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Antiquity

In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic ... more In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) lithic industries. These assemblages were first characterised through evidence from the sites of Boker Tachtit and Ksar Akil (the Levant), and they are now identified in many regions of Eurasia, including Central Asia, the Near East, the Altai Mountains, Transbaikalia, Mongolia and northern China. A characteristic IUP assemblage has also been recently found in Kazakhstan (Ushbulak-1) (Shunkov et al. 2016). Large blades and elongated pointed flakes dominate these assemblages, and there is a prevalence of Upper Palaeolithic tool types in tool sets.

Antiquity. Project Gallery, 2017

In 2016, the joint Russian-Kazakhstan expedition, organised by the Institute of Archaeology and E... more In 2016, the joint Russian-Kazakhstan expedition, organised by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) and the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, conducted an archaeological reconnaissance in eastern Kazakhstan. This resulted in the discovery of the stratified site of Ushbulak-1, located in the north-east of the Shilikty Valley (Figure 1). In terms of tool types, the Ushbulak lithic industry shows similarity to the stratified assemblages attributed to the IUP found in southern Siberia (e.g. the Kara-Bom site) and northern Mongolia (e.g. the Tolbor-4 site). As the site of Ushbulak occupies an intermediate geographic position (approximately between southern Siberia and northern Mongolia), it is possible to integrate these industries into a single macroregion with a common lithic industry, and to track possible methods of distribution of the IUP blade industries from the Altai Mountains across eastern K...

Paleolithic Sculpture from Denisova Cave, 2019

In 2019, a unique zoomorphic sculpture made of mammoth tusk was discovered in Pleistocene deposit... more In 2019, a unique zoomorphic sculpture made of mammoth tusk was discovered in Pleistocene deposits of layer 11 in the South chamber of Denisova Cave. Analysis of the morphology, technology and iconography of this product allowed to interpret it as a sculptural image of an animal-a representative of the feline subfamily Pantherinae. It is established that the technology of production of zoomorphic sculpture included several stages: search and transportation of raw materials, release of the tusk from the cement layer, soaking, cutting of the workpiece, preparation of the figure by planing, finishing grinding and polishing, application of the ornament. The tracological analysis of the sculpture revealed traces of general undifferentiated non-utilitarian wear associated with the functioning of the artifact in the cultural context of the paleolithic inhabitants of the cave. This type of wear often occurs on non-utilitarian products when in human hands, in contact with other products or as a result of transportation. The main features of the figurative canon of sculpture have no analogies among the three-dimensional images of mammoths, bison, horses and birds known in the Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia. It bears the greatest resemblance to Pleistocene lion sculptures from Vogelherd Cave in southwestern Germany, as well as cave images and engraved products from the Franco-Cantabrian region. Microscopic analysis revealed traces of red pigment on the sculpture, localized mainly on the right side and abdomen of the figure. The presence of traces of mineral dye on the sculpture was most likely due to the deliberate application of paint during the processing of the artifact or in the process of performing ritual actions.

Палеолитическая скульптура из Денисовой пещеры В 2019 г. в плейстоценовых отложениях слоя 11 в южной галерее Денисовой пещеры была обнаружена уни-кальная зооморфная скульптура, выполненная из бивня мамонта. Анализ морфологии, технологии и иконографии этого изделия позволил интерпретировать его как скульптурное изображение животного-представителя кошачьих подсемейства Pantherinae. Установлено, что технология производства зооморфной скульптуры включала несколько стадий: поиск и транспортировку сырья, освобождение бивня от цементного слоя, размачивание, вырезание заготовки, подготовку эбоша фигурки строганием, отделочную шлифовку и полировку, нанесение орнамента. В результате трасологического анализа скульптуры были выявлены следы общего недифференцируемого неутилитарного износа, связанного с функционированием артефакта в культурном кон-тексте палеолитических обитателей пещеры. Такой тип износа часто возникает на изделиях неутилитарного назначения при нахождении в руках человека, контакте с иными изделиями или в результате транспортировки. Основные особенности изобразительного канона скульптуры не находят аналогий среди объемных изображений мамонтов, бизонов, лошадей и птиц, известных в верхнем палеолите Евразии. Наибольшее сходство эта фигурка имеет со скульптурными изображениями плейстоценовых львов из пещеры Фогельхерд на юго-западе Германии, а также с пещерными изображениями и гравированными изделиями Франко-Кантабрийской обл. Микроскопический анализ позволил выявить на скульптуре следы пигмента красного цвета, локализованные преимущественно на ее правом боку и животе. Наличие следов минерального красителя на фигурке было связано, скорее всего, с преднамеренным нанесением краски при обработке артефакта или в процессе совершения ритуальных действий. Ключевые слова: Российский Алтай, Денисова пещера, экспериментально-трасологический анализ, технологический анализ, начало верхнего палеолита, технология обработки бивня, скульптура.

