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Papers by Abdullah HosseiniEskandian

Research paper thumbnail of تبیین رابطه دین با حکومت و اخلاق از منظر علامه جعفری و شهید مطهری: بررسی تحلیلی

همایش بین المللی اندیشه های علماه محمدتقی جعفری, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of دین، سکولاریسم و ایدئولوژی از دیدگاه علامه جعفری و شهید مطهری: بررسی تحلیلی

همایش بین المللی اندیشه های علامه محمدتقی جعفری, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of An Investigation of the Problem of Evil in the Theodicy of Soul Cultivation

Pakistan Journal of Islamic Philosophy, Jul 6, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of THE DESIGN ARGUMENT FOR GOD’S EXISTENCE: Ayatullâh Ja’far Subḥânî’s Criticism of David Hume’s Thoughts

Ulul Albab, Jun 27, 2023

The design argument is one of the strongest arguments to prove God's existence. It has been analy... more The design argument is one of the strongest arguments to prove God's existence. It has been analyzed by various thinkers throughout the history in defense of God's existence. However, some empiricist philosophers who do not believe in God's existence criticized and questioned this argument. David Hume (1711-1776) is one of those who made a tremendous effort to deny God's existence. He also criticized the design argument. Hume's critiques have always been challenged by philosophers and God-believing theologians. This article is made to criticize Hume's critiques on the design argument from Ayatullâh Subh{ ânî's perspective using descriptive-analytical method. Hume's objection was due to misunderstanding of the argument's purpose and function. It should be acknowledged that this argument can easily prove God's essence along with other arguments such as h} udûth, necessity, and possibility. The design argument pushes us to the supernatural limits. Also, this argument is supported by experimental sciences because every new discovery made in natural sciences provides us with a new sign to prove God. Argumen desain adalah salah satu argumen terkuat untuk membuktikan keberadaan Tuhan. Argumen dianalisis oleh berbagai pemikir sepanjang

Research paper thumbnail of Achieving True Happiness: A Study of Muhammad Hossein Tabatabai’s Philosophical-Mystical Thought

Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura

The question of what constitutes true happiness has been a core philosophical issue that has warr... more The question of what constitutes true happiness has been a core philosophical issue that has warranted multiple attempts in the attempt to provide a final answer, either from a purely religious or philosophical perspective. The issue of happiness is closely connected to the meaning of life and its ultimate outcome and purpose. The modern Muslim philosopher Muhammad Hossein Tabatabai discussed the nature of happiness at length. In his view, human beings instinctively strive to attain happiness or the ultimate good which can only be achieved through nearness to God. Therefore, true happiness requires the believer to commit righteous deeds and avoid sinful acts. This study follows a philosophical-Sufi approach and uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the nature of happiness, the relationship between happiness, goodness and pleasure according to Tabatabai. In line with Islamic thought, true and lasting happiness can only be attained in the Hereafter, and happiness in this lif...

Research paper thumbnail of On the Intersection of Science and Religion: A Critical Analysis of Abdulkarim Soroush’s Thought

Religió Jurnal Studi Agama-agama

The idea of producing religious science is known not only in Iran and the Islamic world but also ... more The idea of producing religious science is known not only in Iran and the Islamic world but also in the Western world. This idea has created movements in the Western world and the Islamic world in the field of science production, which are mainly divided into three perspectives. In the sources of science production, a group has given originality to naqlī (narrative) knowledge, a group to human knowledge and experimental sciences, and the third group confirmed both views and considered the way to acquire knowledge to be both intellect and narration. Abdulkarim Soroush is among those who have given originality to experimental sciences and knowledge in this field. In this article, an attempt is made to explain the nature of religious science with a descriptive-analytical method, examine and explain Soroush’s point of view, and state his bases and arguments in explaining this theory, and finally to criticize his point of view. Confusion of the two authorities of demonstration and confir...

Research paper thumbnail of شناخت تفسیری آیه ۵ سوره مبارکه حمد در پرتو تفسیر المیزان و تفسیر نور

اولین کنفرانس بین المللی روانشناسی، علوم اجتماعی علوم تربیتی و فلسفه , 2022

Research paper thumbnail of The Logical Problem of Evil in Western Philosophy and Islamic Theology (Comparison and Analysis of the Views of Leibniz and Fakhr Razi)

