Abdulhameed Hassan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Abdulhameed Hassan

Research paper thumbnail of معادلة كتيبات اختبار الدراسة الدولية لقياس مهارات القراءة (PIRLS 2011) بسلطنة عمان باستخدام نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Engineering Students and Faculty Define Academic Success: A Path to Motivation

Research paper thumbnail of Differential Item Functioning of Verbal Ability Test in Gulf Multiple Mental Ability Scale for GCC Students According to Gender and Country

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS]

The study aimed to investigate the differential item functioning (DIF) for verbal ability test it... more The study aimed to investigate the differential item functioning (DIF) for verbal ability test items in the Gulf Multiple Mental Ability Scale for female students in general and Omani Female students in particular in using Mantel-Haenszel (MH) and the Transformed Item Difficulty (TID) methods. The test consisted of 30 multiple-choice items with four distactors. The study sample consisted of the archive data for 4280 students of the third and fourth grades in GCC countries. The results revealed that Sixty Pecent of the items showed DIF related to gender using MH. Similarly, Sixty Pecent of the items showed DIF related to country using MH. DIF values were small indicating weak DIF in most items. Results also indicated that DIF using TID was found for Thirty percent of the items related to gender, and 33.33% related to country. Furthermore, Kappa coefficient 0.524 was moderate between MH method and TID for gender and the agreement ratio was 70%. Kappa coefficient 0.158 was weak between...

Research paper thumbnail of Mediational Role of Phonological Awareness Skills in Phonological Working Memory, IQ and Reading Ability among Kindergarten Children’s

American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, Oct 8, 2020

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between phonological working memory, I... more The present study was designed to examine the relationship between phonological working memory, IQ and reading ability, through the mediation phonological awareness skills. Two hundred kindergarten children"s (100 boys & 100 girls; age ranged between 4 and 5 years) (M age =4.38), from 23 kindergartens attached to private schools in Muscat Governorate, Oman. The Phonological awareness skills was measured with "Phonological Awareness Test-Second Edition (PAT-2)" [34], the "Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP-2)" and phonological working memory [35]. The IQ was measured by Otis Lennon [36]. Mediational path analysis supported our hypothesized model. Result indicate that phonological working memory indirectly links to the reading ability of children, through phonological awareness skills, there was no direct effect of intelligence on phonological awareness, It was conclude that Memory, who have higher use more phonological awareness skills and their children show higher reading ability.

Research paper thumbnail of Equating Test Forms for Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS 2011) in Sultanate of Oman Using Item Response Theory

Journal of Educational Sciences, 2020

The study aims to compare between true score of mixed item formats (dichotomous and polytomous it... more The study aims to compare between true score of mixed item formats (dichotomous and polytomous items), using single group design and nonequivalent group with common items design. The study used PIRLS test, which consists of 146 items, (74 multiple-choice items and 72 short answer items), distributed over 13 booklets. Each booklet has common items with some other booklets and some uncommon items, as well as two passages: reading for literary experience and reading to acquire and use information. The 13 booklets were distributed to a random sample of 10394 students from grade 4 in the Sultanate of Oman. MULTILOG 7.03 software was used to estimate item and ability parameters using the graded response model and Poly Equate (V0.5) software. The 13 booklets were equated using true score equating and observed score equating. The results showed differences in the descriptive characteristics for the 13 booklets before equating and reduction in these differences differences between the two equating methods with all booklets towards the observed score equating except with booklet 10 where there are differences towards true score equating and booklets 4 and 5 where there is no statistical difference between the two equating methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Mathematical Ability of Deaf, Average-Ability Hearing, and Gifted Students: A Comparative Study

International journal of special education, 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the performance of three groups of students, gifted hear... more The purpose of this study was to explore the performance of three groups of students, gifted hearing students (GH), average-ability hearing students (AH), and deaf students (DF) on mathematical ability. The sample consisted of a total of 167 students (91 males and 76 females). Deaf students came from the Al-Amal School (an inclusive school for deaf students in Muscat, the capital of Oman) while average-ability hearing and gifted students came from public school students in Muscat in grades 6, 7, and 8. The tools of the study consisted of mathematical ability tests and Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence (SON-R 51⁄2-17). The researchers used the two-way ANOVA to answer the study questions. The results showed a significant main effect of the group (GH, AH, and DF). Post hoc analyses indicated that gifted students’ level of mathematical ability was higher than AH and DF students. Deaf students scored the lowest among the three groups. The main effect of gender was not significant. T...

