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Papers by Andrzej Kuczumow

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Jul 11, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The matter constituting the enamels of four types of organisms was studied. The variability of th... more The matter constituting the enamels of four types of organisms was studied. The variability of the ions was presented in molar units. It was proven that the changes in water contents of the enamel are significantly positively related to changes in Mg; inversely, there is also a strong connection with changes in Ca and P, the main components of bioapatite. The variability in the organic matter has the same strong and positive characteristics and is also coupled with changes in Mg contents. Amelogenins in organic matter, which synthesize enamel rods, likely have a role in adjusting the amount of Mg, thus establishing the amount of organic matter and water in the whole enamel; this adjustment occurs through an unknown mechanism. Ca, P, Mg, and Cl ions, as well as organic matter and water, participate in the main circulation cycle of bioapatites. The selection of variations in the composition of bioapatite occurs only along particular trajectories, where the energy of transformation lin...

Acta Physica Polonica A, Feb 1, 2009

Important bioinorganic objects, both living and fossilized are as a rule characterized by a compl... more Important bioinorganic objects, both living and fossilized are as a rule characterized by a complex microscopic structure. For biological samples, the cell-like and laminar as well as growth ring structures are among most significant. Moreover, these objects belong to a now widely studied category of biominerals with composite, inorganic-organic structure. Such materials are composed of a limited number of inorganic compounds and several natural organic polymers. This apparently simple composition leads to an abnormal variety of constructions significant from the medical (repairs and implants), natural (ecological effectiveness) and material science (biomimetic synthesis) point of view. The analysis of an image obtained in an optical microscope, optionally in a scanning electron microscope is a topographical reference for further investigations. For the characterization of the distribution of chemical elements and compounds in a material, techniques such as X-ray, electron-or proton microprobes are applied. Essentially, elemental mappings are collected in this stage. The need for the application of an X-ray diffraction microprobe is obvious and our experience indicates on the necessity of using the synchrotron-based devices due to their better spatial resolution and good X-ray intensity. To examine the presence of the organic compounds, the Raman microprobe measurements are good options. They deliver information about the spatial distribution of functional groups and oscillating fragments of molecules. For the comprehensive investigation of bioinorganic material structural and chemical features, we propose the following sequence of methods: optical imaging, elemental mapping, crystallographic mapping, organic mapping and micromechanical mapping. The examples of such an approach are given for: petrified wood, human teeth, and an ammonite shell.

Key Engineering Materials, 2020

Due to the increasing of the price of different materials and resource saving it is very promisin... more Due to the increasing of the price of different materials and resource saving it is very promising to develop technology of creation cheap coatings with specified properties. We developed a diffusion-doped powder based on austenitic steels for producing plasma-sprayed coatings. In comparison with Ni-based powders our materials have better adhesion, they are cheaper, they have better mechanical machinability, it is possible to produce coatings with required properties. In our work, the features of diffusion doping of microparticles of powder, the behavior of the powder in the plasma jet were studied. The significant decreasing of porosity, increasing of adhesion of the plasma-sprayed coatings after laser processing were marked. The substantial increase of wear-resistance in 2,5-3,0 times in comparison with untreated coatings when working in conditions of abrasive wear and atmospheric precipitation was revealed.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The chemical composition and structure of bamboo octocoral Keratoisis spp. skeletons were investi... more The chemical composition and structure of bamboo octocoral Keratoisis spp. skeletons were investigated by using: Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, Raman Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction XRD, Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma LA-ICP, and amino acid analyzers. Elements discovered in the nodes (mainly organic parts of the skeleton) of bamboo corals showed a very interesting arrangement in the growth ring areas, most probably enabling the application of bamboo corals as palaeochronometers and palaeothermometers. LA-ICP results showed that these gorgonian corals had an unusually large content of bromine, larger than any other organism yet studied. The local concentration of bromine in the organic part of the growth rings of one of the studied corals grew up to 29,000 ppm of bromine. That is over 440 times more than is contained in marine water and 35 times more than Murex contains, the species which was used to make Tyrian purple in ancient times. The organic matter of corals is cal...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017

The Doppler broadening slow positron beam spectroscopy (SPBS) data for the previously observed ef... more The Doppler broadening slow positron beam spectroscopy (SPBS) data for the previously observed effect of carbonization in high-dose (>10 16 ion/cm 2) 40 keV boron-ionimplanted polymethylmethacrylate (B:PMMA) and another one obtained for the effect of formation of metal nanoparticles in high-dose 30 keV silver-ion-implanted polymer (Ag:PMMA) are compared. Following to the Doppler broadening SPBS results, a difference in the high-dose ion-irradiation-induced processes in B:PMMA and Ag:PMMA is detected.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1984

