Agnieszka Królikowska - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Agnieszka Królikowska

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2021

Abstract In zinc-rich primers Zn acts in the initial stage as sacrificial anode (cathodic protect... more Abstract In zinc-rich primers Zn acts in the initial stage as sacrificial anode (cathodic protection). During lifetime Zn is transformed into its corrosion products, which seal the coating's pores (barrier protection). Such coatings are typically very highly pigmented which could cause the deterioration of cohesion and/or adhesion as well as mechanical properties. The formulations of different Zn pigments in epoxy matrices were developed with concentration of zinc particles reduced to about 50 wt% in the dry coatings. As Zn pigments were used: mixtures of zinc pigments with different particle size and particle shape (dust, flakes), zinc dust with organic surface treatment, zinc alloy pigments – ZnMg and ZnSn as well as Zn dust with an addition of graphene or carbon nanotubes. The mechanisms of protection by coatings with a reduced content of zinc pigments were studied in comparison with that of commercial zinc rich primers – epoxy and ethyl silicate – by the following methods: Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) detection of artificially inflicted samples after impact of salt spray test (SST), polarization experiments and EOC detections in combination with different corrosive impact, as well as by SST and the exposure to the natural marine environment (sea water splash zone). It was found that cathodic protection is shown by primer pigmented with Zn flakes, with zinc phosphate and barium sulphate addition as well as by primer containing Zn dust and graphene. They reach an open circuit potential (EOC) significantly below −0.86 V. Primers pigmented with ZnSn or Zn dust with an addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) keep their EOC in the transition phase between −0.7 V and −0.86 V. Other primers with a reduced content of zinc pigments show only barrier protection. Coatings characterized by EOC in the range of cathodic protection or in the transition phase have very good protective properties in the corrosive environment. However, good anticorrosive properties were found also in the case of primers which do not show any cathodic protection, such as the primer pigmented with a mixture of Zn particles with different size and the primer containing Zn dust with chemical surface treatment. This shows that good anticorrosive properties can be obtained even if cathodic protection is not observed.

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2019

Typically, an anticorrosive coating system for long-term protection consists of a primer, one or ... more Typically, an anticorrosive coating system for long-term protection consists of a primer, one or several intermediate coats, and a topcoat. In such systems, zinc-rich primers are often used as they ensure good adhesion to the substrate and protect it from corrosion. Such coatings are very highly pigmented, which sometimes leads to losses in cohesive strength and deterioration of mechanical properties. Furthermore, Zn is known to be harmful to the environment. In this work we present Zn primers with reduced Zn content and better protective properties than traditional zinc-rich primers. The formulations of different Zn pigments in the epoxy matrix were developed with the concentration of zinc particles reduced to about 50% in the dry coating. To evaluate the distribution of pigments scanning electron microscopy has been employed. The anticorrosive properties were tested using the salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the coatings were also tested.

Coatings

A significant aspect of corrosion failures and catastrophes originate from trivial mistakes in ei... more A significant aspect of corrosion failures and catastrophes originate from trivial mistakes in either the choice or connection of different materials, as well as from inaccurate evaluation of the compatibility between materials and the environment. The example shown in the present paper summarizes several wrong solutions due to a lack of knowledge of the basic rules of corrosion control. By chance, the consequences of these errors already appeared during construction; therefore, they were not able to cause damage during operation. This paper is the third in a series devoted to enhancing the need for professional corrosion control design for infrastructures.

In recent years, a great amount of research has been carried out to the production of water-borne... more In recent years, a great amount of research has been carried out to the production of water-borne coatings based on renewable oil resources such as water-borne alkyds, alkyd-acrylic hybrids, alkyd-acrylic blends, and oil modified polyurethane dispersions. The first objective of our work was to evaluate the performance of four waterborne bio-based PU dispersions as potential binders for coatings. For this purpose the film forming properties of the dispersions were evaluated and their compatibility with commercially available binders and typical waterborne paints’ additives was studied. Based on the test results two waterborne resins compatible with bio-based dispersions were selected: alkyd/aliphatic polyurethane copolymer and urethanised alkyd resin. The second objective was to investigate the use of waterborne polyurethanes dispersions synthesized with bio-based prepolymer polyols and aliphatic diisocyanate in paints for interior application. Paint formulations were prepared with d...