Research paper thumbnail of Calibrating PIRLS Test in Sultanate of Oman Using Item Response Theory

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS], 2019

The study aimed to calibrate Oman data of the PIRLS test using the graded response model and to e... more The study aimed to calibrate Oman data of the PIRLS test using the graded response model and to examine the psychometric properties of it, as well as identify the fit and unfit of its items. PIRLS2011 test booklets were used, which consisted of 146 test items (74 dichotomous and 72 polytomous). Items were divided into 13 booklets; each with two blocks (one literary and one informational). PIRLS test booklets were administered to 13 groups of fourth grade students in Sultanate of Oman with a total sample of 10394 students. Assumptions of IRT (unidimensionality and local independence) were examined and supported. Also, item fit was examined and supported using Samejima’s graded response model. The data was analyzed by Multilog7.03 program to estimate both item and ability parameters. Results indicated that the assumptions of IRT were proved. Also, IRT analysis revealed that 8 items showed unfit which represents only 5% of the test items. So, this result confirms that the test has good...

Research paper thumbnail of The development of phonological awareness among preschoolers

Early Child Development and Care, 2019

The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading ... more The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading abilities for preschool children. The purpose of this research study was to examine the developmental trajectories of preschoolers' PA. A related purpose was to explore gender differences in PA. Participants in this study were 767 preschool children (336 males and 431 females) with 249 children in KG1 and 518 children in KG2. These children were randomly selected from a pool of 16 private preschools across the capital of Oman, Muscat. A battery of PA tasks were adapted from the Phonological Awareness Test-Second Edition (PAT-2; [Robertson, C., & Salter, W. (2007). The phonological awareness test 2 (PAT 2). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.]) and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Second Edition (CTOPP-2; [Wagner, R., Torgesen, J., Rashotte, C., & Pearson, N. (2012). Comprehensive test of phonological processing (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.]). The PA tasks consisted of 19 subtests: rhyming discrimination, rhyming production, syllables segmentation, phoneme segmentation, isolation (firs, medial, and last sound), compound words deletion and phonemes deletion, sound matching (first and last sound), blending words, memory for digits, nonword repetition, and blending nonwords. The results of the study using multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant main effect of the grade level, Wilks' lambda [F(3,763) = 13.44, p < .001, η 2 = .29, gender, F(1,763) = 1.96, p < .001, η 2 = .06], while the interaction (grade level X gender) was not significant.

Research paper thumbnail of The development of phonological awareness among preschoolers

Early Child Development and Care, 2019

The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading ... more The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading abilities for preschool children. The purpose of this research study was to examine the developmental trajectories of preschoolers' PA. A related purpose was to explore gender differences in PA. Participants in this study were 767 preschool children (336 males and 431 females) with 249 children in KG1 and 518 children in KG2. These children were randomly selected from a pool of 16 private preschools across the capital of Oman, Muscat. A battery of PA tasks were adapted from the Phonological Awareness Test-Second Edition (PAT-2; [Robertson, C., & Salter, W. (2007). The phonological awareness test 2 (PAT 2). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.]) and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Second Edition (CTOPP-2; [Wagner, R., Torgesen, J., Rashotte, C., & Pearson, N. (2012). Comprehensive test of phonological processing (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.]). The PA tasks consisted of 19 subtests: rhyming discrimination, rhyming production, syllables segmentation, phoneme segmentation, isolation (firs, medial, and last sound), compound words deletion and phonemes deletion, sound matching (first and last sound), blending words, memory for digits, nonword repetition, and blending nonwords. The results of the study using multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant main effect of the grade level, Wilks' lambda [F(3,763) = 13.44, p < .001, η 2 = .29, gender, F(1,763) = 1.96, p < .001, η 2 = .06], while the interaction (grade level X gender) was not significant.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study between Oman and Sharjah University Students Related to Shyness and Demographic Variables

