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Research paper thumbnail of Natural extracts as biological smear layer removing agents: A literature review

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Comm... more This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of root canal medications on maturation and calcification of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite

Spectroscopy Letters, 2015

ABSTRACT The routine uses of intracanal medication to eliminate the root canal microorganisms and... more ABSTRACT The routine uses of intracanal medication to eliminate the root canal microorganisms and enhance periapical healing may affect the structure of root canal dentin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different intracanal medications on the maturation and calcification of dentin. Ten extracted human molar were longitudinally split. Each root was then randomly divided into six dentin blocks: one control and five test specimens. The control dentin block received no medication; whereas the other five blocks were subjected to Triantibiotic paste (a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, doxycycline, and deionized water), 2% Chlorhexidine gel, Ultracal, Metapaste, and conventional calcium hydroxide (powder/water formulation) for 15 days. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy the specimens were analyzed and compared with the control dentin. Carbonate/phosphate and phosphate/Amide I ratios were used to investigate the maturity and calcification of hydroxyapatite of dentin, respectively. The highest significant increase in carbonate/phosphate ratio, indicating increased maturity of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite, was observed with Triantibiotic paste. A significant decrease in phosphate/Amide I ratio, indicating reduced calcification of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite, was observed with Triantibiotic paste followed by Metapaste. The use of calcium hydroxide powder, Ultracal, and 2% Chlorhexidine gel produced insignificant changes in maturity and calcification of hydroxyapatite. Triantibiotic paste significantly increased the maturity, but both Triantibiotic paste and Metapaste significantly reduced the calcification of hydroxyapatite of root canal dentin. This should be considered when using these medications.

Research paper thumbnail of Solubility, pH Changes and Releasing Elements of Different Bioceramic and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Root Canal Sealers Comparative Study

Journal of Trauma & Treatment, 2014

Introduction: Bioceramic technology has been introduced recently in endodontics to benefit from t... more Introduction: Bioceramic technology has been introduced recently in endodontics to benefit from the formation of hydroxyapatite during the setting reaction in the presence of tissue fluid and establish a chemical bond at the dentin interface. Objectives: To evaluate some of physiochemical properties of new different Bioceramic (iRoot-SP, EndoSequence, Smartpastebio) versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Fillapex) root canal sealers. Adseal and ActiV-GP sealers were used as control. Methods: Standard discs (10 for each) were prepared and immersed in 20 ml deionized water. After 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, solubility, pH changes and released elements were calculated and statistically analyzed with ANOVA test. Results: A significantly greater solubility and higher alkalinity were displayed by the tested sealers (in descending order) Smartpastebio, iRoot-SP, EndoSequence and MTA-Fillapex (P<0.05). Their solubility exceeded the acceptable limit (3%). Their maximum alkaline pH was exhibited after 7 days. Adseal and ActiV-GP exhibited initial neutral and acidic pH respectively. Finally both had neutral pH. EndoSequence exhibited the significantly greatest calcium release followed by iRoot-SP, Smartpastebio and MTA-Fillapex, whereas, ActiV-GP and Adseal exhibited the significantly lowest values (P<0.05). There was no silicon released from iRoot-SP, Smartpastebio and MTA-Fillapex. ActiV-GP exhibited the greatest silicon, aluminum and iron release. The greatest phosphorous, manganese and magnesium content was obtained by Adseal, MTA-Fillapex and EndoSequence respectively. Conclusion: Under the condition of this study, the prolonged alkalinity of calcium silicate sealers was synchronized with their ongoing solubility. The higher calcium ions released indicated strong alkalinity. The inequality in aluminum, iron, manganese and magnesium released by the tested sealers may expect the variance in their behaviors.