Maria 9klodaw?ka-Cwre IJim =nit), 12 Nowotko C t t 20-037 Ixhlin, Poland The problem of a simplif... more Maria 9klodaw?ka-Cwre IJim =nit), 12 Nowotko C t t 20-037 Ixhlin, Poland The problem of a simplified expression for the enhancement term of correction equations in XRF analysis was treated using the example of bharies. Attention was paid to up-to-date propositions of a solution to that problem and new cases of solutions were considered. Some common elements of these solution% were found and on the basis of a fundamental expression of enhancement eEects a more general equation is giyen.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 2008

Page 1. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY X-Ray Spectrom. 2008; 37: 517–535 Published online 19 May 2008 in Wile... more Page 1. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY X-Ray Spectrom. 2008; 37: 517–535 Published online 19 May 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/xrs.1083 Broad-beam PIXE and m-PIXE analysis of normal and in vitro demineralized dental enamel† ...

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1982

Certain concentration correction equations are considered as a consequence of the Shiraiwa and Fu... more Certain concentration correction equations are considered as a consequence of the Shiraiwa and Fujino equation. Particular correction equations are related to special physical cases. A set of differential equations, derived on the ground of Claisse's considerations, co-exist with the set of classic correction equations. The mutual relations between the classic correction equations are presented.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1989

A new approach to problems associated with enhancement effects in XRF analysis, and by analogy to... more A new approach to problems associated with enhancement effects in XRF analysis, and by analogy to analysis by electron microprobe and PIXE, is discussed. The concept of enhancement as 'relative excess absorption' is introduced. This concept allows an arrangement of mass balances in which the concentration of any given element may be derived explicitly from a set of relationships equivalent to fundamental expressions, such as the LachanceTraill and Tertian equations for monochromatically excited XRF and the Claisse-Quintin equations for polychromatic excitation. In this new approach the values of pi@, or Eb may be derived, and carry the meaning of apparent mass absorption coefficients for absorption and enhancement effects characteristic of any given pair of elements. Finally, some obvious convergences between XRF, electron microprobe and PIXE analyses are emphasized. Simple transformations lead to two important expressions : and From the shape of Eqns (4) and (9, problems associated with the algebraic transformation of fundamental equations into simple concentration correction expression^'^*^^ are evident: Eqns (4) and (5) must be

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1984

In connection with progress in the creation of differential and so-called differential methods of... more In connection with progress in the creation of differential and so-called differential methods of concentration correction, work has been carried out on the ordering of equations. It has been shown that it is possible to create three principal, complete systems of so-called differential concentration correction equations by (1) using the Claisse method, (2) using the method of function expansion in a Taylor series and (3) using a special method discussed in this. paper. These equations can be used instead of the classical concentration correction methods. Moreover, it has been proved that the respective procedures can be used in the creation of expressions which are the analogues of classical intensity correction equations.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1990

ABSTRACT All currently known changes in the values of the α coefficients in the Lachance-Traill e... more ABSTRACT All currently known changes in the values of the α coefficients in the Lachance-Traill equation occurring under the influence of different factors are considered. These factors include the change in composition in connection with the enhancement phenomenon, the change in radious of grains (or lamellae) in a non-homogeneous environment and the change of angle of the analytical surface slope relative to the ideal flat surface. Changes in the α coefficients are found to be always of hyperbolic character. A new version of the Lachance-Traill equation has been derived.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 2005