British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Discrimination Evidence for Examining Fourth Grade Students’ Learning Disability Problems

Journal of Education and Learning, 2014

This study investigated the ability of discriminate variables (perceptual-motor, hyperactivity di... more This study investigated the ability of discriminate variables (perceptual-motor, hyperactivity disorder, neurological and psychological skills) to distinguish between normal (n = 68) and students with learning disabilities (n = 72) in fourth grade. Three instruments were developed: perceptual-motor scale, hyperactivity disorder scale, skills test neuropsychiatric. Eight schools were purposely chosen for their collaboration with the College of Education at Sultan Qaboos University. The sample consists of 140 students (68 students with learning disabilities and 73 normal students; 73 males). The results demonstrated a positive significant correlation between perceptual-motor and neurological and psychological skills. In addition, a negative significant correlation was found between hyperactivity disorder, perceptual-motor and neurological and psychological skills. Using discriminate analysis, the study shows that the three developed measurements can discriminate between normal students and students with learning disabilities. We recommend using the three scales on students with learning disabilities for the purpose of early examination. There is a need to conduct a similar study, with other scales, for better examinations.

Research paper thumbnail of Relationship between Social Anxiety and Parental Authority among College of Education Students' at SQU = علاقة القلق الاجتماعي بسلطة الوالدين لدى طلبة كلية التربية في جامعة السلطان قابوس

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between parental authority and social a... more The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between parental authority and social anxiety. The study attempted to answer the following question: Are there significant differences in social anxiety due to parental authority factors: (support, control, psychological control, emotion and accomplishment of missions)? Data was collected from 172 students of College of Education at Sultan Qaboos University. The Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and Social Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to assess variables. To answer the study question, regression analysis was used. Findings indicated that there was significant relationship between parental authority and social anxiety in several domains. The findings also revealed that there were significant differences in social anxiety due to mother authority and student's gender.

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Shyness, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Risk Taking on University Students’ Academic Achievement: A Path Analysis

Asian Social Science, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Academic Motivation in Newly Entered Students of Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

This study investigated students' academic motivation as a function of gender, mother educati... more This study investigated students' academic motivation as a function of gender, mother educational level, and father educational level. Participants were 220 students from Sultan Qoobs University. A 42-item Academic Motivation Scale was developed and used in the study. Results indicated no statistically significant differences on the academic motivation with respect to students' gender, selfregulation, university environment, school environment, father, mother and friends. Students who have high academic Motivation factors showed a higher level of self- regulation, academic and university environment motivation. Academic motivation that supports from selfregulation, university environment, school environment, father, mother and friends were important for both boys and girls. The higher educational level of parents the higher academic motivation of students.

Research paper thumbnail of Standardization of the Patterns subtests of Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Battery (SON-R 5.5-17 (for deaf children in the Sultanate of Oman

The study aims to standardize one subtest of Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Battery (SON-... more The study aims to standardize one subtest of Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Battery (SON-R 5.5-17) (Snijders, Tellegen & Laros, 1989) for deaf children in the Sultanate of Oman, the Patterns Subtest, and to obtain norms for different chronological ages. The reliability and validity of the subtest are investigated using different types of evidence. Then the Patterns subtest of the battery is administered to a sample of 312 deaf students from ages 6 to 17 years old in different schools around the Sultanate for obtaining the required norms. The study concludes the applicability of the Patterns subtest to measure intelligence for deaf students in the Sultanate

