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Papers by ARUNDHATI BORA

Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, Oct 24, 2014

M elatonin is a hormone, also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine; a derivative of t... more M elatonin is a hormone, also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine; a derivative of tryptophan. It was discovered 2300 years ago by Hirophilus, an Alexandrian anatomist. It is a naturally occuring compound found in animals, plants and microbes. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, a tiny, rice grain sized and pine cone shaped endocrine gland situated at the centre of the brain, outside the blood brain barrier. In animals, circulating levels of melatonin vary in a daily cycle. Allowing the regulation of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. Biological effects of melatonin are produced through the activation of melatonin receptors. The secretion of melatonin increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, hence labeled "the darkness hormone" or "Dracula of hormones" in both diurnal and nocturnal animals. It may be also be produced by a variety of peripheral cells such as bone marrow cells, lymphocytes and epithelial cells. It is implicated in the regulation of mood, learning and memory, immune activity, cancer, fertility and reproduction. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant. Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, not a drug. Melatonin supplements are used to treat jetlag or sleep problems. Melatonin, a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan, is produced in humans, other mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin, a neurotransmitter that itself is derived from tryptophan. Within the pineal gland, serotonin is acetylated and then methylated to yield melatonin. Melatonin exerts its effects through activation of two high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors, melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2). MT1 receptors are expressed in many regions of the central nervous system (CNS): suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, central dopaminergic pathways, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. MT1 is also expressed in the retina, ovary, testis, mammary gland, coronary circulation and aorta, gallbladder, liver, kidney, skin and the immune system. MT2 receptors are expressed mainly in the CNS, also in the lung, cardiac, coronary and aortic tissue, myometrium and granulosa cells, immune cells, duodenum and adipocytes. Its production is influenced by the detection of light and dark by the retina of the eye. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master clock controlling behavioral, metabolic and physiological rhythms, including the synthesis and release of melatonin from the pineal gland. Endogenous pineal melatonin feeds back onto the master clock and regulates neuronal activity and circadian rhythms through activation of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus melatonin inhibits neuronal firing via MT1, but it phase shifts neuronal firing rhythms through activation of MT2 melatonin receptors. Melatonin has been reported in foodstuffs including bananas, cherries grapes, rice cereals, herbs, olive oil, wine and beer. While no food has been found to elevate plasma melatonin levels in humans, when other animals consume melatonin-containing food, blood levels of melatonin do increase. Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, not a drug. Melatonin supplements are used to treat jetlag or sleep problems.

The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2020

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine causing high mortality in... more African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine causing high mortality in domestic pigs with mortality rates approaching 100%. The disease is caused by a double stranded DNA virus called as ASF virus (ASFV) and is believed to be the only member of the Asfarviridae family and genus Asfivirus. Viral entry into the host is through receptor mediated endocytosis. Although the attachment factors and specific receptors involved in the process are still unknown, macro-pinocytosis and clathrin-dependent entry mechansims have been proposed. ASFV replicates predominantly in the cytoplasm of macrophages. ASFV infection in its natural hosts is usually asymptomatic and the host remains persistently infected (PI). In contrast, AFSV infection in domestic pigs leads to lethal haemmorhagic fever and death. Wild suids and arthropod vectors of the genus Ornithodoros spp are believed to be the natural hosts of the virus. Pigs acquire the infection either through the sylvatic cycle or the domestic cycle. ASFV is endemic to Africa but due to transboundary movement, the virus has spread to other continents. India reported its first outbreak of the virus recently in the Northeastern regions of the country i.e in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Till the month of June, ASF has killed over 17,000 pigs in Assam and an unknown number in Arunachal Pradesh. This review throws a light into the nature of the virus, epidemiology, transmission cycle, viral entry mechanism, signs and symptoms, treatment options and preventing the spread of the disease.

International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2017

In a completely randomized block design, experimental rations of grower and finisher were fed to ... more In a completely randomized block design, experimental rations of grower and finisher were fed to 4 groups of animals with 5 animals (11.39 kg ± 0.17 body wt.) in each group. The ration was supplemented with or without Indian gooseberry (amla) and multienzyme. Thus the 4 ration were a control (C), control with enzyme 0.05%(T1), control with 1.5 % amla powder and 0.05% multienzyme(T2), control with 2% amla and 0.05% multi enzyme (T3) in both the stages. Blood was collected from 3 animals from each treatment group for hemato-biochemical study at the beginning, final stage of grower and finisher pigs in the experiment. There were significantly (P<0.05) higher values of Haemoglobin (Hb), RBC, WBC, increased Lymphocyte count and significant decrease in AST (aspartate transaminase) and ALT (alanine transaminase) and significant increase in serum protein level in T3 group. The study therefore revealed that 2% amla along with 0.05% multienzyme is beneficial in improving health condition and production healthy crossbred (T&D) pigs