Transportation Research Procedia, 2016

Many industries all over the world have special, sector-specific requirements concerning anti-cor... more Many industries all over the world have special, sector-specific requirements concerning anti-corrosion protection. This contributes to large savings in corrosion-related costs, which account for about 6% of the Gross Domestic Product in developed countries. In 1999, the General Directorate for Public Roads published, for the first time in Poland, its requirements concerning the application and acceptance of anti-corrosion coatings for steel components of road and bridge structures. They were updated in 2006. In 2010, the military department of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways issued anti-corrosion instructions applicable to assemblable bridge structures stored as part of the military mobilization reserves of the State. The General Directorate decided to publish them due to the openwork design of these structures and the unusual conditions of their use and storage. In 2013, the Road Management Authorities in Warsaw commissioned a catalogue of anti-corrosion technologies for structures made of thin-walled sections or sheet metal with a thickness of up to 3 mm. In particular, the catalogue focuses on highly durable anti-corrosion coatings for metal constructions of noise barriers. All these documents have been developed by the Road and Bridge Research Institute. As set out in the first two of these documents, the maximum duration of anti-corrosion protection is 15 years, in conformity with ISO 12944. The last document provides for anti-corrosion coatings with durability of over 25 years. It also pays more attention to aesthetic qualities of anti-corrosion coatings, whose colour may not change in a noticeable way during the first 10 years of their use (ΔE <2, while the reduction of gloss may not exceed 20%). The new coating materials are based on resins that have never been used before, such as polysiloxane resins, polyfluorinated resins, polyurea resins, new fillers and pigments. Modern, eco-friendly powder coatings (including paints with the zinc fillers) are also being used on an ever-increasing scale, especially for outdoor applications of high durability. Other new generation products include conversion coatings, which improve the adhesion and durability of systems, as well as nano-ceramic coatings, self

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020

The paper aims to show how the performance of paint coatings is affected by their composition. Sa... more The paper aims to show how the performance of paint coatings is affected by their composition. Samples of two paint coatings, which had delaminated in service, were compared with the same type of paint applied to samples for the purposes of certification. The particle size distribution of the filler materials (inert pigments) affected the flow of resin and wetting of the particles. In both failed samples, large particles sizes had agglomerated creating voids and crevices, resulting in poor wetting by the resin. This poor wetting and inherent lack of bonding had resulted in their premature failure. Both equivalent laboratory samples had a much better particle size distribution, with a lower maximum particle size, resulting in inert pigment being well distributed through the paint layer. The paper concludes that tighter control over the sizes of additives in paint such as inert pigments within Standards is needed to ensure better performance.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is nowadays well established as a powerful and versa... more Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is nowadays well established as a powerful and versatile technique for investigating the mechanisms of electrochemical reactions, dielectric and transport properties of materials, properties of porous electrodes, and passive surfaces (1). The basic idea is to perturb a system (e.g. a cell) at steady state with an alternating signal of small magnitude and to record the way the system responds to the perturbation. Several features of this tool are underlined in the literature: (i) it is a linear technique and hence the results are readily interpreted in terms of Linear Systems Theory (2); (ii) if measured over a suffi ciently large frequency range, the impedance contains all of the information that can be obtained from the system by linear electrical perturbation/response experiments; (iii) the experimental effi ciency (understood as the amount of information transferred to the observer compared to the amount produced by the experiment) is ...

Materials

Many factors contribute to the high durability of anti-corrosion coatings. The most frequently me... more Many factors contribute to the high durability of anti-corrosion coatings. The most frequently mentioned are: appropriate protection design selected for the operating conditions, type of protection-type of metal and/or coatings, surface preparation, and proper application. Particular emphasis is placed on the type of protective materials. A lot of research is also carried out in this direction. In this article, we want to show that the standard protection with an epoxy/polyurethane system with thickness as recommended in ISO 12944-5: 2019, without special active fillers, is able to ensure high durability in a C4/C5 environment. This is confirmed by the presented results of electrochemical analysis, visual evaluation of coatings and adhesion of coatings and allows the use of well-known, inexpensive paint systems, assuming greater emphasis on their proper application. The results of the assessment of coating systems on bridges were used for comparison with the results obtained in vari...