Research paper thumbnail of معادلة كتيبات اختبار الدراسة الدولية لقياس مهارات القراءة (PIRLS 2011) بسلطنة عمان باستخدام نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jun 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Engineering Students and Faculty Define Academic Success: A Path to Motivation

Research paper thumbnail of Differential Item Functioning of Verbal Ability Test in Gulf Multiple Mental Ability Scale for GCC Students According to Gender and Country

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS]

The study aimed to investigate the differential item functioning (DIF) for verbal ability test it... more The study aimed to investigate the differential item functioning (DIF) for verbal ability test items in the Gulf Multiple Mental Ability Scale for female students in general and Omani Female students in particular in using Mantel-Haenszel (MH) and the Transformed Item Difficulty (TID) methods. The test consisted of 30 multiple-choice items with four distactors. The study sample consisted of the archive data for 4280 students of the third and fourth grades in GCC countries. The results revealed that Sixty Pecent of the items showed DIF related to gender using MH. Similarly, Sixty Pecent of the items showed DIF related to country using MH. DIF values were small indicating weak DIF in most items. Results also indicated that DIF using TID was found for Thirty percent of the items related to gender, and 33.33% related to country. Furthermore, Kappa coefficient 0.524 was moderate between MH method and TID for gender and the agreement ratio was 70%. Kappa coefficient 0.158 was weak between...

Research paper thumbnail of Mediational Role of Phonological Awareness Skills in Phonological Working Memory, IQ and Reading Ability among Kindergarten Children’s

American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, Oct 8, 2020

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between phonological working memory, I... more The present study was designed to examine the relationship between phonological working memory, IQ and reading ability, through the mediation phonological awareness skills. Two hundred kindergarten children"s (100 boys & 100 girls; age ranged between 4 and 5 years) (M age =4.38), from 23 kindergartens attached to private schools in Muscat Governorate, Oman. The Phonological awareness skills was measured with "Phonological Awareness Test-Second Edition (PAT-2)" [34], the "Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP-2)" and phonological working memory [35]. The IQ was measured by Otis Lennon [36]. Mediational path analysis supported our hypothesized model. Result indicate that phonological working memory indirectly links to the reading ability of children, through phonological awareness skills, there was no direct effect of intelligence on phonological awareness, It was conclude that Memory, who have higher use more phonological awareness skills and their children show higher reading ability.

Research paper thumbnail of Equating Test Forms for Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS 2011) in Sultanate of Oman Using Item Response Theory

Journal of Educational Sciences, 2020

The study aims to compare between true score of mixed item formats (dichotomous and polytomous it... more The study aims to compare between true score of mixed item formats (dichotomous and polytomous items), using single group design and nonequivalent group with common items design. The study used PIRLS test, which consists of 146 items, (74 multiple-choice items and 72 short answer items), distributed over 13 booklets. Each booklet has common items with some other booklets and some uncommon items, as well as two passages: reading for literary experience and reading to acquire and use information. The 13 booklets were distributed to a random sample of 10394 students from grade 4 in the Sultanate of Oman. MULTILOG 7.03 software was used to estimate item and ability parameters using the graded response model and Poly Equate (V0.5) software. The 13 booklets were equated using true score equating and observed score equating. The results showed differences in the descriptive characteristics for the 13 booklets before equating and reduction in these differences differences between the two equating methods with all booklets towards the observed score equating except with booklet 10 where there are differences towards true score equating and booklets 4 and 5 where there is no statistical difference between the two equating methods.