Indian journal of animal nutrition, 2014

ABSTRACT Twenty four does (Soviet Chinchilla × New Zealand white) of average 1.65±0.25 kg body we... more ABSTRACT Twenty four does (Soviet Chinchilla × New Zealand white) of average 1.65±0.25 kg body weight were randomly distributed into four groups of six animals each. The animals in group T1 were fed commercial pellet whereas in groups T2, T3 and T4 they were fed commercial pellet and fresh para grass in the ratio of 75: 25, 55:50 and 25: 75 on DM basis, respectively. Each doe was weighed at weekly interval from birth to 16 days postpartum. The conception rates in T2, T3 and T4 were 100, 75 and 66.66%, respectively. The gestation length was similar in all the groups. Both litter weight at birth (228g) and at weaning (1173g) were highest in group T2. The litter size at weaning was 5.00 in T2 followed by T4 (3.40) and T1 (2.89). Average daily gain (g/d) of kids was 6.99, 8.06, 8.64 and 8.13g in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The survival rate in this study ranged from 62.9 to 97.6%.

North-East Veterinarian, 2011

Biological Trace Element Research, Jan 4, 2023

Veterinary World, Dec 1, 2014

Aim: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of fodder in natur... more Aim: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of fodder in natural habitat, cultivated crops and their preference by wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in forest and non-forest areas in four seasons using field observation in Sonitpur District of Assam; since, there were frequent incidences of crop raiding by wild elephant leading to loss of property and human-elephant conflict. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in four seasons. The study included forest areas of Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary, part of Nameri National Park and high human-elephant conflicted areas of non-forest near to the sanctuary and parks. The consumed fodders were identified, collected and evaluated. The proximate composition was determined using AOAC (1990). Results: Total 39 different fodder species of 18 families including herbs, climber, grasses, paddy seeds, paddy saplings, plants and its leaves, bark, fruits, and roots were recorded to be utilized by elephants. The first three family of fodder that elephant relished more were Poaceae (46.15%), Musaceae (7.69%) and Zingiberaceae (5.13%) respectively. The crude protein content of fodder in all seasons, total ash content only in winter and post monsoon seasons and neutral detergent fiber content of fodder between forest and non-forest were significant (p<0.05). Elephants preferred to forage more on nutritionally rich fodder than poor natural fodder. Incidence of crop raiding was more in post monsoon season could be due to availability of nutritionally rich fodder than the poor natural fodder and generally happened in the night. Conclusions: The study revealed that during post monsoon season, there were abundant nutritionally rich sources of cultivated crops than the fodder of natural habitat that might provoke the wild elephants to raid crops. Poaceae shared a major portion of their diet. The findings will definitely help nutritionist, ecologist and policy makers to understand wild elephant's needs and also to take appropriate measures for conservation of endangered wild Asian elephant as well as mitigation of human-elephant conflict.

Indian Journal of Animal Research, Oct 3, 2017

The objective of the study was to assess the variability in the physiological responses of growin... more The objective of the study was to assess the variability in the physiological responses of growing pigs on melatonin and vitamin E supplementation during summer and winter seasons.36 nos. of weaned crossbred (Hampshire X Assam local) female pigs were selected for the study. Eighteen (18) animals were subjected to treatment separately during summer and winter. The selected animals were divided into three groups, with six pigs in each group, consisting of the control group (Treatment 1), a second group comprising of animals fed with melatonin (Meloset) @3 mg/animal (Treatment 2) and a third group in which the animals were fed Vitamin E (Evion) @100 mg (Treatment 3), for both the seasons. The rectal temperature, respiration and pulse rate differed significantly (P<0.01) between seasons. There was also significant difference (P<0.01) in the mean pulse rate between treatment.

Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2021

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on... more The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on in vitro maturation, fertilization and early embryonic development of cattle oocytes. A total of 318 nos. bovine ovaries were collected from slaughter houses for one year and 1089 nos. culturable oocytes were collected. 357 out of 1089 nos. culturable oocytes, were subjected to IGF-I supplemented serum and serum free basic maturation media. There was no significant difference in respect of maturation, fertilization and embryonic development between IGF-I supplemented serum and serum free basic maturation as well as culture media. The mean percentage of in-vitro maturation of bovine oocytes (IVM) based on cumulus cell expansion was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in serum basic maturation media without IGF-I (75.43 ± 3.25) than the serum free basic maturation media with IGF-I (67.27 ± 6.33) respectively. The mean cleavage percentages at 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula & blastocyst stages of embryos in serum culture (without IGF-I) and serum free culture media (with IGF-I) were recorded as 47.