Materials, 2021

The first steel with improved resistance towards atmospheric corrosion, the so-called weathering ... more The first steel with improved resistance towards atmospheric corrosion, the so-called weathering steel, was patented in the USA in 1933 and was initially used for coal railway cars, and after that, in building and bridge engineering. Weathering steels show higher corrosion resistance than carbon steels in many types of atmosphere due to their ability to form a compact, stable, adherent and protective patina during the time of exposure. Morphological evaluation of the appearance of the corrosion product layer, together with phase analysis of its components, can enable determination of the type of patina and the degree of protection of the steel. To support the visual assessment of a patina, a check based on the qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of its components may be carried out, and the PAI (Protective Ability Index) can be calculated. The estimation of the corrosion processes on original Polish-made weathering steel (12HNNbA) was carried out on a 30-year-old bridge in P...

There is a constant modernization of equipment for cleaning metal surface in steel structure fact... more There is a constant modernization of equipment for cleaning metal surface in steel structure factory. That is driven by desire to reduce production cost. At the same time manufacturers are complied with high environmental protection requirements and substrate preparation standards under protection coatings. We can observe that the main improvements are related to cleaning equipment with metal abrasives. Due to health and safety regulations and environmental protection this particular process is done in isolated rooms. 10th ScIentIfic and TechnIcal Conference MODERN CORROSION PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES 414th event of the European Federation of Corrosion Ryn, 11 – 13 May 2016 MOLO 21-23 luty 2007 r. LOGISTIC IN THE ANTICORROSION WORKS Agnieszka Królikowska Polskie Stowarzyszenie Korozyjne

Streszczenie Opisano metody badań przydatne przy doborze wyrobów lakierowych do zabezpieczeń prze... more Streszczenie Opisano metody badań przydatne przy doborze wyrobów lakierowych do zabezpieczeń przeciwkorozyjnych. Uwzględniono zarówno metody obejmujące badania odporności powłok na działanie pojedynczych czynników korozyjnych, takich jak mgła solna i wilgoć, jak również badania w warunkach zmieniających się cyklicznie wielu czynników, np. mgła solna / wilgoć / sucho / UV / niskie temperatury. Nowoczesne powłoki antykorozyjne powinny być poddawane długotrwałym badaniom laboratoryjnym w warunkach oddziaływania różnorodnych czynników wpływających na ich trwałość. Wyniki takich badań pozwolą na wytypowanie optymalnych systemów powłokowych zapewniających długoletnią ochronę przed korozją.

A basic components of fireproof products including fire retardant, cementitious based and intumes... more A basic components of fireproof products including fire retardant, cementitious based and intumescent, and its mechanism of action in fire has been described. 8 Annual Conference of the Polish Corrosion Society MODERN CORROSION PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES 374 event of European Federation of Corrosion OSTRÓDA, 19-21 May 2014 Agnieszka Królikowska Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów, Warszawa Pier Luigi Bonora University of Udine, Italy THE ROLE OF DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE IN EXTENDING SERVICE LIFE OF ANTICORROSION PROCEDURE

Materials, 2020

Lead (Pb) addition to hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) baths affects the physical characteristics of zin... more Lead (Pb) addition to hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) baths affects the physical characteristics of zinc coatings and is also useful to protect kettles. The influence of lead additions on both corrosion rate and morphology as well as on structure of zinc coating is less investigated. In this paper, three different additions, (Pb = 0.4–0.8–1.2 w/w) were chosen for three series of steel substrates, plus references without lead. The three steels chosen as substrates contained silicon (Si) = 0.18, 0.028, 0.225 w/w, respectively. The experimental part included both macro- and micro-electrochemical measurements, weight loss vs. time plots, Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOS) and SEM/EDX microanalysis of both surface and cross-section of samples. Lead concentration is responsible for evident bimetallic coupling in the surrounding of lead inclusion with consequent increased dissolution rate, chunk effect, and rougher surface morphology.

