Adolfo Perujo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Adolfo Perujo
2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,, 2003
This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evalua... more This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evaluate the data in such a way that the operating conditions and performance of individual components and the system as a whole can be analysed and compared. The enormous variation between RES, which is the result of user requirements and local climatic conditions, makes it
Proceeding of World Congress of Young Scientists on Hydrogen Energy Systems
Energy and transport are key prerequisite for the high quality of life enjoyed by developed count... more Energy and transport are key prerequisite for the high quality of life enjoyed by developed countries and they are essential ingredients for their economic prosperity. Both also represent a key challenge to sustainability in terms of depletion of resources, competitiveness, safety and security. Europe needs, therefore, to balance its increasing energy demand resulting from an economic growth in EU member states with minimizing its over-dependence on imports and the adverse effects on the environment, the ecosystem, and human well-being. The Joint Research Centre (JRC), which already had hydrogen-related activities in its project portfolio, as a service of the Commission has embarked in line with its mission, in activities targeting harmonisation and validation of methods and procedures for characterisation, performance and safety assessment of selected components in the hydrogen chain, such as gas sensors, storage methods and media, fuel cells, and of their integration in vehicles. This paper describes the projects executed by the JRC within its work programme at its several institutes distributed throughout Europe. The JRC activities also include a dissemination and training component via the hosting of young researchers and the organisation of dedicated workshops.JRC.H.4-Transport and air qualit
Atmospheric Environment, 2016
The use of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) to abate NOx vehicular emissions brings ne... more The use of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) to abate NOx vehicular emissions brings new concerns on the emissions of the byproducts NH3 and N2O. Therefore, NH3 and N2O on-road emissions from a Euro V truck equipped with a SCR were measured in real time using a QCL-IR. Results bring to light possibility to perform this kind of real time measurements for other pollutants besides, hydrocarbons, NOx, CO and CO2. The capability to measure NH3 and N2O in a second-bysecond basis will allow applying the currently agreed regulatory emissions evaluation for gaseous compounds. Average N2O emission factors calculated applying the current PEMS-based data analysis to all available windows from the tests ranged from 0.063 g/kWh to 0.139 g/kWh. Average NH3 concentrations ranged from 0.9 ppm to 5.7 ppm. Although calculated average N2O and NH3 emissions were within current limits, NOx emissions were substantially higher than Euro V limits under the studied conditions.
2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,
This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evalua... more This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evaluate the data in such a way that the operating conditions and performance of individual components and the system as a whole can be analysed and compared. The enormous variation between RES, which is the result of user requirements and local climatic conditions, makes it necessary to classify different installations into categories of similar use. Only installations belonging to the same category of use can be compared in a meaningful manner. First results in the development of a similarity index and in identifying and describing categories of similar use are presented. The project results will make it possible to match any installation to a category which resembles its operating conditions most closely.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 1996
Energy Policy, 2012
c Learning rates for hybrid-electric and battery-electric vehicles. c Prices and price differenti... more c Learning rates for hybrid-electric and battery-electric vehicles. c Prices and price differentials of hybrid-electric vehicles show a robust decline. c Battery-electric vehicles may require policy support for decades.
Catalysts
The European Union (EU) has introduced since the early 1990s a series of progressively more strin... more The European Union (EU) has introduced since the early 1990s a series of progressively more stringent emission regulations to control air pollution from the transport sector, commonly known as Euro standards. Following this path, more recently, with the European Green Deal, the European Commission has indicated the intention to review the current air pollutant emissions standards. This study investigates the emission performance of an advanced demonstrator vehicle developed to meet the increasingly more stringent air pollution limits required. Emissions of currently regulated and unregulated components including NH3, N2O, and SPN10 (solid particle number), were studied in a very wide range of real-world operative conditions. The performance of two new generation portable instruments for the onboard measurement of N2O and NH3 were also evaluated in comparison with reference laboratory equipment. Similarly, the measurement accuracy of onboard NOx sensors was also compared to laborator...
Applied Sciences
The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led... more The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, while NH3 is a precursor of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Certain regions, e.g., the EU and the USA, have introduced limits to the emissions of NH3 or N2O for vehicles tested in the laboratory. However, due to the lack of on-board systems that allow for the measurement of these compounds when the regulations were developed, these vehicles’ real-world emissions have not been regulated. This work evaluates on-board systems that could allow measuring real-world emissions of NH3 and N2O from heavy-duty vehicles. In particular, emissions of NH3 or N2O from a Euro VI Step D urban/interurban bus fueled with Compressed Natural Gas were measured using the HORIBA’s OBS-ONE-XL, which is based on a specifically developed technique called Infrared Laser...
