Adriano A G Gaspani | Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (original) (raw)
Papers by Adriano A G Gaspani
Emanuela Zanda & Adriano Gaspani, “Industria e la ‘sapienza isiaca’: osservazioni di astronomia e geometria”, dans N. Bonacasa & A. M. Donadoni Roveri (éds), Faraoni come dei, Tolemei come faraoni, Atti del V Congresso Internazionale Italo-Egiziano, Torino, 8-12 dicembre 2001, Turin-Palerme, 2003...
Ausonius Éditions, Feb 18, 2021
In this paper we outline the results of our archaeoastronomical study dealing with a number of Ma... more In this paper we outline the results of our archaeoastronomical study dealing with a number of Mayan settlements located in the lowlands of Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo (Mexico), in order to try to explain the well-known clockwise misalignments with respect to the astronomical cardinal directions. In this work we present the results of our analysis and propose a solution of this problem. The methodology followed in our study is based on statistical methods as well as on the astronomical computations. In a preliminary research we at first analysed the topographic maps of the Mayan sites checking that the deviation of the main axes of the cities is always rotated by few degrees in a clockwise direction from the astronomical North, but with different azimuths. We have successfully tested various hypotheses on the astronomical criteria applied by the Mayan people in order to build and orient their cities, and we are able to show that exists a strict relationship between the architectural alignments and the astronomical observations of the most important stars in the framework of the Mayan religion.
Theta1 Orionis A : a pre-main sequence low Q binary system ?
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1989
Les observations spectroscopiques de la binaire a eclipse Θ 1 Orionis A (HD 37020) sont presentee... more Les observations spectroscopiques de la binaire a eclipse Θ 1 Orionis A (HD 37020) sont presentees. Les elements orbitaux spectroscopiques et le rapport de masse sont determines
Eclipsing variable stars in neighbouring galaxies. I. Variable
The paper discusses the photographic light-curve of the eclipsing variable "G" in M31 A... more The paper discusses the photographic light-curve of the eclipsing variable "G" in M31 And in view of determining the photometric orbital elements. A polynomial analysis of the light-curve in the frequency domain was used for this determination. It results from this calculation that the binary system under discussion is composed of an O5 V star (the smaller one) and a B5 I star (the larger component), both components beingcontained within their respective equipotential surfaces, a fact which allows one to conclude, with a high probability, on a detached type. In any case, as the mass ratio is not known as yet, a definitive classification of the system is not possible.
In this paper we analyze the strange case of two churches located not far from each other, identi... more In this paper we analyze the strange case of two churches located not far from each other, identified with the same name, Sant'Apollinare, situated one in Carpignano Sesia (No) and the other in Fisrengo-Casalbeltrame (No), at about ten kilometers each other, in the region of Piedmont, Italy. In a deed dated 1174 A.D it is mentioned the Templar Mansione Sanctum Apollinarem, in the area of Novara, where the Count Guido of Biandrate donates to the Templars everything he owned in the region Ruspalia, but there is not any indication or land registry map to identify the exact position of the mansio. In these two places the Order's presence is indicated by the archive historical documents, mostly, related to acts of buying and selling, but despite this there is a diatribe for the identification of the " Templar Church". Additional means of identification can be offered by an archaeoastronomical analysis of the temples within the context of their surrounding landscape and ...
The Barec of the Piani of Monte Avaro
The Celts were the protagonists of life in the Iron Age in Europe. The testimonies of their cults... more The Celts were the protagonists of life in the Iron Age in Europe. The testimonies of their cults and their astronomical knowledge are still handed down to us through their stone works: the Barec. In Italy in the upper Brembana Valley, astronomical correspondences have been found between these stone circles and the celestial phenomena that characterized the life of the Orobic tribes in the 5th century BC. Professor Gaspani with techniques of satellite archaeoastronomy has been able to date the frequentations of the Barec of the Plans of Mount Avaro (Bergamo) by the Alpine Celtic populations, helping with unique archaeological finds such as inscriptions in Leponzio alphabet likely devotes to the Celtic god Pen of the peaks and valleys, of the menhirs of The Camisana Valley (Bergamo), of the images of the Man of the Woods perhaps "domesticated" depictions of the Celtic God Chernunnos. A book for fans of archaeoastronomy and history of the Celtic people.