ABSTRACT A calcite deposit (stalagmite) from the Godarville tunnel (Belgium) was investigated by ... more ABSTRACT A calcite deposit (stalagmite) from the Godarville tunnel (Belgium) was investigated by the use of x-ray and electron microprobes in order to detect any seasonal variations present in the chemical data and to make a comparison with meteorological data. The uniqueness of this speleothem system is that it is human constructed, controlled from the chronological point of view and with complete temperature and hydrological documentation. The Godarville tunnel stalagmites started to form since the time of closing down of the tunnel in 1960 and continued until the collection of the samples in December 1992. The growth of the annual laminae was observed on the cross-sections of several stalagmites and attributed to consecutive years and even seasons. The laminar structure, ascribed to seasonal variations, is very clear and formed by a set of alternating bright, porous and dark, compact calcite layers. This structure gave rise to the optical profiles of the annual variability that were compared with the x-ray synchrotron-based microprobe chemical profile data obtained at LURE (Orsay University, France). Using this method, several profiles were measured: Ca as the main element, Sr as a very important minor component and Fe, Zn, Pb and Br as trace elements. The results display an impressive correlation between the spatial distributions of Sr and Br with the optical linear profile of the sample, demonstrating that these elements also have a seasonal variation in the stalagmite layers. The Fe, Zn and Pb concentration profiles were characterized by sudden and random increases in contents (up to 20 times over background levels) whose origin is still uncertain. The results were supplemented by similar linear scan measurements made by the electron microprobe. The results show that Sr concentrates in the bright layers whereas the Mg spatial distribution is less correlated with the optical linear scan. A strontium-rich layer is formed during the autumn/winter periods. It is consistent with the ways of inclusion of that element in calcite, with the temperature-dependent and hydrological aspects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1999

ABSTRACT Information included in auxiliary signals, i.e. incoherently and coherently scattered si... more ABSTRACT Information included in auxiliary signals, i.e. incoherently and coherently scattered signals and transmitted beam intensities in x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), a selected channel in the scattered white synchrotron radiation and in the contents of selected bremsstrahlung channels in electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), can be extracted and exploited to complete the results of analyses. Such additional information is much more detailed when the devices are operating in the microprobe mode; however, this is not a necessary condition. The theoretical basis for the use of the auxiliary signals, in the sense proposed in this paper, is discussed. In situations where the main component is of essentially constant chemical composition but with variable density through the sample (wood of living trees, petrified wood, stalactites, coral structures— in general natural periodic structures) or with inclusions inside, the application of two kind of signals is preferable in XRF: the transmitted and scattered signal. For light organic matrices (cellulose, plastics), the information included in the Rayleigh or Compton signal is reversed in relation to the information from the transmission signals. The selected bremsstrahlung signal or the signal from the secondary electron spectrum can serve the same purpose if EMPA analysis is performed. In general, these signals provide auxiliary knowledge about the density of objects. An especially interesting situation is when the object is a chemical negative of the original, such as the distribution of silica in some kinds of petrified wood with respect to the distribution of the cellulose in the original wood. Many original results of analyses are shown. Intercomparisons of the transmission images with the reversed scattered scans in light matrices are still scarce, while the observation of bremsstrahlung or secondary electron scans (in EMPA) and their scattered or transmission analogues (in XRF) for objects and their chemical negatives is demonstrated for the first time. Comprehensive results of the analyses of petrified wood and stalactites (EMPA and XRF) are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1989

ABSTRACT The application of the Lachance-Traill α-correction algorithm assumes homogeneous sample... more ABSTRACT The application of the Lachance-Traill α-correction algorithm assumes homogeneous samples with flat surfaces. In this paper a mathematical approach is presented describing the influence of non-flatness of sample surfaces on the value of the α-coeffficient. The calculation is performed on a surface consisting of regular prismatic or pyramidal grooves. The α-coefficient is found to have a hyperbolic dependence on the slope of the solid with respect to the macroscopic surface.

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1992

ABSTRACT Three analytical procedures using characteristic X-rays: X-ray fluorescence (XRF); elect... more ABSTRACT Three analytical procedures using characteristic X-rays: X-ray fluorescence (XRF); electron microprobe analysis (EMP); and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), were extensively studied to reveal their common features. The Laplace transform proved to be probably the only procedure that allowed a unified approach to all three methods. When the function dependent on pz is put as an original and that dependent on χ as its transform, then a uniform resolution can be achieved. A different result is derived from the inverted transform, when F2(χ) is an original and f2(pz) is the transform, and the results reveal a substantial split between XRF on one hand and EMP and PIXE on the other hand, due to different attenuation principles. Some results using Bremsstrahlung and scattered X-rays were also taken into consideration, from which it was concluded that the same rules were valid.