Catalysts
This paper reviews the recent advances in the management of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from t... more This paper reviews the recent advances in the management of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the internal combustion engine of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, addressing both technical and legal aspects. Particular focus is devoted to the often-virtuous interaction between new legislation imposing more restrictions on the permitted pollutant emission levels and new technologies developed in order to meet these restrictions. The review begins first with the American and then European directives promulgated in the 1970s, aimed at limiting emissions of pollutants from road transport vehicles. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of the Euro standards in the European Union for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, used as a legal and time frame reference for the evolution of emission aftertreatment systems (ATSs). The paper also describes governmental approaches implemented for the control of pollutant emissions in circulating vehicles, such as market surveillance and in-se...
Combustion Engines
The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation... more The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation for diesel vehicles to ensure the installation of the best-available technology for particles (i.e., wall-flow diesel particulate filters) without the uncertainties of the volatile nucleation mode and without the need of large investment for purchasing the equipment. Later it was extended to gasoline vehicles with direct injection engines, heavy-duty engines (both compression ignition and positive ignitions) and non-road mobile machinery engines. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing on the road with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for particle number (and NOx) during type approval and in-service conformity testing was recently (in 2017) introduced for light-duty vehicles, and is under discussion for heavy-duty vehicles in-service conformity testing. This paper will summarize the existing legislation regarding solid particle number and discuss the on-going activities at EU ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in t... more Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in the United States regulation to check the in-use compliance of heavy-duty engines, avoiding the high costs of removing the engine and testing it on a dynamometer in the laboratory. In Europe, the in-service conformity of heavy-duty engines has been checked with PEMS for gaseous pollutants since 2014. To strengthen emissions regulations with a view to minimise the differences between on-road and laboratory emission levels in some cases, PEMS testing, including solid particle number (SPN), was introduced for the type-approval of light-duty vehicles in Europe in 2017 and for in-service conformity in 2019. SPN-PEMS for heavy-duty engines will be introduced in 2021. This paper gives an overview of the studies for SPN-PEMS from early 2013 with the first prototypes until the latest testing and improvements in 2019. The first prototype diffusion charger (DC) based systems had high differences fro...
Atmosphere
The scientific literature indicates that solid particle number (SPN) emissions of motorcycles are... more The scientific literature indicates that solid particle number (SPN) emissions of motorcycles are usually higher than that of passenger cars. The L-category (e.g., mopeds, motorcycles) Euro 4 and 5 environmental steps were designed to reduce the emissions of particulate matter and ozone precursors such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. In this study the SPN emissions of one moped and eight motorcycles, all fulfilling the Euro 4 standards, were measured with a SPN measurement system employing a catalytic stripper to minimize volatile artefacts. Although the particulate matter mass emissions were <1.5 mg/km for all vehicles tested, two motorcycles and the moped were close to the SPN limit for passenger cars (6 × 1011 particles/km with sizes larger than 23 nm) and four motorcycles exceeded the limit by a factor of up to four. The measurement repeatability was satisfactory (deviation from the mean 10%) and concentration differences between tailpipe and dilution tunnel were small, ...
Sustainability
Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehi... more Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehicles. However, there are still concerns regarding the emissions of refuse collection vehicles in cities, because in some cases they may use engines designed for long haulage trucks. For this reason, we tested a diesel Euro VI (step C) refuse collection heavy-duty vehicle, both in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer and on the road, similar to the regulated in-service conformity cycle, but also with actual refuse collection cycles. Particle number (PN) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, HC) were measured using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Additionally, in the laboratory we used laboratory grade gaseous, particle number, and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) systems to assess the PEMS. For short periods, where the exhaust gas temperature was low for the aftertreatment devices (cold start, some city conditions), the NOx emissions reached 2000 mg/km. Neverth...
Fusion Technology
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is extensively used as flexible bagging or packaging for soft tr... more High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is extensively used as flexible bagging or packaging for soft tritiated waste in the tritium community because of its low permeability to the more radiotoxic form of tritium, i.e., tritiated water (HTO). However, HDPE does not represent a perfect barrier to HTO nor does it effectively hinder the permeation of elemental tritium, i.e, HT. This latter drawback
Fusion Technology
ABSTRACT
Fusion Technology
ABSTRACT This paper describes the production and permeation measurements of three different alumi... more ABSTRACT This paper describes the production and permeation measurements of three different aluminide coatings on the surface of MANET II stainless steel. The coatings were produced by vacuum plasma spraying pure aluminium (≈ 100µm) on to the steel, which was subsequently heat treated to produce an aluminide layer on the MANET. The relationship between the aluminum content of the coatings and their effectiveness as permeation barriers, due to the greater or lower resistance to crack formation was manifest. The coatings with a lower aluminum content presented the largest permeation reduction (2 orders of magnitude).
