Abeer Badr - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Abeer Badr

International immunopharmacology, May 1, 2024

Folia Morphologica, Aug 24, 2022

Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, Jul 1, 2024

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2010

Computers in Biology and Medicine

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease with marked infiltrating inflammatory cells and reduced res... more Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease with marked infiltrating inflammatory cells and reduced respiratory performance. Echinochrome (Ech) is a dark-red pigment isolated from the sea urchin spines, shells, and ova. It has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, but whether it can be used in asthma treatment has yet to be investigated. In this research, we aimed to study the inhibitory actions of Ech on allergic asthma symptoms in mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 for each): control, ovalbumin-challenged, and Ech-treated (0.1 and 1 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, nasal scratching, lung oxidative stress, airway inflammation, and remodeling were assessed. In ovalbumin-challenged BALB/C mice, treatment with Ech significantly decreased nasal scratching, lung oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus hyperproduction and hyperplasia of goblet cells, IgE levels, and inflammatory cytokines. It also inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation. This is t...

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 5, 2022

Background Fermented dietary products have been found to increase anti-carcinogenic activity and ... more Background Fermented dietary products have been found to increase anti-carcinogenic activity and modulate immunological and physiological functions. This study assessed the preventive effect of fermented cow and soy milk supplemented with water-soluble curcumin against Ehrlich ascites tumor. Methods Both types of milk were prepared in the presence of Lactobacillus plantarum EMCC 1027. Ninety-ve grams of basal diet mixed with 5g of either fermented cow or soy milk and supplemented with 150 mg of soluble curcumin. Induction of Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice synergized with the feeding of a prepared special diet for 20 days. Results Both fermented cow and soy milk increased the survival rate to 117% while the supplementation with curcumin improved the survival rate to 150% combined with soy milk. The decreased concentration of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in Ehrlich tumor-bearing was markedly increased after feeding by any kind of a special diet. In Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice, fermented soy milk plus curcumin showed the highest reduction levels of the augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin-6. The relative gene expression TNF-α was signi cantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in all treated Ehrlich tumorbearing while fermented soy milk plus curcumin demonstrated the highest reduced levels. Fermented cow and soy milk with or without curcumin signi cantly (P < 0.05) caused a rise in the viable count of lactobacilli and bi dobacteria. Conclusions Collectively, the dietary feeding with fermented cow or soy milk displayed bene cially protective effects, and the best results were recorded in combination with soluble curcumin.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-atl-10.1177_02611929211016851 for Culture of Care Enhancement in ... more Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-atl-10.1177_02611929211016851 for Culture of Care Enhancement in Egypt: The Impact of Laboratory Animal Science Training on Participants' Attitudes by Mohamed Hosney, Abeer M. Badr, Sohair R. Fahmy, Ahmed Afifi, Vera Baumans and Khadiga M. Gaafar in Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2021

Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal... more Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), as mandated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Animal-based research should be performed in accordance with international regulations to monitor the humane care and use of the laboratory animals. Until 2018, the formal training of researchers in the appropriate and correct methods of animal handling during sampling and administration, as well as their husbandry demands, was an uncommon practice in Egypt. In 2018, the Egyptian Association for Animal Research Advancement (EAARA) organised the first international course in laboratory animal science (LAS), in collaboration with Utrecht University (The Netherlands) and the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, to raise researchers’ awareness and increase their knowledge of the principles that govern the humane use and care of laboratory animals. A total of 26 researchers from a number of fields...

2 Abstract: Immunomodulatory imbalance is the characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases like ... more 2 Abstract: Immunomodulatory imbalance is the characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T helper (Th) 17 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. The balance of Th1 and Th17 is important for normal immune response. In RA therapy, methotrexate (MTX) has an important use depending on its anti-inflammatory effects, however, is limited due to its side effects. Curcumin is a natural plant product used as an immunomodulator. This study aimed to investigate the impact of curcumin and MTX administration singly or combined on a rat model with collagen-induced arthritis. The results revealed that the level of serum interleukin (IL)-17 showed a positive correlation with IL-23, interferon-gamma (IFN- ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- ) and a negative correlation with IL-27 at the end of the experiment. Treatment with curcumin, MTX and their combinations also caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17,...