Photoelectric Observations of the Eclipsing Variable DO Cas
Tracce di osservazioni di stelle variabili durante l'et� del ferro in Europa
Preliminary Orbital Elements of HD 184035
Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, Jul 1, 1984
Altre Modernita Rivista Di Studi Letterari E Culturali, Jun 23, 2013
Photoelectric Observations of the Eclipsing Variable DO Cas
Who Discovered Mira Ceti? (The first variabilist was a Celt man who lived in Libenice
Eclipsing variable stars in neighbouring galaxies. II. Discussion of the light curve of V 55 in NGC 2403
The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by mean... more The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by means of an analysis in the frequency domain in order to obtain photometric orbital elements. The solution of the orbit shows that V 55 is a detached system whose components, differing very little from each other, should belong to the earlier spectral classes. The binary system discussed here appears to be the remotest system so far discovered.
Eclipsing variable stars in neighbouring galaxies. III. Discussion ofthe light curve of V 31 in IC 1613
The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by mean... more The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by means of an analysis in the frequency domain in order to obtain photometric orbital elements. The solution of the orbit shows that V 55 is a detached system whose components, differing very little from each other, should belong to the earlier spectral classes. The binary system discussed here appears to be the remotest system so far discovered.
Photoelectric Observations of the Close Eclipsing Binary VW Cephei
Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 1994
The SOP algorithm
The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum... more The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum and minimum of the observed light curves of the variable stars.
HIC 83921: A New Pulsating Star in Hercules
The SOP algorithm
The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum... more The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum and minimum of the observed light curves of the variable stars.
The tall, slender, free-standing round towers with conical caps which are still such a striking f... more The tall, slender, free-standing round towers with conical caps which are still such a striking feature of many of the more important mediaeval monastic settlements in Iraland date from the tenth to the early twelfth centuries. The Irish name for them in the historical sources, cloighteach, mean a bell-house, but this was not their main function. Most have high level doorways requiring a ladder for access, and historical references indicate that they were sometimes used for storing valuables and a refuge during raids. Round towers are normally situated to the west of the principal church of the monastic settlement, with the doorway of the tower facing the church. At the highest level there were four windows from which, perhaphs, hand bells would have been rung. In this work a set of 40 cloighteach, were measured and analyzed from the archaeoastronomical point of view in order to study the distribution of the orientation of the doorways as well as the windows with respect with the cardinal astronomical frame. The data were collected during three independent campaigns in 2003, 2005 and 2006 for 40 towers of the 97 at present surviving on the Emerald Island, collecting about 500 measurements. The azimut was calibrated with 39 idependent GPS baseline in order to attach them to the geodetical meridian (very near to the astronomical one). In the site of Clonmacnois two towers are present, so a single GPS calibration baseline was used. The data analysis was of the global kind, neglecting the discussion of the individual tower, preferring to concentrate to the statistical analysis of the whole set of data. Three data-processing levels were individuated: the first deals with the distribution of the axes of the doorways with respect to the local astronomical frame showing that the doorways are distributed in the western arc of the local horizon only, and are strictly correlated with the direction of the main church (called " cathedral ") located in the monastic settlements. The second data-processing level deals with the windows (usually four) located at the highest level of the towers, showing strong correlation with the cardinal astronomical directions. The third level deals with the windows placed at the intermdiate level that resulted randomly distributed with respect to the astronomical reference frame. Finally some hypotheses were taken in account in order to investigate the possible orientation techniques applied by the mediaeval Irish monks. It seems higly probable that the most common ones were the direct observation of the northern circumpolar constellations in order to fin the
