غربه الحسن - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by غربه الحسن

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2007

Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2010

Energy Procedia, 2011

Widespread adoption of carbon [dioxide] capture and storage (CCS) is limited by infrastructure, m... more Widespread adoption of carbon [dioxide] capture and storage (CCS) is limited by infrastructure, market, and cost barriers. Like most nascent technologies, it will be critical to overcome these barriers to fully realize the potential of CCS. Capturing CO2 from the oil refining process and using this CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is an appealing scenario for knocking down these barriers, jumpstarting a CCS industry, and driving down the cost of CCS technology. CO2 capture from oil refineries can be relatively inexpensive when compared to other stationary sources (supply), EOR provides a market for CO2 (demand), and the spatial proximity of oil fields and refineries reduces transportation issues (cost, right of way, etc.). The oil industry should play a key role in the evolution of CCS since it has vested interests and experience with capturing, transporting, and injecting (and storing) CO2 underground.In this paper we study the deployment of CCS infrastructure to support CO2 capture from the oil refining industry and EOR and long term geologic storage of the CO2 for the US Gulf States. This region accounts for approximately 45% of US refining capacity, a large percentage of active EOR projects, and an extensive network of pipeline rights-of-way (natural gas, crude and refined oil) including over 80% of the existing CO2 pipelines. Presently, the oil industry predominantly uses natural sources of CO2 for EOR; an obvious goal of integrating CCS technology into the oil industry is displace the natural CO2 sources with anthropogenic CO2. The region is also responsible for approximately 450 Mt CO2 emissions annually from fossil-fuel electricity generation; an oil industry-driven CO2 market and CCS infrastructure could provide the necessary stimulus for capturing this CO2 in the coming decades.Our approach uses an economic-engineering model to geospatially deploy CCS infrastructure (capture, transportation, and storage) in response to a price on CO2 or a desired CO2 capture amount. The model considers and integrates each of the interdependent CCS components. It calculates at which oil refineries it is cost -effective to capture CO2, where and how new CO2 pipelines should be networked together, and which EOR oil fields balance CCS costs and CO2 credit as well as providing the best long term storage potential. The combination of capture, transport, and storage infrastructure is highly dependent on the CO2 price, both as an inducement (for EOR) and disincentive (price to emit CO2). Consequently, we examine how the expansion of CCS infrastructure could develop given differing CO2 scenarios, including variation in capture and storage costs. Our results show how a CO2 management network (capture, transport, and storage infrastructure) could develop given a set of oil refineries and EOR reservoirs in the US Gulf Coast region. The model outputs and results can be used to help plan policy and regulation for CO2 capture and storage, and help guide how the oil industry could jumpstart a CCS industry.

American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2009

Soil & Sediment Contamination, 2010

Lighting in hazardous (classified) locations poses application challenges in class 1, division 2 ... more Lighting in hazardous (classified) locations poses application challenges in class 1, division 2 areas that require improved temperature classes (T-ratings or T-codes). For instance, oil refineries classify numerous areas with a T3 temperature class rating. A 70-watt (W) high pressure sodium (HPS) light source achieves this rating. The often-preferred wattage of 100 or 150 typically obtains a T2A or T2B rating. The following pages explore the uses of restricted breathing to achieve a T3 rating. This maintains the proper approvals for safety, while producing cost savings associated with reduction of material, and subsequently installation costs. The authors reviews through a case study and project cost estimates, the savings and benefits achieved for a 175,000 barrel per day United States east coast refinery. The latter sections of this paper examine a lighting upgrade enlisting the newly available restricted breathing technology. The savings of 48% for reproducing the same illuminance or 24% for producing even and adequate lighting is illustrated by comparing the cost of this upgrade to estimates of upgrades not using restricted breathing. An estimate of a new installation saving 51% using restricted breathing is compared to one that does not. It is described in detail, how these estimates and savings were determined.

Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2009

The severity of industrial accidents in which a domino effect takes place is well known in the ch... more The severity of industrial accidents in which a domino effect takes place is well known in the chemical and process industry. The application of an inherent safety approach for the prevention of escalation events leading to domino accidents was explored in the present study. Reference primary scenarios were analyzed and escalation vectors were defined. Inherent safety distances were defined and proposed as a metric to express the intensity of the escalation vectors. Simple rules of thumb were presented for a preliminary screening of these distances. Swift reference indices for layout screening with respect to escalation hazard were also defined. Two case studies derived from existing layouts of oil refineries were selected to understand the potentialities coming from the application in the methodology. The results evidenced that the approach allows a first comparative assessment of the actual domino hazard in a layout, and the identification of critical primary units with respect to escalation events. The methodology developed also represents a useful screening tool to identify were to dedicate major efforts in the design of add-on measures, optimizing conventional passive and active measures for the prevention of severe domino accidents.

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2000

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, 2005

The Japanese government is planning to introduce DME as a substituted energy for oil and LNG. Int... more The Japanese government is planning to introduce DME as a substituted energy for oil and LNG. Introduction of DME could contribute greatly to both the prevention of global warming and the formation of resource-recycling societies. In these circumstances, a safety assessment of DME is very important when DME is used on a large scale. There is a possibility that prolonged exposure in air induces autoxidation to produce explosive organic peroxides during transportation and storage of DME. Therefore, the reactivity of DME with oxygen and the mechanism of the autoxidation were investigated. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) was used to evaluate the thermal stability of DME and DIPE, a known peroxide producers, under adiabatic and various atmospheric conditions. In ARC studies of DME under oxygen, exothermic decompositions were detected although its self-heating rate was low in comparison with DIPE. Oven storage tests were carried out and iodimetry was used to measure the concentration of peroxides produced from DME in comparison with DIPE and DEE. However, no products could be found for DME either by GC/MS or by iodimetry, while some evidence of autoxidation of both DEE and DIPE were obtained from these experiments.

Safety Science, 1997

This paper deals with the problem of defining the operational tasks, modelling and optimizing of ... more This paper deals with the problem of defining the operational tasks, modelling and optimizing of antifire crew and their attempts. Unwanted events are generally modest and easily controlled in their starting phase. This obviously leads to considering that quickness and coordination enhance the possibility of successful fire control. Hence the importance that the first intervention of the factory antifire crew is supported by strong organization and efficiency. Immediate and appropriate response to emergency is essential to minimize severity of accidents, life losses, as well as the potential reduction in the plant future productivity. In approaching internal antifire crew optimization, it is convenient to distinguish a traditional inventory phase, a subsequent optimization and a graphic modelling phase. Optimization criterion is developed according to graph theory, with regard to intervention pathways and to consistency of antifire crew. The proposed graphic model provides, in an immediately readable way, the sequence of operator actions to be followed in order to cope with emergency situations.

Nanotechnology, 2012

New solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), composed of Compritol ATO888 (C) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclode... more New solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), composed of Compritol ATO888 (C) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP), were developed in order to study a new colon-specific formulation for diclofenac sodium (D) delivery. The prepared batches differ from each other by the molecular ratio between HP and D and by the composition of the matrix. Nanoparticles composed of an exclusively lipid matrix and nanoparticles with an oligomeric and lipid matrix were compared in order to establish the effect of both components on the drug delivery tests performed. The SLN preparation method was based on the oil/water hot homogenization process. Emulsions produced were cooled at room temperature and lyophilized in order to obtain dried nanoparticles; possible damage to nanoparticle shape and size was avoided by the addition of cryoprotectants to the aqueous dispersion of nanoparticles before exsiccation. An in vitro toxicity study was performed using CaCo(2) cells to establish the safety of the prepared SLN. Data obtained showed that production method studied guarantees emulsions composed of nanosized drops which can be dried by lyophilization into SLN with a size range of 300-600 nm. In vitro and ex vivo tests demonstrated that dried SLN can be considered as colon delivery systems; however, the matrix composition as well as the presence of cryoprotectant on their surface influences the release and permeation rate of D. The in vitro toxicity studies indicated that the SLN are well tolerated.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of four diets on the laboratory cultivation of ... more The aim of this study was to assess the influence of four diets on the laboratory cultivation of H. azteca, seeking to improve production of young specimens through reduced mortality and better growth and number of offspring per couple. The best diet was composed of a mixture of diluted commercial fish food, diluted yeast and primrose oil, associated with fish food flakes containing spirulina. With this diet the maximum mortality was 25 percent (at the end of 28 days), the average number of offspring/couple was 11.4±2.8 (at the end of twelve days) and the peak weight and length of the males (at the end of 40 days) were 0.930 μg and 5.26±1.1 mm, respectively.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