Research paper thumbnail of Chemistry and Bioactivity of NeoMTA Plus™ versus MTA Angelus® Root Repair Materials

Journal of Spectroscopy, 2017

Objectives. To analyse the chemistry and bioactivity of NeoMTA Plus in comparison with the conven... more Objectives. To analyse the chemistry and bioactivity of NeoMTA Plus in comparison with the conventional root repair materials. Method and Materials. Unhydrated and hydrated (initial and final sets) materials were analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For bioactivity study, small holes of dentin discs were filled with either materials, immersed in PBS for 15 days, and analysed with FTIR and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The calculation of crystallinity and carbonate/phosphate (CO3/PO4) ratio of surface precipitates (from FTIR) and calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio (from EDX) was statistically analysed using t-test or ANOVA, respectively, at 0.05 significance. Results. Both materials are tricalcium silicate-based that finally react to be calcium silicate hydrate. NeoMTA Plus has relatively high aluminium and sulfur content, with tantalum oxide as an opacifier instead of zirconium oxide in MTA Angelus...

Research paper thumbnail of Natural Extracts as Biological Smear Layer Removing Agents: A Literature Review

Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 2021

Objectives: The aim of this article is to identify whether natural irrigants are better than synt... more Objectives: The aim of this article is to identify whether natural irrigants are better than synthetic conventional irrigants for smear layer removal and to analyze their influence on mechanical and chemical radicular dentin properties. Materials and Methods: The last electronic search was performed on June 2020 through five databases, limited to articles either published or accepted for publication in the English language using the following keywords: “Natural extracts” or “Fruit and plant extracts” and “Smear layer removal.”Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 36 articles were included. Most studies revealed that apple or apple cider vinegars, grape seed extract, citrus aurantifolia, 5–10% glycolic acid, and 0.5–1% phytic acid effectively removed the smear layer better or similar to synthetic conventional agents. Conclusion: Natural irrigants are effective smear layer removing agents with the least deteriorated effect on mechanical and chemical radicular dentin properties...

Research paper thumbnail of Hydration Characterization of Two Generations of MTA-Based Root Canal Sealers

Applied Sciences

Since the setting characterization of a root canal sealer has an impact on its biological behavio... more Since the setting characterization of a root canal sealer has an impact on its biological behavior of final obturation, this study evaluated the setting characterization of mineral trioxide aggregate MTA-Fillapex versus MTA-Bioseal compared with epoxy resin (Adseal) root canal sealers. Freshly mixed sealer was inserted into the mold (n = 10). The initial and final setting times were evaluated using a Vicat needle and were then statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. The raw pastes and the stages of the setting reaction were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The phase compositions were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). A significant and fast setting time was recorded by Adseal (4.7 ± 0.46 h) followed by MTA-Bioseal (11.4 ± 1.34 h) at p < 0.001. The MTA-Fillapex did not set completely in three months. The FTIR and XRD of both MTA-Bioseal and Adseal detected bands of the polymerized phases, while those of MTA-Fillapex detected part...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Blood Contamination on the Chemical Characterization of Hydrated Mineral Trioxide Aggregates and Their Dentin-Interface: A Comparative Study

Spectroscopy Letters, 2015

The presence of blood contamination could affect the chemical characterization of mineral trioxid... more The presence of blood contamination could affect the chemical characterization of mineral trioxide aggregates as endodontic repair material during surgical approach. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the chemical characterization of two white mineral trioxide aggregates (ProRoot and Angelus) mixed with blood versus water. ProRoot and Angelus were mixed with either distilled water, fresh human blood, or diluted blood and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The same materials were packed inside holes in dentin blocks for scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray. Gray Portland cement was used as a control. The infrared spectra of unhydrate powders showed an increase in alite in ProRoot and Angelus, belite in Portland cement, and calcium hydroxide in Angelus. Upon hydration, changes in these bands were detected. Energy-dispersive X-ray displayed significantly higher calcium, aluminum, and phosphorous in hydrated Angelus and silicon in hydrated ProRoot (p < 0.05). No phosphorous was detected in ProRoot. Traces of iron were detected in blood groups. A granular pattern was observed at the hydrated material of all tested groups. Definitive gaps were detected at certain areas within hydrated material and its dentin-interface, particularly in blood-contaminated groups. It was supported with the appearance of new bands assigned to Amide I and II of blood protein. It was concluded that the presence of blood during the hydration process of mineral trioxide aggregates produced small gaps of protein impurities within the hydrated material, affecting its chemical behavior and dentin=material-interface integrity.