In many instances paints interlayers delamination is attributed either to environmental or to app... more In many instances paints interlayers delamination is attributed either to environmental or to application reasons. The composition as well as the structure, including morphology are always given for granted. Extended interlayer delamination was observed on two huge structures (>50000m2 each) causing more than $10 M damages. Overcoating time, UV exposure, Solvent retention and other possible environmental possible causes were considered. However, a careful morphological analysis showed that substantial differences existed in terms of the resin to pigment ratio, the surfactants, the quality of pigments and fillers (dimensions, shape, wettability, reactivity, homogeneity of distribution…) with respect to the sample used to certify suitability of the systems to climatic conditions C4 – C5 (ISO12944). The need to avoid any either voluntary or casual modification in both PVC and the kind and size of pigments to be used should be made evident as well as shown in some paragr...

Materials, 2021

Powder coatings are widely applied for corrosion protection of steel, aluminum, and hot dip galva... more Powder coatings are widely applied for corrosion protection of steel, aluminum, and hot dip galvanized steel in a variety of corrosive environments. Powder coatings are subjected to a number of strict laboratory tests to determine their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and color stability. Among European quality certificates for powder coatings applied to galvanized steel, the most commonly recognized are GSB-ST and Qualisteelcoat certificates, which also refer to the EN 13438 standard. Certificates of quality for powder coatings are constantly updated according to the latest research results and experience of specialists operating in the field of corrosion protection. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of how the required length of selected accelerated corrosion tests can affect the final assessment of powder coatings. On the example of two powder painting systems: polyester as well as based on epoxy and polyester resins, the paper presents the influence of ...

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2011

Solid State Phenomena, 2015

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2010

ABSTRACT The “on site” EIS evaluation of coatings on steel constructions immersed in water or spl... more ABSTRACT The “on site” EIS evaluation of coatings on steel constructions immersed in water or splashed by water is much more difficult than in atmospheric conditions. There are many technical problems with insulation of electrical connections, the mounting and leak tightness of measurement cell and the exclusion of measurement of electric capacitance between the counter electrode and surrounding constructions. These problems were successfully solved by the team of scientists from Road and Bridge Institute, Atlas Sollich Electronic Systems Ltd. and Trento University. The construction of the measurement cell, the investigation method as well as some of the results from “on site” coating investigation were presented.

Solid State Phenomena, 2015

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2021

Abstract In zinc-rich primers Zn acts in the initial stage as sacrificial anode (cathodic protect... more Abstract In zinc-rich primers Zn acts in the initial stage as sacrificial anode (cathodic protection). During lifetime Zn is transformed into its corrosion products, which seal the coating's pores (barrier protection). Such coatings are typically very highly pigmented which could cause the deterioration of cohesion and/or adhesion as well as mechanical properties. The formulations of different Zn pigments in epoxy matrices were developed with concentration of zinc particles reduced to about 50 wt% in the dry coatings. As Zn pigments were used: mixtures of zinc pigments with different particle size and particle shape (dust, flakes), zinc dust with organic surface treatment, zinc alloy pigments – ZnMg and ZnSn as well as Zn dust with an addition of graphene or carbon nanotubes. The mechanisms of protection by coatings with a reduced content of zinc pigments were studied in comparison with that of commercial zinc rich primers – epoxy and ethyl silicate – by the following methods: Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) detection of artificially inflicted samples after impact of salt spray test (SST), polarization experiments and EOC detections in combination with different corrosive impact, as well as by SST and the exposure to the natural marine environment (sea water splash zone). It was found that cathodic protection is shown by primer pigmented with Zn flakes, with zinc phosphate and barium sulphate addition as well as by primer containing Zn dust and graphene. They reach an open circuit potential (EOC) significantly below −0.86 V. Primers pigmented with ZnSn or Zn dust with an addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) keep their EOC in the transition phase between −0.7 V and −0.86 V. Other primers with a reduced content of zinc pigments show only barrier protection. Coatings characterized by EOC in the range of cathodic protection or in the transition phase have very good protective properties in the corrosive environment. However, good anticorrosive properties were found also in the case of primers which do not show any cathodic protection, such as the primer pigmented with a mixture of Zn particles with different size and the primer containing Zn dust with chemical surface treatment. This shows that good anticorrosive properties can be obtained even if cathodic protection is not observed.