Introduzione Durante l'ultimo weekend dello scorso Gennaio ho tenuto un corso full-immersion dedi... more Introduzione Durante l'ultimo weekend dello scorso Gennaio ho tenuto un corso full-immersion dedicato ad un ristretto numero di partecipanti il cui argomento era l'Archeoastronomia dallo Spazio. Lo scopo del corso era quello di introdurre i partecipanti alle tecniche di rilievo archeoastronomico dei siti archeologici eseguito sulle immagini riprese dai satelliti artificiali che orbitano intorno alla Terra. Quando il rilievo dei siti archeologici è eseguito in remoto utilizzando le immagini riprese dai satelliti in orbita intorno alla Terra è necessario, prima di eseguire la misura degli azimut astronomici di orientazione dei manufatti presenti nel sito archeologico, applicare alcuni trattamenti alle immagini in modo da rimuovere gli effetti di deterioramento dovuti alla presenza dell'atmosfera della Terra che si frappone tra il suolo e il satellite che riprende l'immagine, georeferenziarla, georettificarla e se necessario, migliorarla in modo da incrementare la visibilità dei particolari più sfuggenti. L'appropriata analisi delle immagini da satellite permette di mettere in evidenza anche le strutture archeologiche ancora interrate fino alla profondità, nei casi maggiormente favorevoli, di alcuni metri studiando gli effetti del differente drenaggio dell'acqua piovana sulla colorazione della vegetazione. Durante le esercitazioni pratiche di image processing preparai per i corsisti una serie di vecchie immagini aeree in bianco e nero dell'area dove adesso sorge il nuovo ospedale Sant'Anna di Como, recuperate dal materiale che nel 2007 era stato utilizzato per lo studio del famoso " Grande Cerchio " di Montano Lucino. L'obbiettivo era quello di verificare le prestazioni di una serie di nuovi algoritmi di image-restoration alcuni dei quali messi a punto recentemente da me. Questi algoritmi si erano dimostrati estremamente efficaci nel recupero dell'informazione dispersa in mezzo al rumore di fondo dell'immagine. La scelta di utilizzare vecchie foto aeree era motivata proprio dall'idea didattica di utilizzare materiale di partenza di qualità scadente se paragonata a quella delle moderne immagini satellitari proprio per mettere i corsisti di fronte a materiale iconografico eterogeneo e difficile da elaborare.
Emanuela Zanda & Adriano Gaspani, “Industria e la ‘sapienza isiaca’: osservazioni di astronomia e geometria”, dans N. Bonacasa & A. M. Donadoni Roveri (éds), Faraoni come dei, Tolemei come faraoni, Atti del V Congresso Internazionale Italo-Egiziano, Torino, 8-12 dicembre 2001, Turin-Palerme, 2003...
Ausonius Éditions, Feb 18, 2021
In this paper we outline the results of our archaeoastronomical study dealing with a number of Ma... more In this paper we outline the results of our archaeoastronomical study dealing with a number of Mayan settlements located in the lowlands of Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo (Mexico), in order to try to explain the well-known clockwise misalignments with respect to the astronomical cardinal directions. In this work we present the results of our analysis and propose a solution of this problem. The methodology followed in our study is based on statistical methods as well as on the astronomical computations. In a preliminary research we at first analysed the topographic maps of the Mayan sites checking that the deviation of the main axes of the cities is always rotated by few degrees in a clockwise direction from the astronomical North, but with different azimuths. We have successfully tested various hypotheses on the astronomical criteria applied by the Mayan people in order to build and orient their cities, and we are able to show that exists a strict relationship between the architectural alignments and the astronomical observations of the most important stars in the framework of the Mayan religion.
Theta1 Orionis A : a pre-main sequence low Q binary system ?
Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1989
Les observations spectroscopiques de la binaire a eclipse Θ 1 Orionis A (HD 37020) sont presentee... more Les observations spectroscopiques de la binaire a eclipse Θ 1 Orionis A (HD 37020) sont presentees. Les elements orbitaux spectroscopiques et le rapport de masse sont determines
Eclipsing variable stars in neighbouring galaxies. I. Variable
The paper discusses the photographic light-curve of the eclipsing variable "G" in M31 A... more The paper discusses the photographic light-curve of the eclipsing variable "G" in M31 And in view of determining the photometric orbital elements. A polynomial analysis of the light-curve in the frequency domain was used for this determination. It results from this calculation that the binary system under discussion is composed of an O5 V star (the smaller one) and a B5 I star (the larger component), both components beingcontained within their respective equipotential surfaces, a fact which allows one to conclude, with a high probability, on a detached type. In any case, as the mass ratio is not known as yet, a definitive classification of the system is not possible.