Research paper thumbnail of Natural Extracts as Biological Smear Layer Removing Agents: A Literature Review

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 2021

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Comm... more This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Research paper thumbnail of Physicochemical Properties of Two Generations of MTA-Based Root Canal Sealers

Materials, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of A Prospective Study of Long-Term Regenerative Endodontics Outcomes of Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth: An 8-Year Follow-Up

Healthcare, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Infrared spectroscopy analysis for the chemical composition of two calcium hydroxide intracanal medications

Cairo Dental Journal, 2011

The aim of this study was to identify the structure of the premixed calcium hydroxide paste (Meta... more The aim of this study was to identify the structure of the premixed calcium hydroxide paste (Metapaste) and compared with Dycal root canal dressing using infrared spectroscopy. Samples of both materials were extracted and chemical analyzed by infrared transmittance spectroscopy at mid infrared region between 4000 cm-1 - 400 cm-1. Both materials (Dycal & Metapaste) contain calcium hydroxide with different concentration that exceed in Dycal than that of Metapaste., in addition Metapaste contains excess free hydroxyl group due to presence of water vehicle available in the premixed water soluble paste. The different clinical effect between Dycal and Metapast may be attributed to the higher percentage of free carboxylic acid, salicylic acid & sulphate. Furthermore, the difference in sulphate content may also affect the clinical outcome of the material, as CaSO4 was found in the Dycal samples at 1038cm-1 whereas BaSO4 in the Metapaste samples was shown at 1111cm-1. The presence of barium sulphate in premixed Metapaste may be responsible for the adverse reaction when extruded beyond the apex.

Research paper thumbnail of Natural extracts as biological smear layer removing agents: A literature review

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Comm... more This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of root canal medications on maturation and calcification of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite

Spectroscopy Letters, 2015

ABSTRACT The routine uses of intracanal medication to eliminate the root canal microorganisms and... more ABSTRACT The routine uses of intracanal medication to eliminate the root canal microorganisms and enhance periapical healing may affect the structure of root canal dentin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different intracanal medications on the maturation and calcification of dentin. Ten extracted human molar were longitudinally split. Each root was then randomly divided into six dentin blocks: one control and five test specimens. The control dentin block received no medication; whereas the other five blocks were subjected to Triantibiotic paste (a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, doxycycline, and deionized water), 2% Chlorhexidine gel, Ultracal, Metapaste, and conventional calcium hydroxide (powder/water formulation) for 15 days. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy the specimens were analyzed and compared with the control dentin. Carbonate/phosphate and phosphate/Amide I ratios were used to investigate the maturity and calcification of hydroxyapatite of dentin, respectively. The highest significant increase in carbonate/phosphate ratio, indicating increased maturity of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite, was observed with Triantibiotic paste. A significant decrease in phosphate/Amide I ratio, indicating reduced calcification of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite, was observed with Triantibiotic paste followed by Metapaste. The use of calcium hydroxide powder, Ultracal, and 2% Chlorhexidine gel produced insignificant changes in maturity and calcification of hydroxyapatite. Triantibiotic paste significantly increased the maturity, but both Triantibiotic paste and Metapaste significantly reduced the calcification of hydroxyapatite of root canal dentin. This should be considered when using these medications.