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2019

Typically, an anticorrosive coating system for long-term protection consists of a primer, one or ... more Typically, an anticorrosive coating system for long-term protection consists of a primer, one or several intermediate coats, and a topcoat. In such systems, zinc-rich primers are often used as they ensure good adhesion to the substrate and protect it from corrosion. Such coatings are very highly pigmented, which sometimes leads to losses in cohesive strength and deterioration of mechanical properties. Furthermore, Zn is known to be harmful to the environment. In this work we present Zn primers with reduced Zn content and better protective properties than traditional zinc-rich primers. The formulations of different Zn pigments in the epoxy matrix were developed with the concentration of zinc particles reduced to about 50% in the dry coating. To evaluate the distribution of pigments scanning electron microscopy has been employed. The anticorrosive properties were tested using the salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the coatings were also tested.

Coatings

A significant aspect of corrosion failures and catastrophes originate from trivial mistakes in ei... more A significant aspect of corrosion failures and catastrophes originate from trivial mistakes in either the choice or connection of different materials, as well as from inaccurate evaluation of the compatibility between materials and the environment. The example shown in the present paper summarizes several wrong solutions due to a lack of knowledge of the basic rules of corrosion control. By chance, the consequences of these errors already appeared during construction; therefore, they were not able to cause damage during operation. This paper is the third in a series devoted to enhancing the need for professional corrosion control design for infrastructures.

In recent years, a great amount of research has been carried out to the production of water-borne... more In recent years, a great amount of research has been carried out to the production of water-borne coatings based on renewable oil resources such as water-borne alkyds, alkyd-acrylic hybrids, alkyd-acrylic blends, and oil modified polyurethane dispersions. The first objective of our work was to evaluate the performance of four waterborne bio-based PU dispersions as potential binders for coatings. For this purpose the film forming properties of the dispersions were evaluated and their compatibility with commercially available binders and typical waterborne paints’ additives was studied. Based on the test results two waterborne resins compatible with bio-based dispersions were selected: alkyd/aliphatic polyurethane copolymer and urethanised alkyd resin. The second objective was to investigate the use of waterborne polyurethanes dispersions synthesized with bio-based prepolymer polyols and aliphatic diisocyanate in paints for interior application. Paint formulations were prepared with d...

Transportation Research Procedia, 2016

Many industries all over the world have special, sector-specific requirements concerning anti-cor... more Many industries all over the world have special, sector-specific requirements concerning anti-corrosion protection. This contributes to large savings in corrosion-related costs, which account for about 6% of the Gross Domestic Product in developed countries. In 1999, the General Directorate for Public Roads published, for the first time in Poland, its requirements concerning the application and acceptance of anti-corrosion coatings for steel components of road and bridge structures. They were updated in 2006. In 2010, the military department of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways issued anti-corrosion instructions applicable to assemblable bridge structures stored as part of the military mobilization reserves of the State. The General Directorate decided to publish them due to the openwork design of these structures and the unusual conditions of their use and storage. In 2013, the Road Management Authorities in Warsaw commissioned a catalogue of anti-corrosion technologies for structures made of thin-walled sections or sheet metal with a thickness of up to 3 mm. In particular, the catalogue focuses on highly durable anti-corrosion coatings for metal constructions of noise barriers. All these documents have been developed by the Road and Bridge Research Institute. As set out in the first two of these documents, the maximum duration of anti-corrosion protection is 15 years, in conformity with ISO 12944. The last document provides for anti-corrosion coatings with durability of over 25 years. It also pays more attention to aesthetic qualities of anti-corrosion coatings, whose colour may not change in a noticeable way during the first 10 years of their use (ΔE <2, while the reduction of gloss may not exceed 20%). The new coating materials are based on resins that have never been used before, such as polysiloxane resins, polyfluorinated resins, polyurea resins, new fillers and pigments. Modern, eco-friendly powder coatings (including paints with the zinc fillers) are also being used on an ever-increasing scale, especially for outdoor applications of high durability. Other new generation products include conversion coatings, which improve the adhesion and durability of systems, as well as nano-ceramic coatings, self