One of the most important philosophical and theological topics is the problem of evil, which has ... more One of the most important philosophical and theological topics is the problem of evil, which has always been the subject of discussion of philosophers and religious theologians due to its complexity and various and sometimes contradictory explanations. In the meantime, Leibniz and Fakhr Razi have each tried to explain the problem of evil on the basis of their own ideology. Leibniz considers evil to be an existential thing in the minimal sense necessary to attain great good and Fakhr Razi in one sense has considered it non-existent meaning the lack of goodness and in another sense, has explained it as a existential thing to achieve good. Examining and comparing the views of Leibniz as a Western philosopher with the ideas of Fakhr Razi, who is one of the great scholar of Islamic hikma and theology, on the problem of evil can acquaint us with their commonalities and intellectual differences in explaining this philosophical and theological challenge. In this article, an attempt is made to study and compare the ideas of Leibniz and Fakhr Razi about the nature and what is evil, the types of evil and the solutions to the problem of evil through a descriptive-analytical method. Leibniz and Fakhr-e Razi, despite their intellectual deviations in explaining the problem of evil, which is also obvious considering their intellectual and religious affiliations, but in the end, both thinkers have stopped trying not to explain the problem of evil in contradiction with theism, and to defend the existence of a God who knows everything, all-powerful and just.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Approach to Solving the Evil Problem Realized in the Universe by Emphasizing the Thoughts of Ibn Sina and Augustine

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Aug 17, 2021

The problem of evil is one of the most important cases that all generations of human beings face ... more The problem of evil is one of the most important cases that all generations of human beings face during its worldly life, and inevitably have to endure things called evil in the margins or the main text of their lives.Therefore, their thoughts have always been on how God, who is the absolute good, consents to the creation of evil.Due to the existence of such questions among the theologians, theistic thinkers have studied the problem of evil and have tried to offer logical solutions to solve this problem.Ibn Sina and Augustine, as two theistic philosophers, considered the evil of the universe to be much less than its goodness, and argued that this little evil had no contradiction with the existence of a wise and benevolent God.Therefore, the study and analysis of Ibn Sina and Augustine's thought about evil in the world can answer many of man's doubts about evil and help him better understand the cause of the emergence of evil in the world.This paper with descriptive-analytical method first examines the nature and what is evil from the point of view of Ibn Sina and Augustine, then continues by presenting various types of evil and arguing about it and examining and analyzing the solutions offered by two philosophers to solve the problem of evil.Both Ibn Sina and Augustine considered evil to be relative matters, which these relative evils are necessary for a good system, so that without evil, the existing system would not be good.

Research paper thumbnail of Critique of Theodicy of Soul Cultivation of John Hick based on Verses from the Holy Quran

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Aug 17, 2021

John Hick Theodicy, in which he was most influenced by Irenaeus, seeks to prove divine justice an... more John Hick Theodicy, in which he was most influenced by Irenaeus, seeks to prove divine justice and dispel human skepticism about the evils of the universe.In this theodicy, John Hick considers the problem of evil, which in modern times has led to many doubts among the theologians, to be perfectly compatible with the existence of a benevolent and wise God but in the meantime, he considered some of the existing evils to be exaggerated and useless, and that this issue and a few other details of Hick's thought mentioned in his Theodicy did not correspond to the teachings of the Holy Quran.Therefore, examining the theodicy of soul cultivation of John Hick and comparing it with the verses of the Holy Quran and also criticizing it according to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an can help us to understand the reason for the occurrence of evil in the good system and the weaknesses of the theodicy of John Hick.In this descriptive-analytical research, first the information about the theodicy of soul cultivation is presented, then the subject is continued by defining and expressing the nature of evil and the types of evil from John Hick's point of view, and finally, the issue ends with a critique of the theology of soul cultivation according to the verses of the Holy Quran.In his theodicy, John Hick, while considering evil as a necessity of a good system, has presented ideas contrary to reason and the Qur'an, and has considered some evil as infinite, and believes that man commits sin due to his epistemological distance from God, while the Holy Quran rejects such beliefs.

Research paper thumbnail of The Approach of Shahid Motahhari and Fakhr Razi in Solving the Problem of Evil

Pakistan Journal of Islamic Philosophy, 2021

The issue of evil is one of the topics that has always occupied the human mind and has led to que... more The issue of evil is one of the topics that has always occupied the human mind and has led to questions being asked by him. Therefore, with the advent of science and knowledge, many thinkers have studied this issue and sought to provide a solution to this problem.Shahid Motahhari and Fakhr Razi are among the thinkers who consider the

Research paper thumbnail of بررسی خواص درمانی تغذیه ای انگور درقرآن و حدیث به همراه یافته های طب جدید

هفتمین همایش ملی پژوهش های نوین در حوزه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی ایران, 2021