Research paper thumbnail of Mathematical Ability of Deaf, Average-Ability Hearing, and Gifted Students: A Comparative Study

International journal of special education, 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the performance of three groups of students, gifted hear... more The purpose of this study was to explore the performance of three groups of students, gifted hearing students (GH), average-ability hearing students (AH), and deaf students (DF) on mathematical ability. The sample consisted of a total of 167 students (91 males and 76 females). Deaf students came from the Al-Amal School (an inclusive school for deaf students in Muscat, the capital of Oman) while average-ability hearing and gifted students came from public school students in Muscat in grades 6, 7, and 8. The tools of the study consisted of mathematical ability tests and Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence (SON-R 51⁄2-17). The researchers used the two-way ANOVA to answer the study questions. The results showed a significant main effect of the group (GH, AH, and DF). Post hoc analyses indicated that gifted students’ level of mathematical ability was higher than AH and DF students. Deaf students scored the lowest among the three groups. The main effect of gender was not significant. T...

Research paper thumbnail of Calibrating PIRLS Test in Sultanate of Oman Using Item Response Theory

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS], 2019

The study aimed to calibrate Oman data of the PIRLS test using the graded response model and to e... more The study aimed to calibrate Oman data of the PIRLS test using the graded response model and to examine the psychometric properties of it, as well as identify the fit and unfit of its items. PIRLS2011 test booklets were used, which consisted of 146 test items (74 dichotomous and 72 polytomous). Items were divided into 13 booklets; each with two blocks (one literary and one informational). PIRLS test booklets were administered to 13 groups of fourth grade students in Sultanate of Oman with a total sample of 10394 students. Assumptions of IRT (unidimensionality and local independence) were examined and supported. Also, item fit was examined and supported using Samejima’s graded response model. The data was analyzed by Multilog7.03 program to estimate both item and ability parameters. Results indicated that the assumptions of IRT were proved. Also, IRT analysis revealed that 8 items showed unfit which represents only 5% of the test items. So, this result confirms that the test has good...

Research paper thumbnail of The development of phonological awareness among preschoolers

Early Child Development and Care, 2019

The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading ... more The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading abilities for preschool children. The purpose of this research study was to examine the developmental trajectories of preschoolers' PA. A related purpose was to explore gender differences in PA. Participants in this study were 767 preschool children (336 males and 431 females) with 249 children in KG1 and 518 children in KG2. These children were randomly selected from a pool of 16 private preschools across the capital of Oman, Muscat. A battery of PA tasks were adapted from the Phonological Awareness Test-Second Edition (PAT-2; [Robertson, C., & Salter, W. (2007). The phonological awareness test 2 (PAT 2). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.]) and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Second Edition (CTOPP-2; [Wagner, R., Torgesen, J., Rashotte, C., & Pearson, N. (2012). Comprehensive test of phonological processing (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.]). The PA tasks consisted of 19 subtests: rhyming discrimination, rhyming production, syllables segmentation, phoneme segmentation, isolation (firs, medial, and last sound), compound words deletion and phonemes deletion, sound matching (first and last sound), blending words, memory for digits, nonword repetition, and blending nonwords. The results of the study using multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant main effect of the grade level, Wilks' lambda [F(3,763) = 13.44, p < .001, η 2 = .29, gender, F(1,763) = 1.96, p < .001, η 2 = .06], while the interaction (grade level X gender) was not significant.

Research paper thumbnail of The development of phonological awareness among preschoolers

Early Child Development and Care, 2019

The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading ... more The phonological awareness (PA) skills represent a major milestone in the development of reading abilities for preschool children. The purpose of this research study was to examine the developmental trajectories of preschoolers' PA. A related purpose was to explore gender differences in PA. Participants in this study were 767 preschool children (336 males and 431 females) with 249 children in KG1 and 518 children in KG2. These children were randomly selected from a pool of 16 private preschools across the capital of Oman, Muscat. A battery of PA tasks were adapted from the Phonological Awareness Test-Second Edition (PAT-2; [Robertson, C., & Salter, W. (2007). The phonological awareness test 2 (PAT 2). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.]) and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Second Edition (CTOPP-2; [Wagner, R., Torgesen, J., Rashotte, C., & Pearson, N. (2012). Comprehensive test of phonological processing (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.]). The PA tasks consisted of 19 subtests: rhyming discrimination, rhyming production, syllables segmentation, phoneme segmentation, isolation (firs, medial, and last sound), compound words deletion and phonemes deletion, sound matching (first and last sound), blending words, memory for digits, nonword repetition, and blending nonwords. The results of the study using multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant main effect of the grade level, Wilks' lambda [F(3,763) = 13.44, p < .001, η 2 = .29, gender, F(1,763) = 1.96, p < .001, η 2 = .06], while the interaction (grade level X gender) was not significant.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study between Oman and Sharjah University Students Related to Shyness and Demographic Variables

