Abhinav Singh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Abhinav Singh
Academic Leadership: The Online Journal
The dental public health field has been expanding in scope & complexity with more emphasis beingp... more The dental public health field has been expanding in scope & complexity with more emphasis beingplaced on the total dental care delivery system and its impact on oral health status.A broadly accepted definition of "dental public health" has been given byDowner 1994: "The science and art of preventing oral disease, promotingoral health and improving quality of life through the organized effortsof society" (Downer et al,1994). A broader definition was made ten years later as follows: "The scienceand art of preventing oral disease, promoting oral healthand improving quality of life through the organized efforts and informedchoices of society, organizations, public and private, communities andindividuals" (Pine & Harris 2007).The purpose of an oral health care system is to influence the population’s way of life so that oral healthis promoted or maintained and oral disease prevented; and to promote adequate treatment to thosemembers of the population affecte...
The Journal of the American Dental Association, 2020
BACKGROUND In this study, the authors aimed to assess the association of loneliness and disabilit... more BACKGROUND In this study, the authors aimed to assess the association of loneliness and disability with oral health in 2 groups older adults (≥ 60 years) in central India. METHODS A total of 421 older adults participated in the study; 316 (75.1%) attended outpatient services at the Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India, and 105 (24.9%) were from old age homes. The authors used the Patients Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System's social isolation 8a short form to assess loneliness. Disability was assessed using the 12-item version of the self-administered World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale. The authors conducted regression analyses to establish the association of loneliness and disability with the decayed, missing, and filled tooth index; periodontal disease; and edentulousness. RESULTS Poor oral health findings were noted in both groups. Eighty-eight (20.9%) participants had never visited a dentist, and 201 (88.5%) had unmet dental prosthetic needs. Loneliness and disability were associated with decayed, missing, and filled tooth index scores; periodontal disease; and edentulousness, with odds ratios of 1.86, 1.29, 2.37 and 4.63, 3.85, 3.63 respectively (P < .001). Age, sex, socioeconomic status, type of residence, tobacco use, and use of oral health care were also independent variables associated with oral health (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Loneliness and disability were found to be significantly associated with oral health. The study results found poor oral health, low use of oral health care, and high unmet need for dental prosthetics in the 2 groups of older adults. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Practicing dentists need to understand the significance of loneliness and social isolation on oral health. Interventions to reduce isolation and disability can be beneficial in improving the oral health of older adults.
Advances in Life Science and Its Applications, Jul 3, 2012
A corporation is a legal entity that is created under the laws of a state designed to establish t... more A corporation is a legal entity that is created under the laws of a state designed to establish the entity as a separate legal entity having its own privileges and liabilities distinct from those of its members. Corporations have existed in almost every profession and dentistry was not far behind. When patients visit a dental office they expect a diagnosis and resolution of the problem. They expect to leave the office with their problem solved completely, with minimum physical and psychological discomfort, and at a reasonable cost. The success of a dentist in providing oral health care quickly, completely, painlessly, and at a reasonable cost requires the collaborative effort of what can be referred to as the dental enterprise. The future of corporate dentistry in many countries including United States and India remains uncertain. There is a need of clear and well defined laws regarding the opening practice of these set ups. Well articulated laws will not only be beneficial for dental surgeons and the corporate industry but will also be seen as a welcome move by the dental patients.
Online Journal of Health Ethics, 2011
Ethics is a cornerstone of dental research, and, for that matter, any research. Authorship in sci... more Ethics is a cornerstone of dental research, and, for that matter, any research. Authorship in scientific research is an important issue which requires considerable discussion and debate. The pressure to publish is well-established in the university community. Faculty member's performance and promotion are judged by the number of published articles in academic or scholarly journals. Most of the dental schools or universities in India do not have an ethics committee. Ethical issues like informed consent and ethics committee clearance are being taken for granted. That
Geriatrics & gerontology international, Jan 17, 2015
The aim of the present study was to analyze geriatric oral health predicaments in India. Specific... more The aim of the present study was to analyze geriatric oral health predicaments in India. Specifically, to assess the oral health status and treatment needs among the geriatric population attending health camps in New Delhi, Northern India. The sample size for the cross-sectional study comprised of 248 elderly participants aged 60 years having attended the health check-up camps organized in New Delhi, India. The community periodontal index was used for assessment of periodontal disease. The World Health Organization's criterion was used for detection of dentition status and treatment needs. The χ(2) -test was used to compare between categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare between two groups for quantitative variables. Regression analysis was carried out to identify the factors associated with dental caries and periodontal disease status. The mean number of affected sextants with the highest community periodontal index score of 4 was 3.54 ± 2.45. Mean de...