In this paper we analyze the strange case of two churches located not far from each other, identi... more In this paper we analyze the strange case of two churches located not far from each other, identified with the same name, Sant'Apollinare, situated one in Carpignano Sesia (No) and the other in Fisrengo-Casalbeltrame (No), at about ten kilometers each other, in the region of Piedmont, Italy. In a deed dated 1174 A.D it is mentioned the Templar Mansione Sanctum Apollinarem, in the area of Novara, where the Count Guido of Biandrate donates to the Templars everything he owned in the region Ruspalia, but there is not any indication or land registry map to identify the exact position of the mansio. In these two places the Order's presence is indicated by the archive historical documents, mostly, related to acts of buying and selling, but despite this there is a diatribe for the identification of the " Templar Church". Additional means of identification can be offered by an archaeoastronomical analysis of the temples within the context of their surrounding landscape and ...
The Barec of the Piani of Monte Avaro
The Celts were the protagonists of life in the Iron Age in Europe. The testimonies of their cults... more The Celts were the protagonists of life in the Iron Age in Europe. The testimonies of their cults and their astronomical knowledge are still handed down to us through their stone works: the Barec. In Italy in the upper Brembana Valley, astronomical correspondences have been found between these stone circles and the celestial phenomena that characterized the life of the Orobic tribes in the 5th century BC. Professor Gaspani with techniques of satellite archaeoastronomy has been able to date the frequentations of the Barec of the Plans of Mount Avaro (Bergamo) by the Alpine Celtic populations, helping with unique archaeological finds such as inscriptions in Leponzio alphabet likely devotes to the Celtic god Pen of the peaks and valleys, of the menhirs of The Camisana Valley (Bergamo), of the images of the Man of the Woods perhaps "domesticated" depictions of the Celtic God Chernunnos. A book for fans of archaeoastronomy and history of the Celtic people.
Photoelectric Observations of the Eclipsing Variable DO Cas
Tracce di osservazioni di stelle variabili durante l'et� del ferro in Europa
Preliminary Orbital Elements of HD 184035
Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, Jul 1, 1984
Altre Modernita Rivista Di Studi Letterari E Culturali, Jun 23, 2013
Photoelectric Observations of the Eclipsing Variable DO Cas
Who Discovered Mira Ceti? (The first variabilist was a Celt man who lived in Libenice
Eclipsing variable stars in neighbouring galaxies. II. Discussion of the light curve of V 55 in NGC 2403
The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by mean... more The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by means of an analysis in the frequency domain in order to obtain photometric orbital elements. The solution of the orbit shows that V 55 is a detached system whose components, differing very little from each other, should belong to the earlier spectral classes. The binary system discussed here appears to be the remotest system so far discovered.
Eclipsing variable stars in neighbouring galaxies. III. Discussion ofthe light curve of V 31 in IC 1613
The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by mean... more The light curve of the eclipsing variable V 55 in the spiral galaxy NGC 2403 is discussed by means of an analysis in the frequency domain in order to obtain photometric orbital elements. The solution of the orbit shows that V 55 is a detached system whose components, differing very little from each other, should belong to the earlier spectral classes. The binary system discussed here appears to be the remotest system so far discovered.
Photoelectric Observations of the Close Eclipsing Binary VW Cephei
Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 1994
The SOP algorithm
The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum... more The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum and minimum of the observed light curves of the variable stars.
HIC 83921: A New Pulsating Star in Hercules
The SOP algorithm
The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum... more The authors describe a new, generalized and modern technique useful in searching times of maximum and minimum of the observed light curves of the variable stars.