2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,, 2003
This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evalua... more This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evaluate the data in such a way that the operating conditions and performance of individual components and the system as a whole can be analysed and compared. The enormous variation between RES, which is the result of user requirements and local climatic conditions, makes it
Proceeding of World Congress of Young Scientists on Hydrogen Energy Systems
Energy and transport are key prerequisite for the high quality of life enjoyed by developed count... more Energy and transport are key prerequisite for the high quality of life enjoyed by developed countries and they are essential ingredients for their economic prosperity. Both also represent a key challenge to sustainability in terms of depletion of resources, competitiveness, safety and security. Europe needs, therefore, to balance its increasing energy demand resulting from an economic growth in EU member states with minimizing its over-dependence on imports and the adverse effects on the environment, the ecosystem, and human well-being. The Joint Research Centre (JRC), which already had hydrogen-related activities in its project portfolio, as a service of the Commission has embarked in line with its mission, in activities targeting harmonisation and validation of methods and procedures for characterisation, performance and safety assessment of selected components in the hydrogen chain, such as gas sensors, storage methods and media, fuel cells, and of their integration in vehicles. This paper describes the projects executed by the JRC within its work programme at its several institutes distributed throughout Europe. The JRC activities also include a dissemination and training component via the hosting of young researchers and the organisation of dedicated workshops.JRC.H.4-Transport and air qualit
Atmospheric Environment, 2016
The use of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) to abate NOx vehicular emissions brings ne... more The use of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) to abate NOx vehicular emissions brings new concerns on the emissions of the byproducts NH3 and N2O. Therefore, NH3 and N2O on-road emissions from a Euro V truck equipped with a SCR were measured in real time using a QCL-IR. Results bring to light possibility to perform this kind of real time measurements for other pollutants besides, hydrocarbons, NOx, CO and CO2. The capability to measure NH3 and N2O in a second-bysecond basis will allow applying the currently agreed regulatory emissions evaluation for gaseous compounds. Average N2O emission factors calculated applying the current PEMS-based data analysis to all available windows from the tests ranged from 0.063 g/kWh to 0.139 g/kWh. Average NH3 concentrations ranged from 0.9 ppm to 5.7 ppm. Although calculated average N2O and NH3 emissions were within current limits, NOx emissions were substantially higher than Euro V limits under the studied conditions.
2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,
This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evalua... more This paper describes a general method on how to monitor renewable energy systems (RES) and evaluate the data in such a way that the operating conditions and performance of individual components and the system as a whole can be analysed and compared. The enormous variation between RES, which is the result of user requirements and local climatic conditions, makes it necessary to classify different installations into categories of similar use. Only installations belonging to the same category of use can be compared in a meaningful manner. First results in the development of a similarity index and in identifying and describing categories of similar use are presented. The project results will make it possible to match any installation to a category which resembles its operating conditions most closely.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 1996
Energy Policy, 2012
c Learning rates for hybrid-electric and battery-electric vehicles. c Prices and price differenti... more c Learning rates for hybrid-electric and battery-electric vehicles. c Prices and price differentials of hybrid-electric vehicles show a robust decline. c Battery-electric vehicles may require policy support for decades.
Catalysts
The European Union (EU) has introduced since the early 1990s a series of progressively more strin... more The European Union (EU) has introduced since the early 1990s a series of progressively more stringent emission regulations to control air pollution from the transport sector, commonly known as Euro standards. Following this path, more recently, with the European Green Deal, the European Commission has indicated the intention to review the current air pollutant emissions standards. This study investigates the emission performance of an advanced demonstrator vehicle developed to meet the increasingly more stringent air pollution limits required. Emissions of currently regulated and unregulated components including NH3, N2O, and SPN10 (solid particle number), were studied in a very wide range of real-world operative conditions. The performance of two new generation portable instruments for the onboard measurement of N2O and NH3 were also evaluated in comparison with reference laboratory equipment. Similarly, the measurement accuracy of onboard NOx sensors was also compared to laborator...
Applied Sciences
The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led... more The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, while NH3 is a precursor of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Certain regions, e.g., the EU and the USA, have introduced limits to the emissions of NH3 or N2O for vehicles tested in the laboratory. However, due to the lack of on-board systems that allow for the measurement of these compounds when the regulations were developed, these vehicles’ real-world emissions have not been regulated. This work evaluates on-board systems that could allow measuring real-world emissions of NH3 and N2O from heavy-duty vehicles. In particular, emissions of NH3 or N2O from a Euro VI Step D urban/interurban bus fueled with Compressed Natural Gas were measured using the HORIBA’s OBS-ONE-XL, which is based on a specifically developed technique called Infrared Laser...