Case reports in pulmonology, 2015
Hemoptysis constitutes a common and urgent medical problem. Swift and effective management is of ... more Hemoptysis constitutes a common and urgent medical problem. Swift and effective management is of crucial importance, especially in severe, life-threatening cases. Because of bronchial artery or a branch of pulmonary artery erosion due to cavitary infiltration, bronchiectasis, fungus ball, broncholithiasis, or destroyed lung, the bleeding can lead to highly compromised gas exchange or sometimes can be a life-threatening situation. Chest computerized tomography and bronchoscopy remain the methods of choice for lateralization of the disease. Some patients can be treated successfully with endobronchial interventions. Bronchial artery embolization can be rewarding in some patients but the recurrence rate is higher in tuberculosis than other etiologies of hemoptysis. Surgical resection of the lung, mainly lobectomy, remains a life-saving procedure but it should be performed very selectively to avoid higher postoperative morbidity and mortality.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2014
Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network, 2011
Due to emerging growth in Internet, deployment of IPv6 has become mandatory. Transition of IPv4 t... more Due to emerging growth in Internet, deployment of IPv6 has become mandatory. Transition of IPv4 to IPv6 is not a single day task. Due to compatibility issues, both the protocols will coexist for years during the transition period. In this paper we will study the design and implementation of an IPv6 to IPv4 translator which provides the communication mechanism from IPv6 only to IPv4 only networks and vice versa, by doing alteration in IP header of packets. The multithreaded DNS application gateway is also implemented to simultaneously serve multiple DNS queries and convert DNS replies from IPv4 to IPv6 or vice versa.
Trace Elements and Dental Caries, 2011
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 2008
Prostate cancer remains an important and growing health problem. Advances in imaging of prostate ... more Prostate cancer remains an important and growing health problem. Advances in imaging of prostate cancer may help to achieve earlier and more accurate diagnosis and treatment. We review the various strategies using reporter genes for molecular imaging of prostate cancer. These approaches are emerging as valuable tools for monitoring gene expression in laboratory animals and humans. Further development of more sensitive and selective reporters, combined with improvements in detection technology, will consolidate the position of reporter gene imaging as a versatile method for understanding of intracellular biological processes and the underlying molecular basis of prostate cancer, as well as potentially establishing a future role in the clinical management of patients afflicted with this disease.
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2014
Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 2012
Purpose-To evaluate the feasibility of intratumoral delivery of adenoviral vector carrying a bidi... more Purpose-To evaluate the feasibility of intratumoral delivery of adenoviral vector carrying a bidirectional two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system to amplify transcriptional strength of cancer-specific Survivin promoter in a hepatocellular carcinoma model. Materials and Methods-MCA-RH7777 cells were implanted in rat liver, and tumor formation was confirmed with [ 18 F]fluoro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). The adenoviral vector studied had Survivin promoter driving a therapeutic gene (tumor necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [TRAIL]) and a reporter gene (firefly luciferase [FL]; Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL). Tumor-bearing rats were administered Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL intravenously (n = 7) or intratumorally (n = 8). For control groups, adenovirus FL under cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (Ad-pCMV-FL) was administered intravenously (n = 3) or intratumorally (n = 3). One day after delivery, bioluminescence imaging was performed to evaluate transduction. At 4 and 7 days after delivery, 18F-FDG-PET was performed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. Results-With intravenous delivery, Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL showed no measurable liver tumor FL signal on day 1 after delivery, but showed better therapeutic efficacy than Ad-pCMV-FL on day 7 (PET tumor/liver ratio, 3.5 ± 0.58 vs 6.0 ± 0.71; P = .02). With intratumoral delivery, Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL showed positive FL signal from all tumors and better therapeutic efficacy than Ad-pCMV-FL on day 7 (2.4 ± 0.50 vs 5.4 ± 0.78; P = .01).
Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 2012
This study was designed to comparatively evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the retention o... more This study was designed to comparatively evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the retention of custom-fabricated fiber-reinforced composite (CF-FRC), prefabricated metal, and glass fiber posts. Thirty mandibular first premolars decoronated at the CE junction were divided into three groups (n=10). Groups A, B, and C were restored using Para Post (Whale dent), Reforpost (Angelus), and CF-FRC post (Ribbond-THM), respectively. Five specimens from each group were subjected to cyclic loading. Tensile bond strength (TBS) was evaluated. Pre-loading TBS values were statistically, significantly higher for all posts (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05). Before and after loading, there was a significant difference between group C as compared to groups A and B. Cyclic loading reduced the retention of all posts but was comparatively lesser for the CF-FRC post. This system provides sufficient retention required for clinical success.
Journal of Biological Systems, 2012
Inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seem to be extremely rare in natural communities. Until recently... more Inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seem to be extremely rare in natural communities. Until recently, the only examples have been in freshwater and marine planktonic communities. In 2002 and 2008, investigators documented inverted biomass pyramids for nearly pristine coral reef ecosystems within the NW Hawaiian islands and the Line Islands, where apex predator abundance comprises up to 85% of the fish biomass. Large predator:prey biomass ratio seems to be a signature of nearly pristine coral reefs. While the mechanism responsible for the IBP for homogeneously mixed planktonic communities seems to be well understood, this mechanism is not strictly applicable to nearly pristine coral reefs where much of the prey use coral as refuge and are inaccessible to the predators. We construct a mathematical model with an explicit refuge to illustrate a new biologically plausible mechanism that can explain stable IBPs in nearly pristine coral reefs. New modeling components include a refuge of expli...
Ecological Modelling, 2009
Demographic Research, 2009
Current Opinion in Cardiology, 2006
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2011
Thomas Schelling developed an influential demographic model that illustrated how, even with relat... more Thomas Schelling developed an influential demographic model that illustrated how, even with relatively mild assumptions on each individual's nearest neighbor preferences, an integrated city would likely unravel to a segregated city, even if all individuals prefer integration. Individuals in Schelling's model cities are divided into two groups of equal number and each individual is 'happy' or 'unhappy' when the number of similar neighbors cross a simple threshold. In this manuscript we consider natural extensions of Schelling's original model to allow the two groups have different sizes and to allow different notions of happiness of an individual. We observe that differences in aggregation patterns of majority and minority groups are highly sensitive to the happiness threshold; for low threshold, the differences are small, and when the threshold is raised, striking new patterns emerge. We also observe that when individuals strongly prefer to live integrated neighborhoods, the final states exhibit a new tessellated-like structure.
Academic Leadership: The Online Journal
The dental public health field has been expanding in scope & complexity with more emphasis beingp... more The dental public health field has been expanding in scope & complexity with more emphasis beingplaced on the total dental care delivery system and its impact on oral health status.A broadly accepted definition of "dental public health" has been given byDowner 1994: "The science and art of preventing oral disease, promotingoral health and improving quality of life through the organized effortsof society" (Downer et al,1994). A broader definition was made ten years later as follows: "The scienceand art of preventing oral disease, promoting oral healthand improving quality of life through the organized efforts and informedchoices of society, organizations, public and private, communities andindividuals" (Pine & Harris 2007).The purpose of an oral health care system is to influence the population’s way of life so that oral healthis promoted or maintained and oral disease prevented; and to promote adequate treatment to thosemembers of the population affecte...
The Journal of the American Dental Association, 2020
BACKGROUND In this study, the authors aimed to assess the association of loneliness and disabilit... more BACKGROUND In this study, the authors aimed to assess the association of loneliness and disability with oral health in 2 groups older adults (≥ 60 years) in central India. METHODS A total of 421 older adults participated in the study; 316 (75.1%) attended outpatient services at the Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India, and 105 (24.9%) were from old age homes. The authors used the Patients Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System's social isolation 8a short form to assess loneliness. Disability was assessed using the 12-item version of the self-administered World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale. The authors conducted regression analyses to establish the association of loneliness and disability with the decayed, missing, and filled tooth index; periodontal disease; and edentulousness. RESULTS Poor oral health findings were noted in both groups. Eighty-eight (20.9%) participants had never visited a dentist, and 201 (88.5%) had unmet dental prosthetic needs. Loneliness and disability were associated with decayed, missing, and filled tooth index scores; periodontal disease; and edentulousness, with odds ratios of 1.86, 1.29, 2.37 and 4.63, 3.85, 3.63 respectively (P < .001). Age, sex, socioeconomic status, type of residence, tobacco use, and use of oral health care were also independent variables associated with oral health (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Loneliness and disability were found to be significantly associated with oral health. The study results found poor oral health, low use of oral health care, and high unmet need for dental prosthetics in the 2 groups of older adults. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Practicing dentists need to understand the significance of loneliness and social isolation on oral health. Interventions to reduce isolation and disability can be beneficial in improving the oral health of older adults.