Journal of entomology and zoology studies, Sep 1, 2020

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fetal bovine serum on in vitro ... more The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fetal bovine serum on in vitro maturation and fertilization of bovine oocytes. The mean percentages of in vitro maturation performance of bovine oocytes based on cumulus cells expansion in both serum and serum free basic maturation media in type-I & type-II ovaries were recorded as 76.52 ± 3.95 and 64.81+ 4.60 & 73.33 ± 5.71 and 62.96 ± 6.57 respectively. The mean percentages of in vitro maturation based on cumulus cells expansion were recorded as 75.43 ± 3.25 and 64.20 ± 3.77 respectively in serum and serum free culture media irrespective of ovarian types. So, the mean percentage of in vitro maturation performance of bovine oocytes based on cumulus cells expansion increased significantly (P< 0.05) in serum basic maturation media than in serum free media in both type I and type II ovaries and also irrespective of ovarian types. The mean fertilization rates (%) were found to significantly higher (P< 0.05) in serum culture media (70.33 ± 3.21) than the serum free media (55.81 ± 4.33). The mean cleavage percentages recorded from 4-cell to 16-cell stages of embryos in serum culture media were found to be significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the serum free media.

International Journal of Chemical Studies, Mar 1, 2017

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of melatonin on mRNA expression ... more The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of melatonin on mRNA expression of HSP60 and HSP70 genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in Beetal goats in Assam with reference to native breed of goat i.e., Assam Hill Goat (AHG) that were exposed to direct sunshine in summer. The study included 18 AHG and 18 Beetal goats of uniform age group (5-6 months), which were subdivided into three groups containing 6 animals in each group. One group was kept indoor while other two groups of each breed were exposed to direct sunshine @ 6 hours/day for a period of 30 days. Melatonin was fed @ 6 mg/goat to one of the two sunshine exposed groups. Blood samples were collected from all the animals before and after the exposure at weekly interval and real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to investigate mRNA expression of HSP60 and HSP70 genes. The relative expression of HSP60 and HSP70 mRNA was found to be significantly higher (P <.0.01) in the sunshine exposed groups of Beetal goats in comparison to AHG. In the melatonin fed group, the expression was significantly higher than the group without melatonin of either Beetal or AHG. The relative HSP60 and HSP70 mRNA expression in both the sunshine exposed groups of either Beetal or AHG increased significantly from day one to day 21 and then decreased at 28 days. The expressions were significantly higher in the melatonin fed group in comparison to the group without melatonin in different days after day one.

North-East Veterinarian, 2014

Indian Journal of Agronomy, 2016

A field experiment was conducted for 6 consecutive years during 2008–09 to 2013–14, at Jorhat, As... more A field experiment was conducted for 6 consecutive years during 2008–09 to 2013–14, at Jorhat, Assam, to study the soil fertility, system productivity and profitability through crop intensification and diversification with rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping system under irrigated medium land acid soil situation of Assam. From the pool analysis of data, it was observed that rice-equivalent yield, system productivity and nutrient-use productivity were found to be the highest in winter rice-cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (REY 17.72 t/ha) sequence, followed by winter rice-chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)-blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] sequence (REY 14.37 t/ha) among the 8 cropping sequences under study. There were improvements in post harvest physico-chemical properties of soil in different rice-based cropping systems. Significant variation with 34.0, 36.9 and 65.5% increase in available N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively, were recorded in winter rice-radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-French bean-greengram sequences over initial status of soil. Total uptake of nutrients were also the highest of winter rice-radish-French bean-greengram sequence followed by winter rice-knolkhol [Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (L.) Alef. Var. gongylodes L.]-French bean-cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (fodder) sequence. Economic analysis of the systems revealed that the highest gross returns (210.8 × 103/ha), net returns (145.1 × 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.21) were recorded in winter rice-cabbage-greengram sequence under irrigated medium land situation of Assam.

International Journal of Livestock Research, 2019

North-East Veterinarian, 2015

Indian journal of animal nutrition, 2013

An experiment was conducted to assess the proximate composition, cell wall constituents, yield an... more An experiment was conducted to assess the proximate composition, cell wall constituents, yield and in vitro digestibility of Congosignal (Brachiaria ruziziensis) grass harvested at three stages of growth. Two varieties (DRSB-3 and DRSB-7) were evaluated at 60, 90 and 120 days of harvesting. The in vitro DM and OM digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD) decreased significantly (P<0.01) from 60 to 120 days of harvesting and differed significantly between varieties. Based on these results, the DRSB-7 variety rank fed higher than DRSB3 variety. The results indicate that considerable variation exists in chemical composition and digestibility of nutrients in the two varieties of Congosignal grass grown even under similar environmental conditions. Harvesting the grass at 60 days is better than harvesting at 90 and 120 days in terms of its nutrient availability.