MicroRNA (miRNA)-26a is one of the tumor suppressor genes that has been down regulated during the... more MicroRNA (miRNA)-26a is one of the tumor suppressor genes that has been down regulated during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This work was conducted to evaluate the possible preventive effect of exogenous miRNA-26a administration on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-mediated HCC. Balb/C mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline (Normal group), DEN (HCC group) or miRNA-26a (HCC+miRNA-26a group). On week 8, 12, 16 and 20, the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP), the levels of helper T cells-associated cytokines, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were measured. Flow cytometry determined the frequencies of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The concentrations of AFP, DCP and VEGF, as well as the frequency of Treg cells showed significantly lower values following miRNA-26a administration than in HCC group. miRNA-26a administration has reduced the levels of IL (interleukin)-2 and TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, in contras...

Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2016

Interleukin (IL)-6 can induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, which may be critical ... more Interleukin (IL)-6 can induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, which may be critical factors involved in tumor metastasis. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are important inhibitory enzymes of MMP. This study was designed to investigate the effect of recombinant IL-6 on the MMP/TIMP expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line in a dose dependent manner (10, 25 and 50ng/ml) in comparison to non-treated breast cancer cells (control). The data demonstrated that low dose (10 ng/ml) of IL-6 failed to induce TIMP-1 and -2 production by breast cancer cells compared to control cells whereas moderate (25 ng/ml) and high (50ng/ml) exposure levels promoted a significant expression of TIMP-1 (P<0.01 and P<0.0001) respectively as compared to control cells. TIMP-2 was significantly released (P<0.0001) from breast cancer cells higher than in control cells at moderate and high exposure levels of IL-6. This up-regulation of TIMP-1 and -2 was accompanied with u...

2 Abstract: This study presents a prospective analysis to investigate the pivotal role of beta2-m... more 2 Abstract: This study presents a prospective analysis to investigate the pivotal role of beta2-microglobulin ( 2m) as a serum marker that may potentially help in assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study involved a total of 70 patients; 30 patients with SLE and 40 patients with CKD compared to 42 healthy volunteers as control. Levels of 2m, anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double strand DNA (anti-dsDNA), C-reactive protein (CRP), urea and creatinine were measured. 2m mean level of male patients was significantly (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05) higher than females patients with SLE in stage 1 and 2 respectively. In contrast, CKD females showed a higher significant (P < 0.05) 2m level regards to males in stage 4. In SLE, ANA and 2m levels in males revealed the highest relation with SLE stages among other markers. In CKD, serum urea, CRP concentration and 2m levels in male patients exhibited higher ...

Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research, 2019

BioBacta

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 2020

Background Cholestasis is the major cause of bile acid accumulation leading to liver damage. Chro... more Background Cholestasis is the major cause of bile acid accumulation leading to liver damage. Chronic infection of worms can modulate the immune response towards T helper (Th)2-related cytokines. The present study aims to evaluate the protective impact of an ascarid nematode Toxocara vitulorum extract (TvE) against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholangitis male wistar rat model compared to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) as a standard drug. Results Pretreatment with TvE and/or UDCA induced a marked reduction in the levels of liver function tests and malondialdehyde, while antioxidant markers were increased compared to cholestatic rats. Pretreatment with either TvE or combination before cholangitis induction attenuated the predominant Th1-related cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) to Th2 (IL-13 and IL-10). TvE administration promoted higher expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and lower levels of caspase-3 compared to cholestatic rats. Conclusions Treatment with TvE has improved the ...

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020

Background Artichoke is an edible plant that is grown in the Mediterranean region and is known fo... more Background Artichoke is an edible plant that is grown in the Mediterranean region and is known for its antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Different artichoke extraction methods can impressively affect the nature as well as the yield of the extracted components. Main body The different methods of artichoke extraction and the influence of the extraction conditions on the extraction efficiency are summarized herein. In addition, cancer causalities and hallmarks together with the molecular mechanisms of artichoke active molecules in cancer treatment are also discussed. Moreover, a short background is given on the common types of cancer that can be treated with artichoke extracts as well as their pathogenesis. A brief discussion of the previous works devoted to the application of artichoke extracts in the treatment of these cancers is also given. Conclusion This review article covers the extraction methods, composition, utilization and applic...