Advances in Life Science and Its Applications, Jul 3, 2012
A corporation is a legal entity that is created under the laws of a state designed to establish t... more A corporation is a legal entity that is created under the laws of a state designed to establish the entity as a separate legal entity having its own privileges and liabilities distinct from those of its members. Corporations have existed in almost every profession and dentistry was not far behind. When patients visit a dental office they expect a diagnosis and resolution of the problem. They expect to leave the office with their problem solved completely, with minimum physical and psychological discomfort, and at a reasonable cost. The success of a dentist in providing oral health care quickly, completely, painlessly, and at a reasonable cost requires the collaborative effort of what can be referred to as the dental enterprise. The future of corporate dentistry in many countries including United States and India remains uncertain. There is a need of clear and well defined laws regarding the opening practice of these set ups. Well articulated laws will not only be beneficial for dental surgeons and the corporate industry but will also be seen as a welcome move by the dental patients.
Online Journal of Health Ethics, 2011
Ethics is a cornerstone of dental research, and, for that matter, any research. Authorship in sci... more Ethics is a cornerstone of dental research, and, for that matter, any research. Authorship in scientific research is an important issue which requires considerable discussion and debate. The pressure to publish is well-established in the university community. Faculty member's performance and promotion are judged by the number of published articles in academic or scholarly journals. Most of the dental schools or universities in India do not have an ethics committee. Ethical issues like informed consent and ethics committee clearance are being taken for granted. That
Geriatrics & gerontology international, Jan 17, 2015
The aim of the present study was to analyze geriatric oral health predicaments in India. Specific... more The aim of the present study was to analyze geriatric oral health predicaments in India. Specifically, to assess the oral health status and treatment needs among the geriatric population attending health camps in New Delhi, Northern India. The sample size for the cross-sectional study comprised of 248 elderly participants aged 60 years having attended the health check-up camps organized in New Delhi, India. The community periodontal index was used for assessment of periodontal disease. The World Health Organization's criterion was used for detection of dentition status and treatment needs. The χ(2) -test was used to compare between categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare between two groups for quantitative variables. Regression analysis was carried out to identify the factors associated with dental caries and periodontal disease status. The mean number of affected sextants with the highest community periodontal index score of 4 was 3.54 ± 2.45. Mean de...
Case reports in pulmonology, 2015
Hemoptysis constitutes a common and urgent medical problem. Swift and effective management is of ... more Hemoptysis constitutes a common and urgent medical problem. Swift and effective management is of crucial importance, especially in severe, life-threatening cases. Because of bronchial artery or a branch of pulmonary artery erosion due to cavitary infiltration, bronchiectasis, fungus ball, broncholithiasis, or destroyed lung, the bleeding can lead to highly compromised gas exchange or sometimes can be a life-threatening situation. Chest computerized tomography and bronchoscopy remain the methods of choice for lateralization of the disease. Some patients can be treated successfully with endobronchial interventions. Bronchial artery embolization can be rewarding in some patients but the recurrence rate is higher in tuberculosis than other etiologies of hemoptysis. Surgical resection of the lung, mainly lobectomy, remains a life-saving procedure but it should be performed very selectively to avoid higher postoperative morbidity and mortality.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2014
Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network, 2011
Due to emerging growth in Internet, deployment of IPv6 has become mandatory. Transition of IPv4 t... more Due to emerging growth in Internet, deployment of IPv6 has become mandatory. Transition of IPv4 to IPv6 is not a single day task. Due to compatibility issues, both the protocols will coexist for years during the transition period. In this paper we will study the design and implementation of an IPv6 to IPv4 translator which provides the communication mechanism from IPv6 only to IPv4 only networks and vice versa, by doing alteration in IP header of packets. The multithreaded DNS application gateway is also implemented to simultaneously serve multiple DNS queries and convert DNS replies from IPv4 to IPv6 or vice versa.