Indian journal of animal nutrition, 2011

Two varieties of Hybrid napier (CO-3 and CO-2) were compared at three stages of harvest (60, 90 a... more Two varieties of Hybrid napier (CO-3 and CO-2) were compared at three stages of harvest (60, 90 and 120 days) on yield, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility. The CP content ranged from 7.28 to 10.60 percent on DM basis. The in vitro digestibility values showed that the fodder could be fed at maintenance as well as for production purposes. Based on forage yield, chemical composition and nutrient digestibility it was observed that CO-3 variety was superior to CO-2 variety. Maximum nutrients were available at 60 days of harvest, however, the total bio-mass yield was highest at 120 days of harvest.

G î R I Ş Nematodların, kültür bitkilerinde meydana getirdikleri büyük ekonomik zararlar, gün geç... more G î R I Ş Nematodların, kültür bitkilerinde meydana getirdikleri büyük ekonomik zararlar, gün geçtikçe müstahsil tarafından daha iyi anlaşılmaya başlanmış tır. Zira sahil ve geçit bölgede kök ur nematodlan (Meloidogyne spp.)'nın geniş sahalarda popülasyonlarının artması nislbetkıde mahsûl kaybı da o iıisbette çoğalmıştır. Karadeniz sahil şeridinde iklim ve toprak karakte rinin çeşitli ürünlerin yetişmesine uygun olması, ayrıca Amasya gibi geniş mikyasta seibze yetiştirilen sahalarda sulamanın aynı sisteme bağlı bir bah çeden bir bahçeye geçecek şekilde uygulanması problemin önemini daha çok arttırmıştır. Son zamanlarda, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde narenciye fidancılığı olduk ça gelişmekte bu gelişmeye paralel olarak narenciye nematodu (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)da yayılmaktadır. Konu bu yönden de önem kazanmıştır. Bitki Parazit Nematodları, üzerinde önemine binaen Türkiye'de çeşitli ça lışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu meyanda Diker (1959), Samsun ve Trabzon'un kök ur nematodlarıyla bulaşık olduğunu belirtmektedir. Yüksel (1966 b) lahana sisıt nematoduna (Heterodera crucif e r a e Franklin 1945) ilk defa Erzurum lahanalarında 1963 yılında tesadüf etmiş olduğunu, aynı yıl Karadeniz Bölgesinden mısır tarlaları ve narenciye bahçelerinden alınan toprak numunelerinde de Heterodera larvalarının bulun ması dölayısiyle 1965 yılında bu yönden yaptığı tetkiklerde Ünye'den Rize'ye kadar olan kısmın H. cruciferae ile bulaşık olduğunu fakat kesa fet ve zarar durumu hakkında fazla bir şey söylemenin mümkün olmadığını bildirmektedir. .'• Yine Yüksel (19&6 d) tarafından Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde 1962 yılında Sinop ile Rus hududu arasında kalan sahü hattında yapılan tetkik gezisi ne-, ticesi, bölgenin Meloidogyne incognita ile bulaşık oiduğuriu tesbit edilmiştir. Karadeniz Bölgesinde, Diker (1959)'in M. h a p 1 a'nın bulunduğun dan bahsetmesine rağmen Yüksel (1967) ise bu bölgede yaptığı müteaddit tetkik gezilerinde toplanan yüzlerce numunelerin incelenmesi neticesinde M. hap 1 a'ya tesadüf etmediğini, yalnız bu nematöda'benzerlik gösteren M!, incognita* nın kanatlı bir varyasyonunun bahis konusu bölgede çok yaygın halde bulunduğunu ve teşhiste hata yapıldığı Kanaatında olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Nitekim Yüksel (1966 c) Doğu Karadeniz kıyı bölgesinde 1963 yılı sonbaharında yaptığı bir survey çalışmasında 'bazan, aynı mahalde M. i n-1 Bölge Ziraî Mücâdele Araştırma Enstitüsü, Nematoloji IiâJborât'uvarı Başa sistanı-SAMSUN.

Lakhimi is a very promising indigenous dual cattle breed of Assam, India, with their superior dra... more Lakhimi is a very promising indigenous dual cattle breed of Assam, India, with their superior draught power capacity, heat tolerance, disease resistance, and adaptability to harsh agro-climatic conditions. The present study was designed to monitor the ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal profile during the estrus cycle in Lakhimi cows. The study revealed that two follicular wave cycles were predominant (66.7%) in Lakhimi cows with the least duration of ovulatory wave in both two and three-wave cycles. The emergence of wave in the two-wave cycle was 1.16 ± 0.30 and 10.83 ± 0.47 while in three wave cycle on day 0.83 ± 0.16, 7.33 ± 0.49, and 12.16 ± 0.47 of the cycle. The number of the antral follicular count was more in two waves estrous cycle (4.33 ± 0.49 number in the ovulatory wave) compare to three wave cycle with 3.66 ± 0.33 number of follicles. The maximum size of the DF two and three follicular waves were 11.51 ± 0.54 mm and 12.41 ± 0.69 mm respectively. The hormonal dynami...