The tall, slender, free-standing round towers with conical caps which are still such a striking f... more The tall, slender, free-standing round towers with conical caps which are still such a striking feature of many of the more important mediaeval monastic settlements in Iraland date from the tenth to the early twelfth centuries. The Irish name for them in the historical sources, cloighteach, mean a bell-house, but this was not their main function. Most have high level doorways requiring a ladder for access, and historical references indicate that they were sometimes used for storing valuables and a refuge during raids. Round towers are normally situated to the west of the principal church of the monastic settlement, with the doorway of the tower facing the church. At the highest level there were four windows from which, perhaphs, hand bells would have been rung. In this work a set of 40 cloighteach, were measured and analyzed from the archaeoastronomical point of view in order to study the distribution of the orientation of the doorways as well as the windows with respect with the cardinal astronomical frame. The data were collected during three independent campaigns in 2003, 2005 and 2006 for 40 towers of the 97 at present surviving on the Emerald Island, collecting about 500 measurements. The azimut was calibrated with 39 idependent GPS baseline in order to attach them to the geodetical meridian (very near to the astronomical one). In the site of Clonmacnois two towers are present, so a single GPS calibration baseline was used. The data analysis was of the global kind, neglecting the discussion of the individual tower, preferring to concentrate to the statistical analysis of the whole set of data. Three data-processing levels were individuated: the first deals with the distribution of the axes of the doorways with respect to the local astronomical frame showing that the doorways are distributed in the western arc of the local horizon only, and are strictly correlated with the direction of the main church (called " cathedral ") located in the monastic settlements. The second data-processing level deals with the windows (usually four) located at the highest level of the towers, showing strong correlation with the cardinal astronomical directions. The third level deals with the windows placed at the intermdiate level that resulted randomly distributed with respect to the astronomical reference frame. Finally some hypotheses were taken in account in order to investigate the possible orientation techniques applied by the mediaeval Irish monks. It seems higly probable that the most common ones were the direct observation of the northern circumpolar constellations in order to fin the
Introduzione Durante l'ultimo weekend dello scorso Gennaio ho tenuto un corso full-immersion dedi... more Introduzione Durante l'ultimo weekend dello scorso Gennaio ho tenuto un corso full-immersion dedicato ad un ristretto numero di partecipanti il cui argomento era l'Archeoastronomia dallo Spazio. Lo scopo del corso era quello di introdurre i partecipanti alle tecniche di rilievo archeoastronomico dei siti archeologici eseguito sulle immagini riprese dai satelliti artificiali che orbitano intorno alla Terra. Quando il rilievo dei siti archeologici è eseguito in remoto utilizzando le immagini riprese dai satelliti in orbita intorno alla Terra è necessario, prima di eseguire la misura degli azimut astronomici di orientazione dei manufatti presenti nel sito archeologico, applicare alcuni trattamenti alle immagini in modo da rimuovere gli effetti di deterioramento dovuti alla presenza dell'atmosfera della Terra che si frappone tra il suolo e il satellite che riprende l'immagine, georeferenziarla, georettificarla e se necessario, migliorarla in modo da incrementare la visibilità dei particolari più sfuggenti. L'appropriata analisi delle immagini da satellite permette di mettere in evidenza anche le strutture archeologiche ancora interrate fino alla profondità, nei casi maggiormente favorevoli, di alcuni metri studiando gli effetti del differente drenaggio dell'acqua piovana sulla colorazione della vegetazione. Durante le esercitazioni pratiche di image processing preparai per i corsisti una serie di vecchie immagini aeree in bianco e nero dell'area dove adesso sorge il nuovo ospedale Sant'Anna di Como, recuperate dal materiale che nel 2007 era stato utilizzato per lo studio del famoso " Grande Cerchio " di Montano Lucino. L'obbiettivo era quello di verificare le prestazioni di una serie di nuovi algoritmi di image-restoration alcuni dei quali messi a punto recentemente da me. Questi algoritmi si erano dimostrati estremamente efficaci nel recupero dell'informazione dispersa in mezzo al rumore di fondo dell'immagine. La scelta di utilizzare vecchie foto aeree era motivata proprio dall'idea didattica di utilizzare materiale di partenza di qualità scadente se paragonata a quella delle moderne immagini satellitari proprio per mettere i corsisti di fronte a materiale iconografico eterogeneo e difficile da elaborare.