انگور من جمله میوه هایی می باشد که در طول تاریخ مورد استفاده آدمی بوده است و اکنون این میوه در با... more انگور من جمله میوه هایی می باشد که در طول تاریخ مورد استفاده آدمی بوده است و اکنون این میوه در با توجه به شرایط هوایی و متابولوژیکی، در سراسر جهان مورد بهره برداری و کشت قرار می گیرد. در کتب مقدس ادیان همواره به استفاده از این میوه تاکید شده و قرآن کریم نیز در آیات متعددی به این میوه اشاره کرده و آن را پاداش مومنان در باغ های بهشتی بیان داشته است. در احادیث و روایات اسلامی نیز بیاناتی در باب ارزش غذایی انگور و نقش آن در درمان و پیشگیری از بیماری های گوناگون بیان شده است.لزوم توجه و بررسی خواص درمانی و تغذیه ای انگور در قرآن و احادیث اسلامی و از سوی دیگر بهره گیری از یلفته های نوین علمی امری است که می تواند ما را با جنبه های ناشناخته این میوه آشنا کند و خواص درمانی و تغذیه ای آن را به ما بنمایاند. در واقع از لحاظ دینی و علمی شاهد توصیه به استفاده از انگور هستیم و بررسی خواص درمانی و تغذیه ای انگور از چه از لحاظ دینی و چه از لحاظ علمی می تواند امری در جهت اثبات اعجاز علمی قرآن و تایید آن توسط یافته های نوین علمی باشد. در این مقاله سعی بر این است تا با استفاده از روش توصیفی و استناد به منابع معتبر به بررسی تاریخچه انگور، انگور در قرآن و حدیث و ارزش غذایی و درمانی انگور با توجه به یافته های طب جدید پرداخته شود. در واقع می توان گفت که ذکر انگور به تعداد 11مورد در قرآن کریم و بیان خواص آن در احادیث اسلامی از دیگر جلوه های الهی بودن و ممتاز بودن دین مقدس اسلام است که طی چند قرن اخیر علوم تجربی موفق به کشف خواص خارق العاده این میوه شده و گزاره های قرآنی و حدیثی اسلام را تأیید نموده است.

Research paper thumbnail of مطالعه موردی بررسی خواص انار با توجه به آیات قرآن کریم و احادیث و روایات اسلامی به همراه شواهد علمی و پزشکی

هفتمین همایش ملی پژوهش های نوین در حوزه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی ایران, 2021

انسان از دو بعد جسم و روح تشکیل یافته است و لازمه سعادت وی آن است که در هر دو بعد به کمال برسد . ... more انسان از دو بعد جسم و روح تشکیل یافته است و لازمه سعادت وی آن است که در هر دو بعد به کمال برسد . خداوند در قرآن کریم علاوه براینکه به بعد روحانی و معنوی آدمی برای هدایت اشاره نموده است؛ راهکارهایی نیز در جهت سلامتی و کمال جسم بیان داشته است. یکی از این راهکارها استفاده از میوه هایی است خداوند در قرآن کریم بدان اشاره کرده است. انار یکی از میوه های قرآنی است که خداوند در سه آیه از قرآن کریم به ذکر آن پرداخته و از سوی دیگر در احادیث و روایات اسلامی نیز خواص مفید و بسیاری از سوی معصومین (ع) برای این میوه بیان شده است. با پیشرفت علوم پزشکی و آزمایشگاهی یکی از زمینه های بررسی، نشان دادن خواص و فواید میوه ها بود و آزمایشات و بررسی های عدیده ای در این زمینه، به خصوص میوه انار انجام گرفت و نشان داد که انار یکی از میوه های مغذی در بهبود عملکرد بدن و پیشگیری کننده از بسیاری از بیماری ها می باشد. در این تحقیق سعی بر این است که با روش مروری و استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای ابتدا آشنایی با انار و ویژگی های آن صورت گیرد و در ادامه به بررسی ذکر آن در قرآن کریم و خواص آن با توجه به احادیث و روایات و شواهد علمی و پزشکی بپردازیم. توصیه به استفاده از انار از سوی قرآن کریم و از سوی دیگر ذکر خواص و فواید آن از سوی معصومین(ع) که علوم پزشکی و تجربی با آزمایشات بسیار و مکرر توانست آنها را اثبات کند یکی از جنبه های اعجاز آور قرآن کریم و شأن والا و عظیم احادیث و روایات اسلامی است.

Research paper thumbnail of The Conceptual Evolution of the Principles of Religion (Uṣūl al-din) in Imami Shi'a

Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of A Philosophical Approach to Explaining Divine Revelation in Farabi S Thought

Revelation is one of the sciences and teachings that many people are not able to understand and c... more Revelation is one of the sciences and teachings that many people are not able to understand and comprehend this knowledge due to its divine and metaphysical origin. Therefore, many philosophers and thinkers have studied and explained this mysterious consciousness and have tried to interpret it rationally and logically. Farabi is one of the philosophers who studied revelation for the first time and provided a detailed explanation of this divine knowledge. He believes that this divine knowledge is revealed to the prophet directly or through the mediation of the Tenth Intellect. The study of divine revelation as a science of inhuman origin, in the opinion of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, can solve many problems of people regarding the lack of understanding or misunderstanding of divine revelation and answer many of their questions and doubts in the field of divine revelation. In this article, through descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library sources, we first try to define revelation and examine what revelation is from the point of view of Farabi, and then discuss the relationship between the prophet and Tenth Intellect and the quality of revelation. Farabi believes that the eloquent and imaginative power of the prophet has reached sufficient and faithful perfection and the prophet, due to his supreme spiritual perfection, is able to receive and convey revelation to the people in words and deeds.