Research paper thumbnail of Solubility, pH Changes and Releasing Elements of Different Bioceramic and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Root Canal Sealers Comparative Study

Journal of Trauma & Treatment, 2014

Introduction: Bioceramic technology has been introduced recently in endodontics to benefit from t... more Introduction: Bioceramic technology has been introduced recently in endodontics to benefit from the formation of hydroxyapatite during the setting reaction in the presence of tissue fluid and establish a chemical bond at the dentin interface. Objectives: To evaluate some of physiochemical properties of new different Bioceramic (iRoot-SP, EndoSequence, Smartpastebio) versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Fillapex) root canal sealers. Adseal and ActiV-GP sealers were used as control. Methods: Standard discs (10 for each) were prepared and immersed in 20 ml deionized water. After 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, solubility, pH changes and released elements were calculated and statistically analyzed with ANOVA test. Results: A significantly greater solubility and higher alkalinity were displayed by the tested sealers (in descending order) Smartpastebio, iRoot-SP, EndoSequence and MTA-Fillapex (P<0.05). Their solubility exceeded the acceptable limit (3%). Their maximum alkaline pH was exhibited after 7 days. Adseal and ActiV-GP exhibited initial neutral and acidic pH respectively. Finally both had neutral pH. EndoSequence exhibited the significantly greatest calcium release followed by iRoot-SP, Smartpastebio and MTA-Fillapex, whereas, ActiV-GP and Adseal exhibited the significantly lowest values (P<0.05). There was no silicon released from iRoot-SP, Smartpastebio and MTA-Fillapex. ActiV-GP exhibited the greatest silicon, aluminum and iron release. The greatest phosphorous, manganese and magnesium content was obtained by Adseal, MTA-Fillapex and EndoSequence respectively. Conclusion: Under the condition of this study, the prolonged alkalinity of calcium silicate sealers was synchronized with their ongoing solubility. The higher calcium ions released indicated strong alkalinity. The inequality in aluminum, iron, manganese and magnesium released by the tested sealers may expect the variance in their behaviors.

Research paper thumbnail of Chemistry and Bioactivity of NeoMTA Plus™ versus MTA Angelus® Root Repair Materials

Journal of Spectroscopy, 2017

Objectives. To analyse the chemistry and bioactivity of NeoMTA Plus in comparison with the conven... more Objectives. To analyse the chemistry and bioactivity of NeoMTA Plus in comparison with the conventional root repair materials. Method and Materials. Unhydrated and hydrated (initial and final sets) materials were analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For bioactivity study, small holes of dentin discs were filled with either materials, immersed in PBS for 15 days, and analysed with FTIR and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The calculation of crystallinity and carbonate/phosphate (CO3/PO4) ratio of surface precipitates (from FTIR) and calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio (from EDX) was statistically analysed using t-test or ANOVA, respectively, at 0.05 significance. Results. Both materials are tricalcium silicate-based that finally react to be calcium silicate hydrate. NeoMTA Plus has relatively high aluminium and sulfur content, with tantalum oxide as an opacifier instead of zirconium oxide in MTA Angelus...

Research paper thumbnail of Natural Extracts as Biological Smear Layer Removing Agents: A Literature Review

Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 2021

Objectives: The aim of this article is to identify whether natural irrigants are better than synt... more Objectives: The aim of this article is to identify whether natural irrigants are better than synthetic conventional irrigants for smear layer removal and to analyze their influence on mechanical and chemical radicular dentin properties. Materials and Methods: The last electronic search was performed on June 2020 through five databases, limited to articles either published or accepted for publication in the English language using the following keywords: “Natural extracts” or “Fruit and plant extracts” and “Smear layer removal.”Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 36 articles were included. Most studies revealed that apple or apple cider vinegars, grape seed extract, citrus aurantifolia, 5–10% glycolic acid, and 0.5–1% phytic acid effectively removed the smear layer better or similar to synthetic conventional agents. Conclusion: Natural irrigants are effective smear layer removing agents with the least deteriorated effect on mechanical and chemical radicular dentin properties...