Catalysts
This paper reviews the recent advances in the management of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from t... more This paper reviews the recent advances in the management of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the internal combustion engine of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, addressing both technical and legal aspects. Particular focus is devoted to the often-virtuous interaction between new legislation imposing more restrictions on the permitted pollutant emission levels and new technologies developed in order to meet these restrictions. The review begins first with the American and then European directives promulgated in the 1970s, aimed at limiting emissions of pollutants from road transport vehicles. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of the Euro standards in the European Union for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, used as a legal and time frame reference for the evolution of emission aftertreatment systems (ATSs). The paper also describes governmental approaches implemented for the control of pollutant emissions in circulating vehicles, such as market surveillance and in-se...
Combustion Engines
The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation... more The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation for diesel vehicles to ensure the installation of the best-available technology for particles (i.e., wall-flow diesel particulate filters) without the uncertainties of the volatile nucleation mode and without the need of large investment for purchasing the equipment. Later it was extended to gasoline vehicles with direct injection engines, heavy-duty engines (both compression ignition and positive ignitions) and non-road mobile machinery engines. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing on the road with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for particle number (and NOx) during type approval and in-service conformity testing was recently (in 2017) introduced for light-duty vehicles, and is under discussion for heavy-duty vehicles in-service conformity testing. This paper will summarize the existing legislation regarding solid particle number and discuss the on-going activities at EU ...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in t... more Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in the United States regulation to check the in-use compliance of heavy-duty engines, avoiding the high costs of removing the engine and testing it on a dynamometer in the laboratory. In Europe, the in-service conformity of heavy-duty engines has been checked with PEMS for gaseous pollutants since 2014. To strengthen emissions regulations with a view to minimise the differences between on-road and laboratory emission levels in some cases, PEMS testing, including solid particle number (SPN), was introduced for the type-approval of light-duty vehicles in Europe in 2017 and for in-service conformity in 2019. SPN-PEMS for heavy-duty engines will be introduced in 2021. This paper gives an overview of the studies for SPN-PEMS from early 2013 with the first prototypes until the latest testing and improvements in 2019. The first prototype diffusion charger (DC) based systems had high differences fro...
Atmosphere
The scientific literature indicates that solid particle number (SPN) emissions of motorcycles are... more The scientific literature indicates that solid particle number (SPN) emissions of motorcycles are usually higher than that of passenger cars. The L-category (e.g., mopeds, motorcycles) Euro 4 and 5 environmental steps were designed to reduce the emissions of particulate matter and ozone precursors such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. In this study the SPN emissions of one moped and eight motorcycles, all fulfilling the Euro 4 standards, were measured with a SPN measurement system employing a catalytic stripper to minimize volatile artefacts. Although the particulate matter mass emissions were <1.5 mg/km for all vehicles tested, two motorcycles and the moped were close to the SPN limit for passenger cars (6 × 1011 particles/km with sizes larger than 23 nm) and four motorcycles exceeded the limit by a factor of up to four. The measurement repeatability was satisfactory (deviation from the mean 10%) and concentration differences between tailpipe and dilution tunnel were small, ...
Sustainability
Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehi... more Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehicles. However, there are still concerns regarding the emissions of refuse collection vehicles in cities, because in some cases they may use engines designed for long haulage trucks. For this reason, we tested a diesel Euro VI (step C) refuse collection heavy-duty vehicle, both in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer and on the road, similar to the regulated in-service conformity cycle, but also with actual refuse collection cycles. Particle number (PN) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, HC) were measured using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Additionally, in the laboratory we used laboratory grade gaseous, particle number, and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) systems to assess the PEMS. For short periods, where the exhaust gas temperature was low for the aftertreatment devices (cold start, some city conditions), the NOx emissions reached 2000 mg/km. Neverth...
Fusion Technology
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is extensively used as flexible bagging or packaging for soft tr... more High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is extensively used as flexible bagging or packaging for soft tritiated waste in the tritium community because of its low permeability to the more radiotoxic form of tritium, i.e., tritiated water (HTO). However, HDPE does not represent a perfect barrier to HTO nor does it effectively hinder the permeation of elemental tritium, i.e, HT. This latter drawback
Fusion Technology
ABSTRACT
Fusion Technology
ABSTRACT This paper describes the production and permeation measurements of three different alumi... more ABSTRACT This paper describes the production and permeation measurements of three different aluminide coatings on the surface of MANET II stainless steel. The coatings were produced by vacuum plasma spraying pure aluminium (≈ 100µm) on to the steel, which was subsequently heat treated to produce an aluminide layer on the MANET. The relationship between the aluminum content of the coatings and their effectiveness as permeation barriers, due to the greater or lower resistance to crack formation was manifest. The coatings with a lower aluminum content presented the largest permeation reduction (2 orders of magnitude).