Research paper thumbnail of Divine Revelation in the Philosophical Essays of al-Fārābī in Comparison with the Mystical Thoughts of Ibn ‘Arabī

One of the most important concepts discussed in Islamic sciences is the explanation of divine rev... more One of the most important concepts discussed in Islamic sciences is the explanation of divine revelation. Al-Fārābī and Ibn ‘Arabī are among the leading Islamic thinkers who have tried to explain divine revelation according to their style and school of thought. Al-Fārābī considers revelation as receiving knowledge from the active intellect while Ibn ‘Arabī considers it as the revelation of abstract rational meanings from God to the prophets. Examining and comparing their views on divine revelation can acquaint us with their thoughts on how the revelation and its quality came about as well as their intellectual similarities and differences. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, this article examines the essence of revelation in the thought of these two scholars. It also analyzes the quality and degree of revelation in their minds. The discussion ends with a comparison of their views on this issue. Al-Fārābī and Ibn ‘Arabī consider revelation as a divine command revealed by God d...

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the Mature and Necessity of Virtual Education in the Present Age with Emphasis on Effective Teaching Methods in Teaching English through Virtual Education

Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues, 2021

English language teaching in virtual environment the selection of effective and appropriate teach... more English language teaching in virtual environment the selection of effective and appropriate teaching methods according to the characteristics and capabilities of this type of education is one of the problems that teachers face. In reviewing and analyzing teaching methods in virtual education can help teachers to adopt effective teaching methods. This paper using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, first the terms synonymous with virtual education and the time of origin of this type of education are presented. Then, the definitions of virtual education, methods of providing virtual education and the necessity of virtual education are discussed, and then some effective teaching methods in English virtual education are stated and analyzed and concludes with the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education. Virtual education can be considered as a kind of lifelong learning that focuses on the learner and among the effective and inclusive teaching methods in t...

![Research paper thumbnail of Evil Thought and its Approaches with an Emphasis on Swinburne`s Theodicy of Divine Justice](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83446852/thumbnails/1.jpg)

METAFIZIKA International Journal of Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies, 2020

One of the issues that has always been studied and researched from the beginning of human life an... more One of the issues that has always been studied and researched from the beginning of human life and has been approached by different thinkers and different religions is the issue of evil. Swinburne, a Christian thinker, explains and examines the issue of evil in "Theodicy of Divine Justice". Swinburne considers evil to be the lack of perfection that prevents the goodness of an object. He believes that the root of evil should be considered in the improper will of man and should not be attributed to God, because God is absolute good and evil is not originated from absolute good. The study of the nature of evil and its explanations by Sweeney Berne in order to get acquainted with and study his thoughts, and on the other hand, the study of the problem of evil as a theological and philosophical issue, is something that requires research on this subject. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the theology of divine justice, the nature, types, benefits and solutions of evil from the point of view of Swinburne. Only then can we feel God better and have true faith in His justice, benevolence, and absolute wisdom.

Research paper thumbnail of Physical and Spiritual Dimensions of Happiness in the Thought of al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā

Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism, 2021

The most important goal in human life is to achieve happiness, and because people are subject to ... more The most important goal in human life is to achieve happiness, and because people are subject to certain ideas and beliefs and have a different system of thought, it has led to different interpretations of happiness. If the Sufis interpret happiness around the orbit of inner happiness in the soul, not related to material achievements such as money, children, prestige, offspring, and others, then this is different from the interpretation of the happiness of two Muslim philosophers, Ibn Sīnā and al-Fārābī. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, we first try to study the lexicon of the word happiness and the views of other thinkers in this regard, in the following, what are happiness, the levels of happiness, and the classification of happiness in the intellectual system of Ibn Sīnā and al-Fārābī. Happiness in Ibn Sīnā and al-Fārābī's thought is the same concern of human perfectionism from the beginning of creation, and this has caused th...

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the Mature and Necessity of Virtual Education in the Present Age with Emphasis on Effective Teaching Methods in Teaching English through Virtual Education

Journal of English Teaching and Learning , 2021

Education is one of the activities that has been done formally and informally since ancient times... more Education is one of the activities that has been done formally and informally since ancient times, and over time, due to the changes that have taken place in human life, the methods of presenting it have changed, and at the same time, with the arrival of the era of information and communication technology. Virtual education has emerged as a result of changing societies and to meet the educational needs of the contemporary world. In virtual education, especially English language teaching by teachers, the selection of effective and appropriate teaching methods according to the characteristics and capabilities of this type of education is one of the problems that teachers face. Reviewing and analyzing teaching methods in virtual education can help teachers to adopt effective teaching methods. In this paper, in a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, the terms synonymous with virtual education and the time of origin of this type of education are presented. Then, the definitions of virtual education, methods of providing virtual education, and the necessity of virtual education are discussed. Then, some effective teaching methods in English virtual education are stated and analyzed, concluding with the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education. Virtual education can be considered as a kind of lifelong learning that focuses on the learner and among the effective and inclusive teaching methods in this type of training that is useful for teaching English can be problemsolving, online discussion, small online groups and methods constructivism pointed out. It can be said that by using special methods, it is possible to teach English better through virtual education