Research paper thumbnail of Hydration Characterization of Two Generations of MTA-Based Root Canal Sealers

Applied Sciences

Since the setting characterization of a root canal sealer has an impact on its biological behavio... more Since the setting characterization of a root canal sealer has an impact on its biological behavior of final obturation, this study evaluated the setting characterization of mineral trioxide aggregate MTA-Fillapex versus MTA-Bioseal compared with epoxy resin (Adseal) root canal sealers. Freshly mixed sealer was inserted into the mold (n = 10). The initial and final setting times were evaluated using a Vicat needle and were then statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. The raw pastes and the stages of the setting reaction were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The phase compositions were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). A significant and fast setting time was recorded by Adseal (4.7 ± 0.46 h) followed by MTA-Bioseal (11.4 ± 1.34 h) at p < 0.001. The MTA-Fillapex did not set completely in three months. The FTIR and XRD of both MTA-Bioseal and Adseal detected bands of the polymerized phases, while those of MTA-Fillapex detected part...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Blood Contamination on the Chemical Characterization of Hydrated Mineral Trioxide Aggregates and Their Dentin-Interface: A Comparative Study

Spectroscopy Letters, 2015

The presence of blood contamination could affect the chemical characterization of mineral trioxid... more The presence of blood contamination could affect the chemical characterization of mineral trioxide aggregates as endodontic repair material during surgical approach. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the chemical characterization of two white mineral trioxide aggregates (ProRoot and Angelus) mixed with blood versus water. ProRoot and Angelus were mixed with either distilled water, fresh human blood, or diluted blood and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The same materials were packed inside holes in dentin blocks for scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray. Gray Portland cement was used as a control. The infrared spectra of unhydrate powders showed an increase in alite in ProRoot and Angelus, belite in Portland cement, and calcium hydroxide in Angelus. Upon hydration, changes in these bands were detected. Energy-dispersive X-ray displayed significantly higher calcium, aluminum, and phosphorous in hydrated Angelus and silicon in hydrated ProRoot (p < 0.05). No phosphorous was detected in ProRoot. Traces of iron were detected in blood groups. A granular pattern was observed at the hydrated material of all tested groups. Definitive gaps were detected at certain areas within hydrated material and its dentin-interface, particularly in blood-contaminated groups. It was supported with the appearance of new bands assigned to Amide I and II of blood protein. It was concluded that the presence of blood during the hydration process of mineral trioxide aggregates produced small gaps of protein impurities within the hydrated material, affecting its chemical behavior and dentin=material-interface integrity.

Research paper thumbnail of Natural Extracts as Biological Smear Layer Removing Agents: A Literature Review

Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 2021

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Comm... more This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Research paper thumbnail of Physicochemical Properties of Two Generations of MTA-Based Root Canal Sealers

Materials, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of A Prospective Study of Long-Term Regenerative Endodontics Outcomes of Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth: An 8-Year Follow-Up

Healthcare, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Infrared spectroscopy analysis for the chemical composition of two calcium hydroxide intracanal medications

Cairo Dental Journal, 2011

The aim of this study was to identify the structure of the premixed calcium hydroxide paste (Meta... more The aim of this study was to identify the structure of the premixed calcium hydroxide paste (Metapaste) and compared with Dycal root canal dressing using infrared spectroscopy. Samples of both materials were extracted and chemical analyzed by infrared transmittance spectroscopy at mid infrared region between 4000 cm-1 - 400 cm-1. Both materials (Dycal & Metapaste) contain calcium hydroxide with different concentration that exceed in Dycal than that of Metapaste., in addition Metapaste contains excess free hydroxyl group due to presence of water vehicle available in the premixed water soluble paste. The different clinical effect between Dycal and Metapast may be attributed to the higher percentage of free carboxylic acid, salicylic acid & sulphate. Furthermore, the difference in sulphate content may also affect the clinical outcome of the material, as CaSO4 was found in the Dycal samples at 1038cm-1 whereas BaSO4 in the Metapaste samples was shown at 1111cm-1. The presence of barium sulphate in premixed Metapaste may be responsible for the adverse reaction when extruded beyond the apex.