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 2020

Objectives This study aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effect of curcumin on innate and adapt... more Objectives This study aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effect of curcumin on innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as its inhibitory power on hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic CD1 mice. Material and methods Mice were divided into six groups as follows: normal control mice (I), mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with either citrate (II), DEMSO (III), or curcumin (170 mg/kg, 3 times/week, for 28 days) (IV), as well as a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (160 mg/kg) (V) and STZ mice treated with curcumin (VI). The anti-diabetic effect was assessed by estimation of the blood glucose concentration on days 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31. Differential count of white blood cells and the levels of cytokines were also measured at all previous time points. Pancreatic islets were examined for histopathological changes, and the immunohistochemical analysis for insulin and phosphorylated-nuclear factor-kappa B (phospho-NF-κB) was done at the end of the study...

International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2020

Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a fatal parasitic disease caused by parasitic worms with the ge... more Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a fatal parasitic disease caused by parasitic worms with the genus Schistosoma. The release of Schistosoma eggs in running fresh water contributes to completing its life cycle. Therefore, finding a suitable drug having ovicidal activity towards eggs is crucial. Here, we investigate the in-vitro effect of bee venom (the venom of Apis millifera) on the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni). The eggs were incubated with different concentrations of bee venom and then the percent mortality, hatchability and morphology of the eggs were observed. It was found that bee venom causes morphological alterations for S. mansoni eggs. In addition, there is a critical concentration (100 µg/mL) at which bee venom leads to the lowest mortality and the highest hatchability percent. Below or above this threshold, the mortality increases and the hatchability decreases. Moreover, bee venom was proven to have a lethal effect on S. mansoni miracidia.

Egyptian Journal of Histology, 2020

International immunopharmacology, May 1, 2024

Folia Morphologica, Aug 24, 2022

Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, Jul 1, 2024

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2010

Computers in Biology and Medicine

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease with marked infiltrating inflammatory cells and reduced res... more Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease with marked infiltrating inflammatory cells and reduced respiratory performance. Echinochrome (Ech) is a dark-red pigment isolated from the sea urchin spines, shells, and ova. It has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, but whether it can be used in asthma treatment has yet to be investigated. In this research, we aimed to study the inhibitory actions of Ech on allergic asthma symptoms in mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 for each): control, ovalbumin-challenged, and Ech-treated (0.1 and 1 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, nasal scratching, lung oxidative stress, airway inflammation, and remodeling were assessed. In ovalbumin-challenged BALB/C mice, treatment with Ech significantly decreased nasal scratching, lung oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus hyperproduction and hyperplasia of goblet cells, IgE levels, and inflammatory cytokines. It also inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation. This is t...

Research Square (Research Square), Dec 5, 2022

Background Fermented dietary products have been found to increase anti-carcinogenic activity and ... more Background Fermented dietary products have been found to increase anti-carcinogenic activity and modulate immunological and physiological functions. This study assessed the preventive effect of fermented cow and soy milk supplemented with water-soluble curcumin against Ehrlich ascites tumor. Methods Both types of milk were prepared in the presence of Lactobacillus plantarum EMCC 1027. Ninety-ve grams of basal diet mixed with 5g of either fermented cow or soy milk and supplemented with 150 mg of soluble curcumin. Induction of Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice synergized with the feeding of a prepared special diet for 20 days. Results Both fermented cow and soy milk increased the survival rate to 117% while the supplementation with curcumin improved the survival rate to 150% combined with soy milk. The decreased concentration of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in Ehrlich tumor-bearing was markedly increased after feeding by any kind of a special diet. In Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice, fermented soy milk plus curcumin showed the highest reduction levels of the augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin-6. The relative gene expression TNF-α was signi cantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in all treated Ehrlich tumorbearing while fermented soy milk plus curcumin demonstrated the highest reduced levels. Fermented cow and soy milk with or without curcumin signi cantly (P < 0.05) caused a rise in the viable count of lactobacilli and bi dobacteria. Conclusions Collectively, the dietary feeding with fermented cow or soy milk displayed bene cially protective effects, and the best results were recorded in combination with soluble curcumin.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-atl-10.1177_02611929211016851 for Culture of Care Enhancement in ... more Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-atl-10.1177_02611929211016851 for Culture of Care Enhancement in Egypt: The Impact of Laboratory Animal Science Training on Participants' Attitudes by Mohamed Hosney, Abeer M. Badr, Sohair R. Fahmy, Ahmed Afifi, Vera Baumans and Khadiga M. Gaafar in Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 2021

Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal... more Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), as mandated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Animal-based research should be performed in accordance with international regulations to monitor the humane care and use of the laboratory animals. Until 2018, the formal training of researchers in the appropriate and correct methods of animal handling during sampling and administration, as well as their husbandry demands, was an uncommon practice in Egypt. In 2018, the Egyptian Association for Animal Research Advancement (EAARA) organised the first international course in laboratory animal science (LAS), in collaboration with Utrecht University (The Netherlands) and the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, to raise researchers’ awareness and increase their knowledge of the principles that govern the humane use and care of laboratory animals. A total of 26 researchers from a number of fields...

2 Abstract: Immunomodulatory imbalance is the characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases like ... more 2 Abstract: Immunomodulatory imbalance is the characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T helper (Th) 17 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. The balance of Th1 and Th17 is important for normal immune response. In RA therapy, methotrexate (MTX) has an important use depending on its anti-inflammatory effects, however, is limited due to its side effects. Curcumin is a natural plant product used as an immunomodulator. This study aimed to investigate the impact of curcumin and MTX administration singly or combined on a rat model with collagen-induced arthritis. The results revealed that the level of serum interleukin (IL)-17 showed a positive correlation with IL-23, interferon-gamma (IFN- ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- ) and a negative correlation with IL-27 at the end of the experiment. Treatment with curcumin, MTX and their combinations also caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17,...

MicroRNA (miRNA)-26a is one of the tumor suppressor genes that has been down regulated during the... more MicroRNA (miRNA)-26a is one of the tumor suppressor genes that has been down regulated during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This work was conducted to evaluate the possible preventive effect of exogenous miRNA-26a administration on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-mediated HCC. Balb/C mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline (Normal group), DEN (HCC group) or miRNA-26a (HCC+miRNA-26a group). On week 8, 12, 16 and 20, the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP), the levels of helper T cells-associated cytokines, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were measured. Flow cytometry determined the frequencies of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The concentrations of AFP, DCP and VEGF, as well as the frequency of Treg cells showed significantly lower values following miRNA-26a administration than in HCC group. miRNA-26a administration has reduced the levels of IL (interleukin)-2 and TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, in contras...

Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2016

Interleukin (IL)-6 can induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, which may be critical ... more Interleukin (IL)-6 can induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, which may be critical factors involved in tumor metastasis. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are important inhibitory enzymes of MMP. This study was designed to investigate the effect of recombinant IL-6 on the MMP/TIMP expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line in a dose dependent manner (10, 25 and 50ng/ml) in comparison to non-treated breast cancer cells (control). The data demonstrated that low dose (10 ng/ml) of IL-6 failed to induce TIMP-1 and -2 production by breast cancer cells compared to control cells whereas moderate (25 ng/ml) and high (50ng/ml) exposure levels promoted a significant expression of TIMP-1 (P<0.01 and P<0.0001) respectively as compared to control cells. TIMP-2 was significantly released (P<0.0001) from breast cancer cells higher than in control cells at moderate and high exposure levels of IL-6. This up-regulation of TIMP-1 and -2 was accompanied with u...