Bone needle, being unique in its well-preserved state, was recovered in 2016 in lithological hori... more Bone needle, being unique in its well-preserved state, was recovered in 2016 in lithological horizon 11.2 in the Main Chamber of Denisova Cave. The main stages in manufacturing the needle were reconstructed as follows: obtaining a half- finished product from the tubular bone wall of a large mammal by cutting and splitting; shaping and grinding the obtained blank; double-sided drilling and finishing polish. The small diameter of the needle’s eye suggests using a tenuous thread of about 1 mm diameter. This research has made it possible to reveal the wear traces on the needle surface related to the long-term use of the product according to its function. A total of 13 items associated with the context for producing bone needles were recognized and studied in the Paleolithic collections from Denisova Cave. A comparison between these tools and artifacts from the other sites, which yielded similar finds, enables consideration of the bone needles found in layer 11 at Denisova Cave as the earliest articles of this type in Eurasia.

The Pleistocene strata study of Denisova Cave was resumed in the Central Chamber in 2016. To clar... more The Pleistocene strata study of Denisova Cave was resumed in the Central Chamber in 2016. To clarify lithological and stratigraphic sequence of the southeast excavation profile the excavation extension was carried out through the squares J (layers 9, 11, 12, 14, 19–22). The total thickness of the stratigraphic profile is about 4 m. Middle Paleolithic materials deposited in lithologic layers 22–19, 14, 12. The stage of the settlement of the cave from Early Upper Paleolithic to the second part of Upper Paleolithic was presented appropriately by archaeological materials from lithologic layers 11 and 9. Results of this study added new data to existing picture of cultural and chronological sequence of Paleolithic complexes from Central Chamber of Denisova cave.

The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on bone tools and ornaments... more The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on bone tools and ornaments recovered from layer 11 in the Main Chamber of Denisova Cave in 2016. The manufacture of ornaments involved the use of a great variety of materials: soft gemstones, tubular bones of animals and birds, teeth of herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, ivory, as well as shells from freshwater clams. Production techniques employed for manufacturing bone tools and non- utilitarian objects included several stages: selecting a raw material; obtaining a half-finished product; processing by shaping, scraping, grinding, drilling and polishing. A number of processing methods (grinding, drilling, cutting, polishing), being specific for the early Upper Paleolithic period, were utilized in this industry for producing objects from bone and ivory, as well as for soft stones working. Bone tools are represented by a point and fragments of needle cases or by hafts. According to their function, the ornaments from layer 11 can be classified into various types: flat and dimensional beads; holed beads; pendants with the circular grooves or with one drilled hole; plaques with two holes; an ornamented plate. The use-wear analysis has enabled the identification of the wear traces on the surfaces of the studied products, suggesting utilization and indicating the long-term use. The abundance, morphological and functional variability of the ornaments from layer 11 reflect an exceptional diversity of the methods used for personal ornamentation, implying the existence of preferences and traditions in the use of these objects.

The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on personal ornaments recov... more The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on personal ornaments recovered from layer 11 in the Main Chamber of Denisova Cave in 2016. The manufacture of ornaments involved the use of a great variety of materials: soft gemstones, tubular bones of animals and birds, teeth of herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, ivory, as well as shells from freshwater clams. Production techniques employed for manufacturing non-utilitarian objects included several stages: selecting a raw material; obtaining a half-finished product; processing by shaping, scraping, grinding, drilling and polishing. A number of processing methods (grinding, drilling, cutting, polishing), being specific for the early Upper Paleolithic period, were utilized in this industry for producing objects from bone and ivory, as well as for soft stones working. According to their function, the ornaments from layer 11 can be classified into various types: flat and dimensional beads; holed beads; pendants with the circular grooves or with one drilled hole; plaques with two holes; an ornamented plate. The use-wear analysis has enabled the identification of the wear traces on the surfaces of the studied products, suggesting utilization and indicating the long-term use. The abundance, morphological and functional variability of the personal ornaments from layer 11 reflect an exceptional diversity of the methods used for personal ornamentation, implying the existence of preferences and traditions in the use of these objects.