Research paper thumbnail of تبیین رابطه دین با حکومت و اخلاق از منظر علامه جعفری و شهید مطهری: بررسی تحلیلی

همایش بین المللی اندیشه های علماه محمدتقی جعفری, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of دین، سکولاریسم و ایدئولوژی از دیدگاه علامه جعفری و شهید مطهری: بررسی تحلیلی

همایش بین المللی اندیشه های علامه محمدتقی جعفری, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of An Investigation of the Problem of Evil in the Theodicy of Soul Cultivation

Pakistan Journal of Islamic Philosophy, Jul 6, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of THE DESIGN ARGUMENT FOR GOD’S EXISTENCE: Ayatullâh Ja’far Subḥânî’s Criticism of David Hume’s Thoughts

Ulul Albab, Jun 27, 2023

The design argument is one of the strongest arguments to prove God's existence. It has been analy... more The design argument is one of the strongest arguments to prove God's existence. It has been analyzed by various thinkers throughout the history in defense of God's existence. However, some empiricist philosophers who do not believe in God's existence criticized and questioned this argument. David Hume (1711-1776) is one of those who made a tremendous effort to deny God's existence. He also criticized the design argument. Hume's critiques have always been challenged by philosophers and God-believing theologians. This article is made to criticize Hume's critiques on the design argument from Ayatullâh Subh{ ânî's perspective using descriptive-analytical method. Hume's objection was due to misunderstanding of the argument's purpose and function. It should be acknowledged that this argument can easily prove God's essence along with other arguments such as h} udûth, necessity, and possibility. The design argument pushes us to the supernatural limits. Also, this argument is supported by experimental sciences because every new discovery made in natural sciences provides us with a new sign to prove God. Argumen desain adalah salah satu argumen terkuat untuk membuktikan keberadaan Tuhan. Argumen dianalisis oleh berbagai pemikir sepanjang

Research paper thumbnail of Achieving True Happiness: A Study of Muhammad Hossein Tabatabai’s Philosophical-Mystical Thought

Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura

The question of what constitutes true happiness has been a core philosophical issue that has warr... more The question of what constitutes true happiness has been a core philosophical issue that has warranted multiple attempts in the attempt to provide a final answer, either from a purely religious or philosophical perspective. The issue of happiness is closely connected to the meaning of life and its ultimate outcome and purpose. The modern Muslim philosopher Muhammad Hossein Tabatabai discussed the nature of happiness at length. In his view, human beings instinctively strive to attain happiness or the ultimate good which can only be achieved through nearness to God. Therefore, true happiness requires the believer to commit righteous deeds and avoid sinful acts. This study follows a philosophical-Sufi approach and uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the nature of happiness, the relationship between happiness, goodness and pleasure according to Tabatabai. In line with Islamic thought, true and lasting happiness can only be attained in the Hereafter, and happiness in this lif...

Research paper thumbnail of On the Intersection of Science and Religion: A Critical Analysis of Abdulkarim Soroush’s Thought

Religió Jurnal Studi Agama-agama

The idea of producing religious science is known not only in Iran and the Islamic world but also ... more The idea of producing religious science is known not only in Iran and the Islamic world but also in the Western world. This idea has created movements in the Western world and the Islamic world in the field of science production, which are mainly divided into three perspectives. In the sources of science production, a group has given originality to naqlī (narrative) knowledge, a group to human knowledge and experimental sciences, and the third group confirmed both views and considered the way to acquire knowledge to be both intellect and narration. Abdulkarim Soroush is among those who have given originality to experimental sciences and knowledge in this field. In this article, an attempt is made to explain the nature of religious science with a descriptive-analytical method, examine and explain Soroush’s point of view, and state his bases and arguments in explaining this theory, and finally to criticize his point of view. Confusion of the two authorities of demonstration and confir...

Research paper thumbnail of شناخت تفسیری آیه ۵ سوره مبارکه حمد در پرتو تفسیر المیزان و تفسیر نور

اولین کنفرانس بین المللی روانشناسی، علوم اجتماعی علوم تربیتی و فلسفه , 2022

Research paper thumbnail of The Logical Problem of Evil in Western Philosophy and Islamic Theology (Comparison and Analysis of the Views of Leibniz and Fakhr Razi)

One of the most important philosophical and theological topics is the problem of evil, which has ... more One of the most important philosophical and theological topics is the problem of evil, which has always been the subject of discussion of philosophers and religious theologians due to its complexity and various and sometimes contradictory explanations. In the meantime, Leibniz and Fakhr Razi have each tried to explain the problem of evil on the basis of their own ideology. Leibniz considers evil to be an existential thing in the minimal sense necessary to attain great good and Fakhr Razi in one sense has considered it non-existent meaning the lack of goodness and in another sense, has explained it as a existential thing to achieve good. Examining and comparing the views of Leibniz as a Western philosopher with the ideas of Fakhr Razi, who is one of the great scholar of Islamic hikma and theology, on the problem of evil can acquaint us with their commonalities and intellectual differences in explaining this philosophical and theological challenge. In this article, an attempt is made to study and compare the ideas of Leibniz and Fakhr Razi about the nature and what is evil, the types of evil and the solutions to the problem of evil through a descriptive-analytical method. Leibniz and Fakhr-e Razi, despite their intellectual deviations in explaining the problem of evil, which is also obvious considering their intellectual and religious affiliations, but in the end, both thinkers have stopped trying not to explain the problem of evil in contradiction with theism, and to defend the existence of a God who knows everything, all-powerful and just.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Approach to Solving the Evil Problem Realized in the Universe by Emphasizing the Thoughts of Ibn Sina and Augustine