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020

The paper aims to show how the performance of paint coatings is affected by their composition. Sa... more The paper aims to show how the performance of paint coatings is affected by their composition. Samples of two paint coatings, which had delaminated in service, were compared with the same type of paint applied to samples for the purposes of certification. The particle size distribution of the filler materials (inert pigments) affected the flow of resin and wetting of the particles. In both failed samples, large particles sizes had agglomerated creating voids and crevices, resulting in poor wetting by the resin. This poor wetting and inherent lack of bonding had resulted in their premature failure. Both equivalent laboratory samples had a much better particle size distribution, with a lower maximum particle size, resulting in inert pigment being well distributed through the paint layer. The paper concludes that tighter control over the sizes of additives in paint such as inert pigments within Standards is needed to ensure better performance.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is nowadays well established as a powerful and versa... more Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is nowadays well established as a powerful and versatile technique for investigating the mechanisms of electrochemical reactions, dielectric and transport properties of materials, properties of porous electrodes, and passive surfaces (1). The basic idea is to perturb a system (e.g. a cell) at steady state with an alternating signal of small magnitude and to record the way the system responds to the perturbation. Several features of this tool are underlined in the literature: (i) it is a linear technique and hence the results are readily interpreted in terms of Linear Systems Theory (2); (ii) if measured over a suffi ciently large frequency range, the impedance contains all of the information that can be obtained from the system by linear electrical perturbation/response experiments; (iii) the experimental effi ciency (understood as the amount of information transferred to the observer compared to the amount produced by the experiment) is ...

Materials

Many factors contribute to the high durability of anti-corrosion coatings. The most frequently me... more Many factors contribute to the high durability of anti-corrosion coatings. The most frequently mentioned are: appropriate protection design selected for the operating conditions, type of protection-type of metal and/or coatings, surface preparation, and proper application. Particular emphasis is placed on the type of protective materials. A lot of research is also carried out in this direction. In this article, we want to show that the standard protection with an epoxy/polyurethane system with thickness as recommended in ISO 12944-5: 2019, without special active fillers, is able to ensure high durability in a C4/C5 environment. This is confirmed by the presented results of electrochemical analysis, visual evaluation of coatings and adhesion of coatings and allows the use of well-known, inexpensive paint systems, assuming greater emphasis on their proper application. The results of the assessment of coating systems on bridges were used for comparison with the results obtained in vari...

Materials, 2021

The first steel with improved resistance towards atmospheric corrosion, the so-called weathering ... more The first steel with improved resistance towards atmospheric corrosion, the so-called weathering steel, was patented in the USA in 1933 and was initially used for coal railway cars, and after that, in building and bridge engineering. Weathering steels show higher corrosion resistance than carbon steels in many types of atmosphere due to their ability to form a compact, stable, adherent and protective patina during the time of exposure. Morphological evaluation of the appearance of the corrosion product layer, together with phase analysis of its components, can enable determination of the type of patina and the degree of protection of the steel. To support the visual assessment of a patina, a check based on the qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of its components may be carried out, and the PAI (Protective Ability Index) can be calculated. The estimation of the corrosion processes on original Polish-made weathering steel (12HNNbA) was carried out on a 30-year-old bridge in P...

There is a constant modernization of equipment for cleaning metal surface in steel structure fact... more There is a constant modernization of equipment for cleaning metal surface in steel structure factory. That is driven by desire to reduce production cost. At the same time manufacturers are complied with high environmental protection requirements and substrate preparation standards under protection coatings. We can observe that the main improvements are related to cleaning equipment with metal abrasives. Due to health and safety regulations and environmental protection this particular process is done in isolated rooms. 10th ScIentIfic and TechnIcal Conference MODERN CORROSION PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES 414th event of the European Federation of Corrosion Ryn, 11 – 13 May 2016 MOLO 21-23 luty 2007 r. LOGISTIC IN THE ANTICORROSION WORKS Agnieszka Królikowska Polskie Stowarzyszenie Korozyjne

Streszczenie Opisano metody badań przydatne przy doborze wyrobów lakierowych do zabezpieczeń prze... more Streszczenie Opisano metody badań przydatne przy doborze wyrobów lakierowych do zabezpieczeń przeciwkorozyjnych. Uwzględniono zarówno metody obejmujące badania odporności powłok na działanie pojedynczych czynników korozyjnych, takich jak mgła solna i wilgoć, jak również badania w warunkach zmieniających się cyklicznie wielu czynników, np. mgła solna / wilgoć / sucho / UV / niskie temperatury. Nowoczesne powłoki antykorozyjne powinny być poddawane długotrwałym badaniom laboratoryjnym w warunkach oddziaływania różnorodnych czynników wpływających na ich trwałość. Wyniki takich badań pozwolą na wytypowanie optymalnych systemów powłokowych zapewniających długoletnią ochronę przed korozją.