Antiquity

In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic ... more In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) lithic industries. These assemblages were first characterised through evidence from the sites of Boker Tachtit and Ksar Akil (the Levant), and they are now identified in many regions of Eurasia, including Central Asia, the Near East, the Altai Mountains, Transbaikalia, Mongolia and northern China. A characteristic IUP assemblage has also been recently found in Kazakhstan (Ushbulak-1) (Shunkov et al. 2016). Large blades and elongated pointed flakes dominate these assemblages, and there is a prevalence of Upper Palaeolithic tool types in tool sets.

Antiquity. Project Gallery, 2017

In 2016, the joint Russian-Kazakhstan expedition, organised by the Institute of Archaeology and E... more In 2016, the joint Russian-Kazakhstan expedition, organised by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) and the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, conducted an archaeological reconnaissance in eastern Kazakhstan. This resulted in the discovery of the stratified site of Ushbulak-1, located in the north-east of the Shilikty Valley (Figure 1). In terms of tool types, the Ushbulak lithic industry shows similarity to the stratified assemblages attributed to the IUP found in southern Siberia (e.g. the Kara-Bom site) and northern Mongolia (e.g. the Tolbor-4 site). As the site of Ushbulak occupies an intermediate geographic position (approximately between southern Siberia and northern Mongolia), it is possible to integrate these industries into a single macroregion with a common lithic industry, and to track possible methods of distribution of the IUP blade industries from the Altai Mountains across eastern K...

Paleolithic Sculpture from Denisova Cave, 2019

In 2019, a unique zoomorphic sculpture made of mammoth tusk was discovered in Pleistocene deposit... more In 2019, a unique zoomorphic sculpture made of mammoth tusk was discovered in Pleistocene deposits of layer 11 in the South chamber of Denisova Cave. Analysis of the morphology, technology and iconography of this product allowed to interpret it as a sculptural image of an animal-a representative of the feline subfamily Pantherinae. It is established that the technology of production of zoomorphic sculpture included several stages: search and transportation of raw materials, release of the tusk from the cement layer, soaking, cutting of the workpiece, preparation of the figure by planing, finishing grinding and polishing, application of the ornament. The tracological analysis of the sculpture revealed traces of general undifferentiated non-utilitarian wear associated with the functioning of the artifact in the cultural context of the paleolithic inhabitants of the cave. This type of wear often occurs on non-utilitarian products when in human hands, in contact with other products or as a result of transportation. The main features of the figurative canon of sculpture have no analogies among the three-dimensional images of mammoths, bison, horses and birds known in the Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia. It bears the greatest resemblance to Pleistocene lion sculptures from Vogelherd Cave in southwestern Germany, as well as cave images and engraved products from the Franco-Cantabrian region. Microscopic analysis revealed traces of red pigment on the sculpture, localized mainly on the right side and abdomen of the figure. The presence of traces of mineral dye on the sculpture was most likely due to the deliberate application of paint during the processing of the artifact or in the process of performing ritual actions.

Палеолитическая скульптура из Денисовой пещеры В 2019 г. в плейстоценовых отложениях слоя 11 в южной галерее Денисовой пещеры была обнаружена уни-кальная зооморфная скульптура, выполненная из бивня мамонта. Анализ морфологии, технологии и иконографии этого изделия позволил интерпретировать его как скульптурное изображение животного-представителя кошачьих подсемейства Pantherinae. Установлено, что технология производства зооморфной скульптуры включала несколько стадий: поиск и транспортировку сырья, освобождение бивня от цементного слоя, размачивание, вырезание заготовки, подготовку эбоша фигурки строганием, отделочную шлифовку и полировку, нанесение орнамента. В результате трасологического анализа скульптуры были выявлены следы общего недифференцируемого неутилитарного износа, связанного с функционированием артефакта в культурном кон-тексте палеолитических обитателей пещеры. Такой тип износа часто возникает на изделиях неутилитарного назначения при нахождении в руках человека, контакте с иными изделиями или в результате транспортировки. Основные особенности изобразительного канона скульптуры не находят аналогий среди объемных изображений мамонтов, бизонов, лошадей и птиц, известных в верхнем палеолите Евразии. Наибольшее сходство эта фигурка имеет со скульптурными изображениями плейстоценовых львов из пещеры Фогельхерд на юго-западе Германии, а также с пещерными изображениями и гравированными изделиями Франко-Кантабрийской обл. Микроскопический анализ позволил выявить на скульптуре следы пигмента красного цвета, локализованные преимущественно на ее правом боку и животе. Наличие следов минерального красителя на фигурке было связано, скорее всего, с преднамеренным нанесением краски при обработке артефакта или в процессе совершения ритуальных действий. Ключевые слова: Российский Алтай, Денисова пещера, экспериментально-трасологический анализ, технологический анализ, начало верхнего палеолита, технология обработки бивня, скульптура.