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Aug 17, 2021

The problem of evil is one of the most important cases that all generations of human beings face ... more The problem of evil is one of the most important cases that all generations of human beings face during its worldly life, and inevitably have to endure things called evil in the margins or the main text of their lives.Therefore, their thoughts have always been on how God, who is the absolute good, consents to the creation of evil.Due to the existence of such questions among the theologians, theistic thinkers have studied the problem of evil and have tried to offer logical solutions to solve this problem.Ibn Sina and Augustine, as two theistic philosophers, considered the evil of the universe to be much less than its goodness, and argued that this little evil had no contradiction with the existence of a wise and benevolent God.Therefore, the study and analysis of Ibn Sina and Augustine's thought about evil in the world can answer many of man's doubts about evil and help him better understand the cause of the emergence of evil in the world.This paper with descriptive-analytical method first examines the nature and what is evil from the point of view of Ibn Sina and Augustine, then continues by presenting various types of evil and arguing about it and examining and analyzing the solutions offered by two philosophers to solve the problem of evil.Both Ibn Sina and Augustine considered evil to be relative matters, which these relative evils are necessary for a good system, so that without evil, the existing system would not be good.

Research paper thumbnail of Critique of Theodicy of Soul Cultivation of John Hick based on Verses from the Holy Quran

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Aug 17, 2021

John Hick Theodicy, in which he was most influenced by Irenaeus, seeks to prove divine justice an... more John Hick Theodicy, in which he was most influenced by Irenaeus, seeks to prove divine justice and dispel human skepticism about the evils of the universe.In this theodicy, John Hick considers the problem of evil, which in modern times has led to many doubts among the theologians, to be perfectly compatible with the existence of a benevolent and wise God but in the meantime, he considered some of the existing evils to be exaggerated and useless, and that this issue and a few other details of Hick's thought mentioned in his Theodicy did not correspond to the teachings of the Holy Quran.Therefore, examining the theodicy of soul cultivation of John Hick and comparing it with the verses of the Holy Quran and also criticizing it according to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an can help us to understand the reason for the occurrence of evil in the good system and the weaknesses of the theodicy of John Hick.In this descriptive-analytical research, first the information about the theodicy of soul cultivation is presented, then the subject is continued by defining and expressing the nature of evil and the types of evil from John Hick's point of view, and finally, the issue ends with a critique of the theology of soul cultivation according to the verses of the Holy Quran.In his theodicy, John Hick, while considering evil as a necessity of a good system, has presented ideas contrary to reason and the Qur'an, and has considered some evil as infinite, and believes that man commits sin due to his epistemological distance from God, while the Holy Quran rejects such beliefs.

Research paper thumbnail of The Approach of Shahid Motahhari and Fakhr Razi in Solving the Problem of Evil

Pakistan Journal of Islamic Philosophy, 2021

The issue of evil is one of the topics that has always occupied the human mind and has led to que... more The issue of evil is one of the topics that has always occupied the human mind and has led to questions being asked by him. Therefore, with the advent of science and knowledge, many thinkers have studied this issue and sought to provide a solution to this problem.Shahid Motahhari and Fakhr Razi are among the thinkers who consider the

Research paper thumbnail of بررسی خواص درمانی تغذیه ای انگور درقرآن و حدیث به همراه یافته های طب جدید

هفتمین همایش ملی پژوهش های نوین در حوزه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی ایران, 2021