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1988

Since, in previous work, it was possible to derive the concentration correction equations from th... more Since, in previous work, it was possible to derive the concentration correction equations from the fundamental parameter equations for the fluorescent X-ray radiation, a similar trial was performed for the coherently and Compton scattered radiations. The derived equations can be named "concentration correction equations for scattered radiation". Their form is more complicated than their fluorescent analogues.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Jul 11, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The matter constituting the enamels of four types of organisms was studied. The variability of th... more The matter constituting the enamels of four types of organisms was studied. The variability of the ions was presented in molar units. It was proven that the changes in water contents of the enamel are significantly positively related to changes in Mg; inversely, there is also a strong connection with changes in Ca and P, the main components of bioapatite. The variability in the organic matter has the same strong and positive characteristics and is also coupled with changes in Mg contents. Amelogenins in organic matter, which synthesize enamel rods, likely have a role in adjusting the amount of Mg, thus establishing the amount of organic matter and water in the whole enamel; this adjustment occurs through an unknown mechanism. Ca, P, Mg, and Cl ions, as well as organic matter and water, participate in the main circulation cycle of bioapatites. The selection of variations in the composition of bioapatite occurs only along particular trajectories, where the energy of transformation lin...

Acta Physica Polonica A, Feb 1, 2009

Important bioinorganic objects, both living and fossilized are as a rule characterized by a compl... more Important bioinorganic objects, both living and fossilized are as a rule characterized by a complex microscopic structure. For biological samples, the cell-like and laminar as well as growth ring structures are among most significant. Moreover, these objects belong to a now widely studied category of biominerals with composite, inorganic-organic structure. Such materials are composed of a limited number of inorganic compounds and several natural organic polymers. This apparently simple composition leads to an abnormal variety of constructions significant from the medical (repairs and implants), natural (ecological effectiveness) and material science (biomimetic synthesis) point of view. The analysis of an image obtained in an optical microscope, optionally in a scanning electron microscope is a topographical reference for further investigations. For the characterization of the distribution of chemical elements and compounds in a material, techniques such as X-ray, electron-or proton microprobes are applied. Essentially, elemental mappings are collected in this stage. The need for the application of an X-ray diffraction microprobe is obvious and our experience indicates on the necessity of using the synchrotron-based devices due to their better spatial resolution and good X-ray intensity. To examine the presence of the organic compounds, the Raman microprobe measurements are good options. They deliver information about the spatial distribution of functional groups and oscillating fragments of molecules. For the comprehensive investigation of bioinorganic material structural and chemical features, we propose the following sequence of methods: optical imaging, elemental mapping, crystallographic mapping, organic mapping and micromechanical mapping. The examples of such an approach are given for: petrified wood, human teeth, and an ammonite shell.

Key Engineering Materials, 2020

Due to the increasing of the price of different materials and resource saving it is very promisin... more Due to the increasing of the price of different materials and resource saving it is very promising to develop technology of creation cheap coatings with specified properties. We developed a diffusion-doped powder based on austenitic steels for producing plasma-sprayed coatings. In comparison with Ni-based powders our materials have better adhesion, they are cheaper, they have better mechanical machinability, it is possible to produce coatings with required properties. In our work, the features of diffusion doping of microparticles of powder, the behavior of the powder in the plasma jet were studied. The significant decreasing of porosity, increasing of adhesion of the plasma-sprayed coatings after laser processing were marked. The substantial increase of wear-resistance in 2,5-3,0 times in comparison with untreated coatings when working in conditions of abrasive wear and atmospheric precipitation was revealed.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The chemical composition and structure of bamboo octocoral Keratoisis spp. skeletons were investi... more The chemical composition and structure of bamboo octocoral Keratoisis spp. skeletons were investigated by using: Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, Raman Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction XRD, Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma LA-ICP, and amino acid analyzers. Elements discovered in the nodes (mainly organic parts of the skeleton) of bamboo corals showed a very interesting arrangement in the growth ring areas, most probably enabling the application of bamboo corals as palaeochronometers and palaeothermometers. LA-ICP results showed that these gorgonian corals had an unusually large content of bromine, larger than any other organism yet studied. The local concentration of bromine in the organic part of the growth rings of one of the studied corals grew up to 29,000 ppm of bromine. That is over 440 times more than is contained in marine water and 35 times more than Murex contains, the species which was used to make Tyrian purple in ancient times. The organic matter of corals is cal...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017

The Doppler broadening slow positron beam spectroscopy (SPBS) data for the previously observed ef... more The Doppler broadening slow positron beam spectroscopy (SPBS) data for the previously observed effect of carbonization in high-dose (>10 16 ion/cm 2) 40 keV boron-ionimplanted polymethylmethacrylate (B:PMMA) and another one obtained for the effect of formation of metal nanoparticles in high-dose 30 keV silver-ion-implanted polymer (Ag:PMMA) are compared. Following to the Doppler broadening SPBS results, a difference in the high-dose ion-irradiation-induced processes in B:PMMA and Ag:PMMA is detected.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1984