2 Abstract: This study presents a prospective analysis to investigate the pivotal role of beta2-m... more 2 Abstract: This study presents a prospective analysis to investigate the pivotal role of beta2-microglobulin ( 2m) as a serum marker that may potentially help in assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study involved a total of 70 patients; 30 patients with SLE and 40 patients with CKD compared to 42 healthy volunteers as control. Levels of 2m, anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double strand DNA (anti-dsDNA), C-reactive protein (CRP), urea and creatinine were measured. 2m mean level of male patients was significantly (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05) higher than females patients with SLE in stage 1 and 2 respectively. In contrast, CKD females showed a higher significant (P < 0.05) 2m level regards to males in stage 4. In SLE, ANA and 2m levels in males revealed the highest relation with SLE stages among other markers. In CKD, serum urea, CRP concentration and 2m levels in male patients exhibited higher ...

Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research, 2019

BioBacta

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 2020

Background Cholestasis is the major cause of bile acid accumulation leading to liver damage. Chro... more Background Cholestasis is the major cause of bile acid accumulation leading to liver damage. Chronic infection of worms can modulate the immune response towards T helper (Th)2-related cytokines. The present study aims to evaluate the protective impact of an ascarid nematode Toxocara vitulorum extract (TvE) against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholangitis male wistar rat model compared to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) as a standard drug. Results Pretreatment with TvE and/or UDCA induced a marked reduction in the levels of liver function tests and malondialdehyde, while antioxidant markers were increased compared to cholestatic rats. Pretreatment with either TvE or combination before cholangitis induction attenuated the predominant Th1-related cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) to Th2 (IL-13 and IL-10). TvE administration promoted higher expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and lower levels of caspase-3 compared to cholestatic rats. Conclusions Treatment with TvE has improved the ...

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020

Background Artichoke is an edible plant that is grown in the Mediterranean region and is known fo... more Background Artichoke is an edible plant that is grown in the Mediterranean region and is known for its antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Different artichoke extraction methods can impressively affect the nature as well as the yield of the extracted components. Main body The different methods of artichoke extraction and the influence of the extraction conditions on the extraction efficiency are summarized herein. In addition, cancer causalities and hallmarks together with the molecular mechanisms of artichoke active molecules in cancer treatment are also discussed. Moreover, a short background is given on the common types of cancer that can be treated with artichoke extracts as well as their pathogenesis. A brief discussion of the previous works devoted to the application of artichoke extracts in the treatment of these cancers is also given. Conclusion This review article covers the extraction methods, composition, utilization and applic...

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 2020

Objectives This study aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effect of curcumin on innate and adapt... more Objectives This study aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effect of curcumin on innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as its inhibitory power on hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic CD1 mice. Material and methods Mice were divided into six groups as follows: normal control mice (I), mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with either citrate (II), DEMSO (III), or curcumin (170 mg/kg, 3 times/week, for 28 days) (IV), as well as a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (160 mg/kg) (V) and STZ mice treated with curcumin (VI). The anti-diabetic effect was assessed by estimation of the blood glucose concentration on days 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31. Differential count of white blood cells and the levels of cytokines were also measured at all previous time points. Pancreatic islets were examined for histopathological changes, and the immunohistochemical analysis for insulin and phosphorylated-nuclear factor-kappa B (phospho-NF-κB) was done at the end of the study...

International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2020

Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a fatal parasitic disease caused by parasitic worms with the ge... more Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a fatal parasitic disease caused by parasitic worms with the genus Schistosoma. The release of Schistosoma eggs in running fresh water contributes to completing its life cycle. Therefore, finding a suitable drug having ovicidal activity towards eggs is crucial. Here, we investigate the in-vitro effect of bee venom (the venom of Apis millifera) on the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni). The eggs were incubated with different concentrations of bee venom and then the percent mortality, hatchability and morphology of the eggs were observed. It was found that bee venom causes morphological alterations for S. mansoni eggs. In addition, there is a critical concentration (100 µg/mL) at which bee venom leads to the lowest mortality and the highest hatchability percent. Below or above this threshold, the mortality increases and the hatchability decreases. Moreover, bee venom was proven to have a lethal effect on S. mansoni miracidia.

Egyptian Journal of Histology, 2020