انگور من جمله میوه هایی می باشد که در طول تاریخ مورد استفاده آدمی بوده است و اکنون این میوه در با... more انگور من جمله میوه هایی می باشد که در طول تاریخ مورد استفاده آدمی بوده است و اکنون این میوه در با توجه به شرایط هوایی و متابولوژیکی، در سراسر جهان مورد بهره برداری و کشت قرار می گیرد. در کتب مقدس ادیان همواره به استفاده از این میوه تاکید شده و قرآن کریم نیز در آیات متعددی به این میوه اشاره کرده و آن را پاداش مومنان در باغ های بهشتی بیان داشته است. در احادیث و روایات اسلامی نیز بیاناتی در باب ارزش غذایی انگور و نقش آن در درمان و پیشگیری از بیماری های گوناگون بیان شده است.لزوم توجه و بررسی خواص درمانی و تغذیه ای انگور در قرآن و احادیث اسلامی و از سوی دیگر بهره گیری از یلفته های نوین علمی امری است که می تواند ما را با جنبه های ناشناخته این میوه آشنا کند و خواص درمانی و تغذیه ای آن را به ما بنمایاند. در واقع از لحاظ دینی و علمی شاهد توصیه به استفاده از انگور هستیم و بررسی خواص درمانی و تغذیه ای انگور از چه از لحاظ دینی و چه از لحاظ علمی می تواند امری در جهت اثبات اعجاز علمی قرآن و تایید آن توسط یافته های نوین علمی باشد. در این مقاله سعی بر این است تا با استفاده از روش توصیفی و استناد به منابع معتبر به بررسی تاریخچه انگور، انگور در قرآن و حدیث و ارزش غذایی و درمانی انگور با توجه به یافته های طب جدید پرداخته شود. در واقع می توان گفت که ذکر انگور به تعداد 11مورد در قرآن کریم و بیان خواص آن در احادیث اسلامی از دیگر جلوه های الهی بودن و ممتاز بودن دین مقدس اسلام است که طی چند قرن اخیر علوم تجربی موفق به کشف خواص خارق العاده این میوه شده و گزاره های قرآنی و حدیثی اسلام را تأیید نموده است.

Research paper thumbnail of مطالعه موردی بررسی خواص انار با توجه به آیات قرآن کریم و احادیث و روایات اسلامی به همراه شواهد علمی و پزشکی

هفتمین همایش ملی پژوهش های نوین در حوزه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی ایران, 2021

انسان از دو بعد جسم و روح تشکیل یافته است و لازمه سعادت وی آن است که در هر دو بعد به کمال برسد . ... more انسان از دو بعد جسم و روح تشکیل یافته است و لازمه سعادت وی آن است که در هر دو بعد به کمال برسد . خداوند در قرآن کریم علاوه براینکه به بعد روحانی و معنوی آدمی برای هدایت اشاره نموده است؛ راهکارهایی نیز در جهت سلامتی و کمال جسم بیان داشته است. یکی از این راهکارها استفاده از میوه هایی است خداوند در قرآن کریم بدان اشاره کرده است. انار یکی از میوه های قرآنی است که خداوند در سه آیه از قرآن کریم به ذکر آن پرداخته و از سوی دیگر در احادیث و روایات اسلامی نیز خواص مفید و بسیاری از سوی معصومین (ع) برای این میوه بیان شده است. با پیشرفت علوم پزشکی و آزمایشگاهی یکی از زمینه های بررسی، نشان دادن خواص و فواید میوه ها بود و آزمایشات و بررسی های عدیده ای در این زمینه، به خصوص میوه انار انجام گرفت و نشان داد که انار یکی از میوه های مغذی در بهبود عملکرد بدن و پیشگیری کننده از بسیاری از بیماری ها می باشد. در این تحقیق سعی بر این است که با روش مروری و استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای ابتدا آشنایی با انار و ویژگی های آن صورت گیرد و در ادامه به بررسی ذکر آن در قرآن کریم و خواص آن با توجه به احادیث و روایات و شواهد علمی و پزشکی بپردازیم. توصیه به استفاده از انار از سوی قرآن کریم و از سوی دیگر ذکر خواص و فواید آن از سوی معصومین(ع) که علوم پزشکی و تجربی با آزمایشات بسیار و مکرر توانست آنها را اثبات کند یکی از جنبه های اعجاز آور قرآن کریم و شأن والا و عظیم احادیث و روایات اسلامی است.

Research paper thumbnail of The Conceptual Evolution of the Principles of Religion (Uṣūl al-din) in Imami Shi'a

Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of A Philosophical Approach to Explaining Divine Revelation in Farabi S Thought

Revelation is one of the sciences and teachings that many people are not able to understand and c... more Revelation is one of the sciences and teachings that many people are not able to understand and comprehend this knowledge due to its divine and metaphysical origin. Therefore, many philosophers and thinkers have studied and explained this mysterious consciousness and have tried to interpret it rationally and logically. Farabi is one of the philosophers who studied revelation for the first time and provided a detailed explanation of this divine knowledge. He believes that this divine knowledge is revealed to the prophet directly or through the mediation of the Tenth Intellect. The study of divine revelation as a science of inhuman origin, in the opinion of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, can solve many problems of people regarding the lack of understanding or misunderstanding of divine revelation and answer many of their questions and doubts in the field of divine revelation. In this article, through descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library sources, we first try to define revelation and examine what revelation is from the point of view of Farabi, and then discuss the relationship between the prophet and Tenth Intellect and the quality of revelation. Farabi believes that the eloquent and imaginative power of the prophet has reached sufficient and faithful perfection and the prophet, due to his supreme spiritual perfection, is able to receive and convey revelation to the people in words and deeds.