Maria 9klodaw?ka-Cwre IJim =nit), 12 Nowotko C t t 20-037 Ixhlin, Poland The problem of a simplif... more Maria 9klodaw?ka-Cwre IJim =nit), 12 Nowotko C t t 20-037 Ixhlin, Poland The problem of a simplified expression for the enhancement term of correction equations in XRF analysis was treated using the example of bharies. Attention was paid to up-to-date propositions of a solution to that problem and new cases of solutions were considered. Some common elements of these solution% were found and on the basis of a fundamental expression of enhancement eEects a more general equation is giyen.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 2008

Page 1. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY X-Ray Spectrom. 2008; 37: 517–535 Published online 19 May 2008 in Wile... more Page 1. X-RAY SPECTROMETRY X-Ray Spectrom. 2008; 37: 517–535 Published online 19 May 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/xrs.1083 Broad-beam PIXE and m-PIXE analysis of normal and in vitro demineralized dental enamel† ...

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1982

Certain concentration correction equations are considered as a consequence of the Shiraiwa and Fu... more Certain concentration correction equations are considered as a consequence of the Shiraiwa and Fujino equation. Particular correction equations are related to special physical cases. A set of differential equations, derived on the ground of Claisse's considerations, co-exist with the set of classic correction equations. The mutual relations between the classic correction equations are presented.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1989

A new approach to problems associated with enhancement effects in XRF analysis, and by analogy to... more A new approach to problems associated with enhancement effects in XRF analysis, and by analogy to analysis by electron microprobe and PIXE, is discussed. The concept of enhancement as 'relative excess absorption' is introduced. This concept allows an arrangement of mass balances in which the concentration of any given element may be derived explicitly from a set of relationships equivalent to fundamental expressions, such as the LachanceTraill and Tertian equations for monochromatically excited XRF and the Claisse-Quintin equations for polychromatic excitation. In this new approach the values of pi@, or Eb may be derived, and carry the meaning of apparent mass absorption coefficients for absorption and enhancement effects characteristic of any given pair of elements. Finally, some obvious convergences between XRF, electron microprobe and PIXE analyses are emphasized. Simple transformations lead to two important expressions : and From the shape of Eqns (4) and (9, problems associated with the algebraic transformation of fundamental equations into simple concentration correction expression^'^*^^ are evident: Eqns (4) and (5) must be

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1984

In connection with progress in the creation of differential and so-called differential methods of... more In connection with progress in the creation of differential and so-called differential methods of concentration correction, work has been carried out on the ordering of equations. It has been shown that it is possible to create three principal, complete systems of so-called differential concentration correction equations by (1) using the Claisse method, (2) using the method of function expansion in a Taylor series and (3) using a special method discussed in this. paper. These equations can be used instead of the classical concentration correction methods. Moreover, it has been proved that the respective procedures can be used in the creation of expressions which are the analogues of classical intensity correction equations.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1990

ABSTRACT All currently known changes in the values of the α coefficients in the Lachance-Traill e... more ABSTRACT All currently known changes in the values of the α coefficients in the Lachance-Traill equation occurring under the influence of different factors are considered. These factors include the change in composition in connection with the enhancement phenomenon, the change in radious of grains (or lamellae) in a non-homogeneous environment and the change of angle of the analytical surface slope relative to the ideal flat surface. Changes in the α coefficients are found to be always of hyperbolic character. A new version of the Lachance-Traill equation has been derived.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 2005