A basic components of fireproof products including fire retardant, cementitious based and intumes... more A basic components of fireproof products including fire retardant, cementitious based and intumescent, and its mechanism of action in fire has been described. 8 Annual Conference of the Polish Corrosion Society MODERN CORROSION PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES 374 event of European Federation of Corrosion OSTRÓDA, 19-21 May 2014 Agnieszka Królikowska Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów, Warszawa Pier Luigi Bonora University of Udine, Italy THE ROLE OF DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE IN EXTENDING SERVICE LIFE OF ANTICORROSION PROCEDURE

Materials, 2020

Lead (Pb) addition to hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) baths affects the physical characteristics of zin... more Lead (Pb) addition to hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) baths affects the physical characteristics of zinc coatings and is also useful to protect kettles. The influence of lead additions on both corrosion rate and morphology as well as on structure of zinc coating is less investigated. In this paper, three different additions, (Pb = 0.4–0.8–1.2 w/w) were chosen for three series of steel substrates, plus references without lead. The three steels chosen as substrates contained silicon (Si) = 0.18, 0.028, 0.225 w/w, respectively. The experimental part included both macro- and micro-electrochemical measurements, weight loss vs. time plots, Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOS) and SEM/EDX microanalysis of both surface and cross-section of samples. Lead concentration is responsible for evident bimetallic coupling in the surrounding of lead inclusion with consequent increased dissolution rate, chunk effect, and rougher surface morphology.

In many instances paints interlayers delamination is attributed either to environmental or to app... more In many instances paints interlayers delamination is attributed either to environmental or to application reasons. The composition as well as the structure, including morphology are always given for granted. Extended interlayer delamination was observed on two huge structures (>50000m2 each) causing more than $10 M damages. Overcoating time, UV exposure, Solvent retention and other possible environmental possible causes were considered. However, a careful morphological analysis showed that substantial differences existed in terms of the resin to pigment ratio, the surfactants, the quality of pigments and fillers (dimensions, shape, wettability, reactivity, homogeneity of distribution…) with respect to the sample used to certify suitability of the systems to climatic conditions C4 – C5 (ISO12944). The need to avoid any either voluntary or casual modification in both PVC and the kind and size of pigments to be used should be made evident as well as shown in some paragr...

Materials, 2021

Powder coatings are widely applied for corrosion protection of steel, aluminum, and hot dip galva... more Powder coatings are widely applied for corrosion protection of steel, aluminum, and hot dip galvanized steel in a variety of corrosive environments. Powder coatings are subjected to a number of strict laboratory tests to determine their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and color stability. Among European quality certificates for powder coatings applied to galvanized steel, the most commonly recognized are GSB-ST and Qualisteelcoat certificates, which also refer to the EN 13438 standard. Certificates of quality for powder coatings are constantly updated according to the latest research results and experience of specialists operating in the field of corrosion protection. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of how the required length of selected accelerated corrosion tests can affect the final assessment of powder coatings. On the example of two powder painting systems: polyester as well as based on epoxy and polyester resins, the paper presents the influence of ...

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2011

Solid State Phenomena, 2015

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2010

ABSTRACT The “on site” EIS evaluation of coatings on steel constructions immersed in water or spl... more ABSTRACT The “on site” EIS evaluation of coatings on steel constructions immersed in water or splashed by water is much more difficult than in atmospheric conditions. There are many technical problems with insulation of electrical connections, the mounting and leak tightness of measurement cell and the exclusion of measurement of electric capacitance between the counter electrode and surrounding constructions. These problems were successfully solved by the team of scientists from Road and Bridge Institute, Atlas Sollich Electronic Systems Ltd. and Trento University. The construction of the measurement cell, the investigation method as well as some of the results from “on site” coating investigation were presented.

Solid State Phenomena, 2015