To evaluate the environmental load resulting from the spillage of biodegradable lubricants in aqu... more To evaluate the environmental load resulting from the spillage of biodegradable lubricants in aquatic systems, a comparative acute lethality test wherein an oil–water interfacial area could be examined was considered. In this study, oleic acid was employed as a model biodegradable lubricant. Measurements of the pH value and dissolved oxygen (DO) level of water during the exposure tests indicate that water degradation depends on the oil–water interfacial area, exposure duration, and water temperature. Furthermore, 72 h acute lethality tests were performed using two types of freshwater ostracods (seed shrimps) as test organisms: the large species Stenocypris hislopi and the small species Cypretta seurati. The longevity of the small species, which was physically more active, was strongly affected by water pollution. During the exposure test, the DO in water was significantly consumed by the degradation of the lubricant floating on it. Water exposed to a lubricant containing copper (Cu) demonstrated strong toxicity even after the recovery of the pH value and DO level by aging. The decrease in the DO level of water and increase in the concentration of metal compounds are dominant factors responsible for the mortality of aquatic organisms.► Evaluates oil film lethality by using unique test vessel which can control the oil-water interfacial area. ► Adopts two types of ostracods to the aquatic acute lethality tests. ► Evaluates physical activities and viability of the ostracods. ► Suggests a new method for evaluating the toxicity of biodegradable lubricants to aquatic organisms.

The cancer mortality experience from 1964 to 1973 of employees of the Imperial Oil Limited was ex... more The cancer mortality experience from 1964 to 1973 of employees of the Imperial Oil Limited was examined in a cohort study. Employees in jobs which exposed them on a daily basis to crude petroleum or its products, compared with nonexposed employees, were found to have more than three times the risk of esophageal and stomach cancer and about twice the risk of lung cancer. In the exposed group, increasing risks of both cancers occurred with increasing duration of employment. In the absence of more complete information on the similarity of the exposed and nonexposed employees, these results cannot be ascribed with certainty to a carcinogenic effect of petroleum. However, there was no other clear explanation for the results, and further study is required. When refinery workers were compared with nonrefinery workers without consideration of exposure to petroleum in either group, the refinery workers were found to have twice the risk of cancer of the intestines (including rectum) and other digestive organs. No relationship with duration of employment was evident. Although the increased intestinal cancer mortality in the refinery workers was not consistent, bias was not an obvious explanation for the observed relationship. Therefore, the presence on a refinery site of a carcinogen other than petroleum has not been ruled out, and further study is urged.

The growing demands for improved fire safety, source material sustainability, environment friendl... more The growing demands for improved fire safety, source material sustainability, environment friendliness, and asset life extension have driven the research and development efforts of natural/synthetic esters, less-flammable fluids. This contribution reports some investigations on commercially available ester fluids. Many comparisons are made to the quality test results of mineral oil, as this is something we are all familiar with. The stability under electrical stress and the stability to aging of the insulating fluids were investigated. The gassing performance characteristics of natural ester fluids are far superior to those of conventional mineral oil. A significant reduction in insulation aging rate was observed with synthetic ester fluids.

Marine Structures, 2005

The primary aim of the present study is to investigate the collision resistance and residual stre... more The primary aim of the present study is to investigate the collision resistance and residual strength of single side skin (SSS) and double side skin (DSS) bulk carriers subject to collision damage. The impact dynamics analyses were conducted using ANSYS LS-DYNA for the evaluation resistance forces, energy absorption and penetration depth for various collision scenarios. The struck vessels of Capsize SSS and DSS designs were assumed to be entirely standstill and the striking vessels of an Aframax-type oil tanker with different bulbous bow shapes were modeled as rigid bodies. The findings were compared, where possible, with existing analytical tools. Residual strength calculations on SSS and DSS vessels were computed corresponding to all considered collision damage scenarios. Traditional Smith's method was applied with the average stress — average strain relationships of elements based on derived semi - analytically. The effect of corrosion was also evaluated by Joint Bulker Project (JBP) Rules on the influence of plate and stiffener thickness. The safety of the vessels was determined as a ratio of the ultimate hull girder strength to bending moment in damaged condition. Finally, results and insights derived from the present work are summarized.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2007

Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2010

Energy Procedia, 2011

Widespread adoption of carbon [dioxide] capture and storage (CCS) is limited by infrastructure, m... more Widespread adoption of carbon [dioxide] capture and storage (CCS) is limited by infrastructure, market, and cost barriers. Like most nascent technologies, it will be critical to overcome these barriers to fully realize the potential of CCS. Capturing CO2 from the oil refining process and using this CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is an appealing scenario for knocking down these barriers, jumpstarting a CCS industry, and driving down the cost of CCS technology. CO2 capture from oil refineries can be relatively inexpensive when compared to other stationary sources (supply), EOR provides a market for CO2 (demand), and the spatial proximity of oil fields and refineries reduces transportation issues (cost, right of way, etc.). The oil industry should play a key role in the evolution of CCS since it has vested interests and experience with capturing, transporting, and injecting (and storing) CO2 underground.In this paper we study the deployment of CCS infrastructure to support CO2 capture from the oil refining industry and EOR and long term geologic storage of the CO2 for the US Gulf States. This region accounts for approximately 45% of US refining capacity, a large percentage of active EOR projects, and an extensive network of pipeline rights-of-way (natural gas, crude and refined oil) including over 80% of the existing CO2 pipelines. Presently, the oil industry predominantly uses natural sources of CO2 for EOR; an obvious goal of integrating CCS technology into the oil industry is displace the natural CO2 sources with anthropogenic CO2. The region is also responsible for approximately 450 Mt CO2 emissions annually from fossil-fuel electricity generation; an oil industry-driven CO2 market and CCS infrastructure could provide the necessary stimulus for capturing this CO2 in the coming decades.Our approach uses an economic-engineering model to geospatially deploy CCS infrastructure (capture, transportation, and storage) in response to a price on CO2 or a desired CO2 capture amount. The model considers and integrates each of the interdependent CCS components. It calculates at which oil refineries it is cost -effective to capture CO2, where and how new CO2 pipelines should be networked together, and which EOR oil fields balance CCS costs and CO2 credit as well as providing the best long term storage potential. The combination of capture, transport, and storage infrastructure is highly dependent on the CO2 price, both as an inducement (for EOR) and disincentive (price to emit CO2). Consequently, we examine how the expansion of CCS infrastructure could develop given differing CO2 scenarios, including variation in capture and storage costs. Our results show how a CO2 management network (capture, transport, and storage infrastructure) could develop given a set of oil refineries and EOR reservoirs in the US Gulf Coast region. The model outputs and results can be used to help plan policy and regulation for CO2 capture and storage, and help guide how the oil industry could jumpstart a CCS industry.

American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2009

Soil & Sediment Contamination, 2010

Lighting in hazardous (classified) locations poses application challenges in class 1, division 2 ... more Lighting in hazardous (classified) locations poses application challenges in class 1, division 2 areas that require improved temperature classes (T-ratings or T-codes). For instance, oil refineries classify numerous areas with a T3 temperature class rating. A 70-watt (W) high pressure sodium (HPS) light source achieves this rating. The often-preferred wattage of 100 or 150 typically obtains a T2A or T2B rating. The following pages explore the uses of restricted breathing to achieve a T3 rating. This maintains the proper approvals for safety, while producing cost savings associated with reduction of material, and subsequently installation costs. The authors reviews through a case study and project cost estimates, the savings and benefits achieved for a 175,000 barrel per day United States east coast refinery. The latter sections of this paper examine a lighting upgrade enlisting the newly available restricted breathing technology. The savings of 48% for reproducing the same illuminance or 24% for producing even and adequate lighting is illustrated by comparing the cost of this upgrade to estimates of upgrades not using restricted breathing. An estimate of a new installation saving 51% using restricted breathing is compared to one that does not. It is described in detail, how these estimates and savings were determined.

Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2009

The severity of industrial accidents in which a domino effect takes place is well known in the ch... more The severity of industrial accidents in which a domino effect takes place is well known in the chemical and process industry. The application of an inherent safety approach for the prevention of escalation events leading to domino accidents was explored in the present study. Reference primary scenarios were analyzed and escalation vectors were defined. Inherent safety distances were defined and proposed as a metric to express the intensity of the escalation vectors. Simple rules of thumb were presented for a preliminary screening of these distances. Swift reference indices for layout screening with respect to escalation hazard were also defined. Two case studies derived from existing layouts of oil refineries were selected to understand the potentialities coming from the application in the methodology. The results evidenced that the approach allows a first comparative assessment of the actual domino hazard in a layout, and the identification of critical primary units with respect to escalation events. The methodology developed also represents a useful screening tool to identify were to dedicate major efforts in the design of add-on measures, optimizing conventional passive and active measures for the prevention of severe domino accidents.

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2000

Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, 2005

The Japanese government is planning to introduce DME as a substituted energy for oil and LNG. Int... more The Japanese government is planning to introduce DME as a substituted energy for oil and LNG. Introduction of DME could contribute greatly to both the prevention of global warming and the formation of resource-recycling societies. In these circumstances, a safety assessment of DME is very important when DME is used on a large scale. There is a possibility that prolonged exposure in air induces autoxidation to produce explosive organic peroxides during transportation and storage of DME. Therefore, the reactivity of DME with oxygen and the mechanism of the autoxidation were investigated. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) was used to evaluate the thermal stability of DME and DIPE, a known peroxide producers, under adiabatic and various atmospheric conditions. In ARC studies of DME under oxygen, exothermic decompositions were detected although its self-heating rate was low in comparison with DIPE. Oven storage tests were carried out and iodimetry was used to measure the concentration of peroxides produced from DME in comparison with DIPE and DEE. However, no products could be found for DME either by GC/MS or by iodimetry, while some evidence of autoxidation of both DEE and DIPE were obtained from these experiments.

Safety Science, 1997

This paper deals with the problem of defining the operational tasks, modelling and optimizing of ... more This paper deals with the problem of defining the operational tasks, modelling and optimizing of antifire crew and their attempts. Unwanted events are generally modest and easily controlled in their starting phase. This obviously leads to considering that quickness and coordination enhance the possibility of successful fire control. Hence the importance that the first intervention of the factory antifire crew is supported by strong organization and efficiency. Immediate and appropriate response to emergency is essential to minimize severity of accidents, life losses, as well as the potential reduction in the plant future productivity. In approaching internal antifire crew optimization, it is convenient to distinguish a traditional inventory phase, a subsequent optimization and a graphic modelling phase. Optimization criterion is developed according to graph theory, with regard to intervention pathways and to consistency of antifire crew. The proposed graphic model provides, in an immediately readable way, the sequence of operator actions to be followed in order to cope with emergency situations.

Nanotechnology, 2012

New solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), composed of Compritol ATO888 (C) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclode... more New solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), composed of Compritol ATO888 (C) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP), were developed in order to study a new colon-specific formulation for diclofenac sodium (D) delivery. The prepared batches differ from each other by the molecular ratio between HP and D and by the composition of the matrix. Nanoparticles composed of an exclusively lipid matrix and nanoparticles with an oligomeric and lipid matrix were compared in order to establish the effect of both components on the drug delivery tests performed. The SLN preparation method was based on the oil/water hot homogenization process. Emulsions produced were cooled at room temperature and lyophilized in order to obtain dried nanoparticles; possible damage to nanoparticle shape and size was avoided by the addition of cryoprotectants to the aqueous dispersion of nanoparticles before exsiccation. An in vitro toxicity study was performed using CaCo(2) cells to establish the safety of the prepared SLN. Data obtained showed that production method studied guarantees emulsions composed of nanosized drops which can be dried by lyophilization into SLN with a size range of 300-600 nm. In vitro and ex vivo tests demonstrated that dried SLN can be considered as colon delivery systems; however, the matrix composition as well as the presence of cryoprotectant on their surface influences the release and permeation rate of D. The in vitro toxicity studies indicated that the SLN are well tolerated.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of four diets on the laboratory cultivation of ... more The aim of this study was to assess the influence of four diets on the laboratory cultivation of H. azteca, seeking to improve production of young specimens through reduced mortality and better growth and number of offspring per couple. The best diet was composed of a mixture of diluted commercial fish food, diluted yeast and primrose oil, associated with fish food flakes containing spirulina. With this diet the maximum mortality was 25 percent (at the end of 28 days), the average number of offspring/couple was 11.4±2.8 (at the end of twelve days) and the peak weight and length of the males (at the end of 40 days) were 0.930 μg and 5.26±1.1 mm, respectively.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2011