ABSTRACT A calcite deposit (stalagmite) from the Godarville tunnel (Belgium) was investigated by ... more ABSTRACT A calcite deposit (stalagmite) from the Godarville tunnel (Belgium) was investigated by the use of x-ray and electron microprobes in order to detect any seasonal variations present in the chemical data and to make a comparison with meteorological data. The uniqueness of this speleothem system is that it is human constructed, controlled from the chronological point of view and with complete temperature and hydrological documentation. The Godarville tunnel stalagmites started to form since the time of closing down of the tunnel in 1960 and continued until the collection of the samples in December 1992. The growth of the annual laminae was observed on the cross-sections of several stalagmites and attributed to consecutive years and even seasons. The laminar structure, ascribed to seasonal variations, is very clear and formed by a set of alternating bright, porous and dark, compact calcite layers. This structure gave rise to the optical profiles of the annual variability that were compared with the x-ray synchrotron-based microprobe chemical profile data obtained at LURE (Orsay University, France). Using this method, several profiles were measured: Ca as the main element, Sr as a very important minor component and Fe, Zn, Pb and Br as trace elements. The results display an impressive correlation between the spatial distributions of Sr and Br with the optical linear profile of the sample, demonstrating that these elements also have a seasonal variation in the stalagmite layers. The Fe, Zn and Pb concentration profiles were characterized by sudden and random increases in contents (up to 20 times over background levels) whose origin is still uncertain. The results were supplemented by similar linear scan measurements made by the electron microprobe. The results show that Sr concentrates in the bright layers whereas the Mg spatial distribution is less correlated with the optical linear scan. A strontium-rich layer is formed during the autumn/winter periods. It is consistent with the ways of inclusion of that element in calcite, with the temperature-dependent and hydrological aspects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1999

ABSTRACT Information included in auxiliary signals, i.e. incoherently and coherently scattered si... more ABSTRACT Information included in auxiliary signals, i.e. incoherently and coherently scattered signals and transmitted beam intensities in x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), a selected channel in the scattered white synchrotron radiation and in the contents of selected bremsstrahlung channels in electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), can be extracted and exploited to complete the results of analyses. Such additional information is much more detailed when the devices are operating in the microprobe mode; however, this is not a necessary condition. The theoretical basis for the use of the auxiliary signals, in the sense proposed in this paper, is discussed. In situations where the main component is of essentially constant chemical composition but with variable density through the sample (wood of living trees, petrified wood, stalactites, coral structures— in general natural periodic structures) or with inclusions inside, the application of two kind of signals is preferable in XRF: the transmitted and scattered signal. For light organic matrices (cellulose, plastics), the information included in the Rayleigh or Compton signal is reversed in relation to the information from the transmission signals. The selected bremsstrahlung signal or the signal from the secondary electron spectrum can serve the same purpose if EMPA analysis is performed. In general, these signals provide auxiliary knowledge about the density of objects. An especially interesting situation is when the object is a chemical negative of the original, such as the distribution of silica in some kinds of petrified wood with respect to the distribution of the cellulose in the original wood. Many original results of analyses are shown. Intercomparisons of the transmission images with the reversed scattered scans in light matrices are still scarce, while the observation of bremsstrahlung or secondary electron scans (in EMPA) and their scattered or transmission analogues (in XRF) for objects and their chemical negatives is demonstrated for the first time. Comprehensive results of the analyses of petrified wood and stalactites (EMPA and XRF) are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

X-Ray Spectrometry, 1989

ABSTRACT The application of the Lachance-Traill α-correction algorithm assumes homogeneous sample... more ABSTRACT The application of the Lachance-Traill α-correction algorithm assumes homogeneous samples with flat surfaces. In this paper a mathematical approach is presented describing the influence of non-flatness of sample surfaces on the value of the α-coeffficient. The calculation is performed on a surface consisting of regular prismatic or pyramidal grooves. The α-coefficient is found to have a hyperbolic dependence on the slope of the solid with respect to the macroscopic surface.

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1992

ABSTRACT Three analytical procedures using characteristic X-rays: X-ray fluorescence (XRF); elect... more ABSTRACT Three analytical procedures using characteristic X-rays: X-ray fluorescence (XRF); electron microprobe analysis (EMP); and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), were extensively studied to reveal their common features. The Laplace transform proved to be probably the only procedure that allowed a unified approach to all three methods. When the function dependent on pz is put as an original and that dependent on χ as its transform, then a uniform resolution can be achieved. A different result is derived from the inverted transform, when F2(χ) is an original and f2(pz) is the transform, and the results reveal a substantial split between XRF on one hand and EMP and PIXE on the other hand, due to different attenuation principles. Some results using Bremsstrahlung and scattered X-rays were also taken into consideration, from which it was concluded that the same rules were valid.

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1988

Since, in previous work, it was possible to derive the concentration correction equations from th... more Since, in previous work, it was possible to derive the concentration correction equations from the fundamental parameter equations for the fluorescent X-ray radiation, a similar trial was performed for the coherently and Compton scattered radiations. The derived equations can be named "concentration correction equations for scattered radiation". Their form is more complicated than their fluorescent analogues.