Research paper thumbnail of Divine Revelation in the Philosophical Essays of al-Fārābī in Comparison with the Mystical Thoughts of Ibn ‘Arabī

One of the most important concepts discussed in Islamic sciences is the explanation of divine rev... more One of the most important concepts discussed in Islamic sciences is the explanation of divine revelation. Al-Fārābī and Ibn ‘Arabī are among the leading Islamic thinkers who have tried to explain divine revelation according to their style and school of thought. Al-Fārābī considers revelation as receiving knowledge from the active intellect while Ibn ‘Arabī considers it as the revelation of abstract rational meanings from God to the prophets. Examining and comparing their views on divine revelation can acquaint us with their thoughts on how the revelation and its quality came about as well as their intellectual similarities and differences. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, this article examines the essence of revelation in the thought of these two scholars. It also analyzes the quality and degree of revelation in their minds. The discussion ends with a comparison of their views on this issue. Al-Fārābī and Ibn ‘Arabī consider revelation as a divine command revealed by God d...

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the Mature and Necessity of Virtual Education in the Present Age with Emphasis on Effective Teaching Methods in Teaching English through Virtual Education

Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues, 2021

English language teaching in virtual environment the selection of effective and appropriate teach... more English language teaching in virtual environment the selection of effective and appropriate teaching methods according to the characteristics and capabilities of this type of education is one of the problems that teachers face. In reviewing and analyzing teaching methods in virtual education can help teachers to adopt effective teaching methods. This paper using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, first the terms synonymous with virtual education and the time of origin of this type of education are presented. Then, the definitions of virtual education, methods of providing virtual education and the necessity of virtual education are discussed, and then some effective teaching methods in English virtual education are stated and analyzed and concludes with the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education. Virtual education can be considered as a kind of lifelong learning that focuses on the learner and among the effective and inclusive teaching methods in t...

![Research paper thumbnail of Evil Thought and its Approaches with an Emphasis on Swinburne`s Theodicy of Divine Justice](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83446852/thumbnails/1.jpg)

METAFIZIKA International Journal of Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies, 2020

One of the issues that has always been studied and researched from the beginning of human life an... more One of the issues that has always been studied and researched from the beginning of human life and has been approached by different thinkers and different religions is the issue of evil. Swinburne, a Christian thinker, explains and examines the issue of evil in "Theodicy of Divine Justice". Swinburne considers evil to be the lack of perfection that prevents the goodness of an object. He believes that the root of evil should be considered in the improper will of man and should not be attributed to God, because God is absolute good and evil is not originated from absolute good. The study of the nature of evil and its explanations by Sweeney Berne in order to get acquainted with and study his thoughts, and on the other hand, the study of the problem of evil as a theological and philosophical issue, is something that requires research on this subject. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the theology of divine justice, the nature, types, benefits and solutions of evil from the point of view of Swinburne. Only then can we feel God better and have true faith in His justice, benevolence, and absolute wisdom.

Research paper thumbnail of Physical and Spiritual Dimensions of Happiness in the Thought of al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā

Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism, 2021

The most important goal in human life is to achieve happiness, and because people are subject to ... more The most important goal in human life is to achieve happiness, and because people are subject to certain ideas and beliefs and have a different system of thought, it has led to different interpretations of happiness. If the Sufis interpret happiness around the orbit of inner happiness in the soul, not related to material achievements such as money, children, prestige, offspring, and others, then this is different from the interpretation of the happiness of two Muslim philosophers, Ibn Sīnā and al-Fārābī. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, we first try to study the lexicon of the word happiness and the views of other thinkers in this regard, in the following, what are happiness, the levels of happiness, and the classification of happiness in the intellectual system of Ibn Sīnā and al-Fārābī. Happiness in Ibn Sīnā and al-Fārābī's thought is the same concern of human perfectionism from the beginning of creation, and this has caused th...

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the Mature and Necessity of Virtual Education in the Present Age with Emphasis on Effective Teaching Methods in Teaching English through Virtual Education

Journal of English Teaching and Learning , 2021

Education is one of the activities that has been done formally and informally since ancient times... more Education is one of the activities that has been done formally and informally since ancient times, and over time, due to the changes that have taken place in human life, the methods of presenting it have changed, and at the same time, with the arrival of the era of information and communication technology. Virtual education has emerged as a result of changing societies and to meet the educational needs of the contemporary world. In virtual education, especially English language teaching by teachers, the selection of effective and appropriate teaching methods according to the characteristics and capabilities of this type of education is one of the problems that teachers face. Reviewing and analyzing teaching methods in virtual education can help teachers to adopt effective teaching methods. In this paper, in a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, the terms synonymous with virtual education and the time of origin of this type of education are presented. Then, the definitions of virtual education, methods of providing virtual education, and the necessity of virtual education are discussed. Then, some effective teaching methods in English virtual education are stated and analyzed, concluding with the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education. Virtual education can be considered as a kind of lifelong learning that focuses on the learner and among the effective and inclusive teaching methods in this type of training that is useful for teaching English can be problemsolving, online discussion, small online groups and methods constructivism pointed out. It can be said that by using special methods, it is possible to teach English better through virtual education