British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Discrimination Evidence for Examining Fourth Grade Students’ Learning Disability Problems

Journal of Education and Learning, 2014

This study investigated the ability of discriminate variables (perceptual-motor, hyperactivity di... more This study investigated the ability of discriminate variables (perceptual-motor, hyperactivity disorder, neurological and psychological skills) to distinguish between normal (n = 68) and students with learning disabilities (n = 72) in fourth grade. Three instruments were developed: perceptual-motor scale, hyperactivity disorder scale, skills test neuropsychiatric. Eight schools were purposely chosen for their collaboration with the College of Education at Sultan Qaboos University. The sample consists of 140 students (68 students with learning disabilities and 73 normal students; 73 males). The results demonstrated a positive significant correlation between perceptual-motor and neurological and psychological skills. In addition, a negative significant correlation was found between hyperactivity disorder, perceptual-motor and neurological and psychological skills. Using discriminate analysis, the study shows that the three developed measurements can discriminate between normal students and students with learning disabilities. We recommend using the three scales on students with learning disabilities for the purpose of early examination. There is a need to conduct a similar study, with other scales, for better examinations.

Research paper thumbnail of Relationship between Social Anxiety and Parental Authority among College of Education Students' at SQU = علاقة القلق الاجتماعي بسلطة الوالدين لدى طلبة كلية التربية في جامعة السلطان قابوس

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between parental authority and social a... more The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between parental authority and social anxiety. The study attempted to answer the following question: Are there significant differences in social anxiety due to parental authority factors: (support, control, psychological control, emotion and accomplishment of missions)? Data was collected from 172 students of College of Education at Sultan Qaboos University. The Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and Social Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to assess variables. To answer the study question, regression analysis was used. Findings indicated that there was significant relationship between parental authority and social anxiety in several domains. The findings also revealed that there were significant differences in social anxiety due to mother authority and student's gender.

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Shyness, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Risk Taking on University Students’ Academic Achievement: A Path Analysis

Asian Social Science, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Academic Motivation in Newly Entered Students of Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

This study investigated students' academic motivation as a function of gender, mother educati... more This study investigated students' academic motivation as a function of gender, mother educational level, and father educational level. Participants were 220 students from Sultan Qoobs University. A 42-item Academic Motivation Scale was developed and used in the study. Results indicated no statistically significant differences on the academic motivation with respect to students' gender, selfregulation, university environment, school environment, father, mother and friends. Students who have high academic Motivation factors showed a higher level of self- regulation, academic and university environment motivation. Academic motivation that supports from selfregulation, university environment, school environment, father, mother and friends were important for both boys and girls. The higher educational level of parents the higher academic motivation of students.

Research paper thumbnail of Standardization of the Patterns subtests of Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Battery (SON-R 5.5-17 (for deaf children in the Sultanate of Oman

The study aims to standardize one subtest of Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Battery (SON-... more The study aims to standardize one subtest of Snigders-Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Battery (SON-R 5.5-17) (Snijders, Tellegen & Laros, 1989) for deaf children in the Sultanate of Oman, the Patterns Subtest, and to obtain norms for different chronological ages. The reliability and validity of the subtest are investigated using different types of evidence. Then the Patterns subtest of the battery is administered to a sample of 312 deaf students from ages 6 to 17 years old in different schools around the Sultanate for obtaining the required norms. The study concludes the applicability of the Patterns subtest to measure intelligence for deaf students in the Sultanate