), and consultation is available through the INTARESE web site (www.intarese.org).
rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org
Roma Rights Quarterly, Jan 1, 2004
…, Jan 1, 2009
Methods: Causal diagrams were assembled of the full chain between contaminants in drinking water ... more Methods: Causal diagrams were assembled of the full chain between contaminants in drinking water and burden of disease, via epidemiological measures of exposure-response. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to calculate distributions of attributable ...
…, Jan 1, 2010
Exposure to total trihalomethanes in drinking water has been associated with several adverse birt... more Exposure to total trihalomethanes in drinking water has been associated with several adverse birth outcomes relating to fetal growth and prematurity. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies featuring original peer-reviewed data on the association of total trihalomethane exposure and health outcomes related to fetal growth and prematurity. A comprehensive literature search yielded 37 studies, 15 of which were selected for the extraction of relative risks relating adverse birth outcomes to trihalomethane exposure. Sufficient data were available for meta-analyses to be carried out for 4 adverse birth outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), term low birth weight (term LBW), preterm delivery, and small for gestational age (SGA) (including intra uterine growth retardation). We found little or no evidence for associations between third trimester trihalomethane exposure and LBW (odds ratio per 10 microg total trihalomethane/L = 1.00 [95% confidence interval = 0.97-1.03]), term LBW (1.03 [0.93-1.15]), or preterm delivery (0.99 [0.98-1.00]), but some evidence for SGA (1.01 [1.00-1.02]). There was little or no evidence for associations between total trihalomethane concentration and adverse birth outcomes relating to fetal growth and prematurity, with the possible exception of SGA. We discuss these findings and the uncertainties-relating particularly to exposure-that may have affected them.
…, Jan 1, 2009
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maint... more Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. ... Skip Navigation Links Home > ...