To evaluate the environmental load resulting from the spillage of biodegradable lubricants in aqu... more To evaluate the environmental load resulting from the spillage of biodegradable lubricants in aquatic systems, a comparative acute lethality test wherein an oil–water interfacial area could be examined was considered. In this study, oleic acid was employed as a model biodegradable lubricant. Measurements of the pH value and dissolved oxygen (DO) level of water during the exposure tests indicate that water degradation depends on the oil–water interfacial area, exposure duration, and water temperature. Furthermore, 72 h acute lethality tests were performed using two types of freshwater ostracods (seed shrimps) as test organisms: the large species Stenocypris hislopi and the small species Cypretta seurati. The longevity of the small species, which was physically more active, was strongly affected by water pollution. During the exposure test, the DO in water was significantly consumed by the degradation of the lubricant floating on it. Water exposed to a lubricant containing copper (Cu) demonstrated strong toxicity even after the recovery of the pH value and DO level by aging. The decrease in the DO level of water and increase in the concentration of metal compounds are dominant factors responsible for the mortality of aquatic organisms.► Evaluates oil film lethality by using unique test vessel which can control the oil-water interfacial area. ► Adopts two types of ostracods to the aquatic acute lethality tests. ► Evaluates physical activities and viability of the ostracods. ► Suggests a new method for evaluating the toxicity of biodegradable lubricants to aquatic organisms.

The cancer mortality experience from 1964 to 1973 of employees of the Imperial Oil Limited was ex... more The cancer mortality experience from 1964 to 1973 of employees of the Imperial Oil Limited was examined in a cohort study. Employees in jobs which exposed them on a daily basis to crude petroleum or its products, compared with nonexposed employees, were found to have more than three times the risk of esophageal and stomach cancer and about twice the risk of lung cancer. In the exposed group, increasing risks of both cancers occurred with increasing duration of employment. In the absence of more complete information on the similarity of the exposed and nonexposed employees, these results cannot be ascribed with certainty to a carcinogenic effect of petroleum. However, there was no other clear explanation for the results, and further study is required. When refinery workers were compared with nonrefinery workers without consideration of exposure to petroleum in either group, the refinery workers were found to have twice the risk of cancer of the intestines (including rectum) and other digestive organs. No relationship with duration of employment was evident. Although the increased intestinal cancer mortality in the refinery workers was not consistent, bias was not an obvious explanation for the observed relationship. Therefore, the presence on a refinery site of a carcinogen other than petroleum has not been ruled out, and further study is urged.

The growing demands for improved fire safety, source material sustainability, environment friendl... more The growing demands for improved fire safety, source material sustainability, environment friendliness, and asset life extension have driven the research and development efforts of natural/synthetic esters, less-flammable fluids. This contribution reports some investigations on commercially available ester fluids. Many comparisons are made to the quality test results of mineral oil, as this is something we are all familiar with. The stability under electrical stress and the stability to aging of the insulating fluids were investigated. The gassing performance characteristics of natural ester fluids are far superior to those of conventional mineral oil. A significant reduction in insulation aging rate was observed with synthetic ester fluids.

Marine Structures, 2005

The primary aim of the present study is to investigate the collision resistance and residual stre... more The primary aim of the present study is to investigate the collision resistance and residual strength of single side skin (SSS) and double side skin (DSS) bulk carriers subject to collision damage. The impact dynamics analyses were conducted using ANSYS LS-DYNA for the evaluation resistance forces, energy absorption and penetration depth for various collision scenarios. The struck vessels of Capsize SSS and DSS designs were assumed to be entirely standstill and the striking vessels of an Aframax-type oil tanker with different bulbous bow shapes were modeled as rigid bodies. The findings were compared, where possible, with existing analytical tools. Residual strength calculations on SSS and DSS vessels were computed corresponding to all considered collision damage scenarios. Traditional Smith's method was applied with the average stress — average strain relationships of elements based on derived semi - analytically. The effect of corrosion was also evaluated by Joint Bulker Project (JBP) Rules on the influence of plate and stiffener thickness. The safety of the vessels was determined as a ratio of the ultimate hull girder strength to bending moment in damaged condition. Finally, results and insights derived from the present work are summarized.