Introduzione Attualmente con il nome di Archeoastronomia (taluni preferiscono Astroarcheologia o ... more Introduzione Attualmente con il nome di Archeoastronomia (taluni preferiscono Astroarcheologia o Paleoastronomia) si intende la scienza che, tramite l'analisi dei reperti archeologici, studia l'esistenza di un'attività di osservazione dei corpi celesti da parte di individui appartenuti alle culture antiche. Per Archeoastronomia possiamo quindi intendere la disciplina che si occupa dello studio e della comprensione delle conoscenze astronomiche diffuse presso i popoli antichi in tutte le loro forme, e del loro rapporto con la vita sociale, religiosa e rituale all'interno delle antiche comunità. Dato questo aspetto, alcuni preferiscono usare il termine "Astronomia Culturale". Gli archeologi si sono resi ben presto conto che l' osservazione del cielo ha giocato inevitabilmente un ruolo di primissimo piano nello sviluppo sociale e culturale delle varie civiltà antiche, partendo addirittura dal Paleolitico, quando ancora il concetto di civiltà è difficile da applicarsi. Forse non ci si deve meravigliare più di tanto che il cielo con i suoi fenomeni abbia attirato lo sguardo curioso, ma nello stesso tempo timoroso, degli uomini fin dai tempi più remoti. È invece rilevante che sia esistita una tendenza a produrre siti e reperti archeologici basata su tale osservazione, che sono sopravvissuti fino ai giorni nostri e che quindi possono essere accuratamente studiati. Noi ci rendiamo conto di aver attualmente accesso a un bagaglio di informazioni di rilevanza astronomica, congelate e codificate nei vari siti e nei vari reperti archeologici, e spesso non conosciamo nemmeno la chiave per decodificarle. I siti e i reperti che abbiamo a disposizione non si limitano solo ad allineamenti di monoliti o buche in cui in origine erano infissi dei pali, ma sono costituiti anche da strutture complesse quali monumenti, pozzi, templi, santuari, e città che furono ideati, costruiti e utilizzati tenendo ben presente la direzione del sorgere e tramontare della Luna, del Sole o delle stelle più luminose visibili ad occhio nudo in taluni periodi stagionali. È chiaro che proprio i periodi stagionali, con tutte le loro implicazioni sociali ed economiche, furono presto messi in relazione con gli eventi celesti i quali, succedendosi regolarmente con
Introduzione Durante l'analisi archeoastronomica di un sito archeologico di rilevante complessità... more Introduzione Durante l'analisi archeoastronomica di un sito archeologico di rilevante complessità, di solito, è presente un numero consistente di allineamenti alcuni dei quali sono solo casuali altri invece risultano essere astronomicamente significativi e importanti nell'ambito della storia passata e della frequentazione del sito da parte di qualche antica popolazione. Di solito l'analisi archeoastronomica è condotta in modo tale da confrontare l'azimut astronomico misurato nel caso di ciascun allineamento con quello di sorgere o tramontare, all'orizzonte naturale locale, teoricamente calcolato per gli astri che potrebbero, secondo l'opinione più o meno personale e l'esperienza dello studioso, essere stati i targets di ciascuno di tali allineamenti all'epoca in cui il sito archeologico era in uso. L'analisi viene ripetuta per tutti gli allineamenti riconosciuti nel sito e alla fine quello che risulta è un insieme di linee astronomicamente significative che vengono ritenute genuinamente materializzate sul terreno in epoca remota dall'antica popolazione che utilizzò quel particolare sito e un corrispondente insieme di astri che sorgevano o tramontavano lungo tali direzioni con un margine d'errore (pointing error) ritenuto accettabile. Sulla base di queste linee e degli astri a cui esse si potrebbero ragionevolmente riferire viene poi affrontata la fase di interpretazione del sito alla luce delle evidenze archeologiche e storiche disponibili e quindi vengono tratte le conclusioni in merito alle conoscenze astronomiche di questa o quella cultura antica. Fino qui tutto bene, ma esiste una complicazione non trascurabile e cioè che un certo numero degli allineamenti astronomicamente significativi che sono stati individuati, e che costituiscono la base delle successive speculazioni storiche, archeologiche, etnografiche, astronomiche in merito alle popolazioni che svilupparono ed utilizzarono quel particolare sito, astronomicamente significativi non lo sono per nulla, ma essi " sembrano " astronomicamente significativi, ma in realtà non lo sono… La situazione è ancora peggiore perché se anche possiamo ipotizzare che alcuni allineamenti astronomici che sono stati individuati siano in realtà fasulli, non ci è dato di sapere quali sono. In questo lavoro cercherò di fare chiarezza su questo fondamentale aspetto dello studio archeoastronomico dei siti archeologici e cercherò anche di fornire alcuni strumenti atti ad uscire ragionevolmente vivi da questa intricata situazione.