Bone needle, being unique in its well-preserved state, was recovered in 2016 in lithological hori... more Bone needle, being unique in its well-preserved state, was recovered in 2016 in lithological horizon 11.2 in the Main Chamber of Denisova Cave. The main stages in manufacturing the needle were reconstructed as follows: obtaining a half- finished product from the tubular bone wall of a large mammal by cutting and splitting; shaping and grinding the obtained blank; double-sided drilling and finishing polish. The small diameter of the needle’s eye suggests using a tenuous thread of about 1 mm diameter. This research has made it possible to reveal the wear traces on the needle surface related to the long-term use of the product according to its function. A total of 13 items associated with the context for producing bone needles were recognized and studied in the Paleolithic collections from Denisova Cave. A comparison between these tools and artifacts from the other sites, which yielded similar finds, enables consideration of the bone needles found in layer 11 at Denisova Cave as the earliest articles of this type in Eurasia.

The Pleistocene strata study of Denisova Cave was resumed in the Central Chamber in 2016. To clar... more The Pleistocene strata study of Denisova Cave was resumed in the Central Chamber in 2016. To clarify lithological and stratigraphic sequence of the southeast excavation profile the excavation extension was carried out through the squares J (layers 9, 11, 12, 14, 19–22). The total thickness of the stratigraphic profile is about 4 m. Middle Paleolithic materials deposited in lithologic layers 22–19, 14, 12. The stage of the settlement of the cave from Early Upper Paleolithic to the second part of Upper Paleolithic was presented appropriately by archaeological materials from lithologic layers 11 and 9. Results of this study added new data to existing picture of cultural and chronological sequence of Paleolithic complexes from Central Chamber of Denisova cave.

The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on bone tools and ornaments... more The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on bone tools and ornaments recovered from layer 11 in the Main Chamber of Denisova Cave in 2016. The manufacture of ornaments involved the use of a great variety of materials: soft gemstones, tubular bones of animals and birds, teeth of herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, ivory, as well as shells from freshwater clams. Production techniques employed for manufacturing bone tools and non- utilitarian objects included several stages: selecting a raw material; obtaining a half-finished product; processing by shaping, scraping, grinding, drilling and polishing. A number of processing methods (grinding, drilling, cutting, polishing), being specific for the early Upper Paleolithic period, were utilized in this industry for producing objects from bone and ivory, as well as for soft stones working. Bone tools are represented by a point and fragments of needle cases or by hafts. According to their function, the ornaments from layer 11 can be classified into various types: flat and dimensional beads; holed beads; pendants with the circular grooves or with one drilled hole; plaques with two holes; an ornamented plate. The use-wear analysis has enabled the identification of the wear traces on the surfaces of the studied products, suggesting utilization and indicating the long-term use. The abundance, morphological and functional variability of the ornaments from layer 11 reflect an exceptional diversity of the methods used for personal ornamentation, implying the existence of preferences and traditions in the use of these objects.

The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on personal ornaments recov... more The paper presents the results provided by technical research focused on personal ornaments recovered from layer 11 in the Main Chamber of Denisova Cave in 2016. The manufacture of ornaments involved the use of a great variety of materials: soft gemstones, tubular bones of animals and birds, teeth of herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, ivory, as well as shells from freshwater clams. Production techniques employed for manufacturing non-utilitarian objects included several stages: selecting a raw material; obtaining a half-finished product; processing by shaping, scraping, grinding, drilling and polishing. A number of processing methods (grinding, drilling, cutting, polishing), being specific for the early Upper Paleolithic period, were utilized in this industry for producing objects from bone and ivory, as well as for soft stones working. According to their function, the ornaments from layer 11 can be classified into various types: flat and dimensional beads; holed beads; pendants with the circular grooves or with one drilled hole; plaques with two holes; an ornamented plate. The use-wear analysis has enabled the identification of the wear traces on the surfaces of the studied products, suggesting utilization and indicating the long-term use. The abundance, morphological and functional variability of the personal ornaments from layer 11 reflect an exceptional diversity of the methods used for personal ornamentation, implying the existence of preferences and traditions in the use of these objects.