Trace Elements and Dental Caries, 2011
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 2008
Prostate cancer remains an important and growing health problem. Advances in imaging of prostate ... more Prostate cancer remains an important and growing health problem. Advances in imaging of prostate cancer may help to achieve earlier and more accurate diagnosis and treatment. We review the various strategies using reporter genes for molecular imaging of prostate cancer. These approaches are emerging as valuable tools for monitoring gene expression in laboratory animals and humans. Further development of more sensitive and selective reporters, combined with improvements in detection technology, will consolidate the position of reporter gene imaging as a versatile method for understanding of intracellular biological processes and the underlying molecular basis of prostate cancer, as well as potentially establishing a future role in the clinical management of patients afflicted with this disease.
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2014
Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 2012
Purpose-To evaluate the feasibility of intratumoral delivery of adenoviral vector carrying a bidi... more Purpose-To evaluate the feasibility of intratumoral delivery of adenoviral vector carrying a bidirectional two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system to amplify transcriptional strength of cancer-specific Survivin promoter in a hepatocellular carcinoma model. Materials and Methods-MCA-RH7777 cells were implanted in rat liver, and tumor formation was confirmed with [ 18 F]fluoro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). The adenoviral vector studied had Survivin promoter driving a therapeutic gene (tumor necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [TRAIL]) and a reporter gene (firefly luciferase [FL]; Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL). Tumor-bearing rats were administered Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL intravenously (n = 7) or intratumorally (n = 8). For control groups, adenovirus FL under cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (Ad-pCMV-FL) was administered intravenously (n = 3) or intratumorally (n = 3). One day after delivery, bioluminescence imaging was performed to evaluate transduction. At 4 and 7 days after delivery, 18F-FDG-PET was performed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. Results-With intravenous delivery, Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL showed no measurable liver tumor FL signal on day 1 after delivery, but showed better therapeutic efficacy than Ad-pCMV-FL on day 7 (PET tumor/liver ratio, 3.5 ± 0.58 vs 6.0 ± 0.71; P = .02). With intratumoral delivery, Ad-pSurvivin-TSTA-TRAIL-FL showed positive FL signal from all tumors and better therapeutic efficacy than Ad-pCMV-FL on day 7 (2.4 ± 0.50 vs 5.4 ± 0.78; P = .01).
Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 2012
This study was designed to comparatively evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the retention o... more This study was designed to comparatively evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the retention of custom-fabricated fiber-reinforced composite (CF-FRC), prefabricated metal, and glass fiber posts. Thirty mandibular first premolars decoronated at the CE junction were divided into three groups (n=10). Groups A, B, and C were restored using Para Post (Whale dent), Reforpost (Angelus), and CF-FRC post (Ribbond-THM), respectively. Five specimens from each group were subjected to cyclic loading. Tensile bond strength (TBS) was evaluated. Pre-loading TBS values were statistically, significantly higher for all posts (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05). Before and after loading, there was a significant difference between group C as compared to groups A and B. Cyclic loading reduced the retention of all posts but was comparatively lesser for the CF-FRC post. This system provides sufficient retention required for clinical success.
Journal of Biological Systems, 2012
Inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seem to be extremely rare in natural communities. Until recently... more Inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seem to be extremely rare in natural communities. Until recently, the only examples have been in freshwater and marine planktonic communities. In 2002 and 2008, investigators documented inverted biomass pyramids for nearly pristine coral reef ecosystems within the NW Hawaiian islands and the Line Islands, where apex predator abundance comprises up to 85% of the fish biomass. Large predator:prey biomass ratio seems to be a signature of nearly pristine coral reefs. While the mechanism responsible for the IBP for homogeneously mixed planktonic communities seems to be well understood, this mechanism is not strictly applicable to nearly pristine coral reefs where much of the prey use coral as refuge and are inaccessible to the predators. We construct a mathematical model with an explicit refuge to illustrate a new biologically plausible mechanism that can explain stable IBPs in nearly pristine coral reefs. New modeling components include a refuge of expli...
Ecological Modelling, 2009
Demographic Research, 2009
Current Opinion in Cardiology, 2006
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2011
Thomas Schelling developed an influential demographic model that illustrated how, even with relat... more Thomas Schelling developed an influential demographic model that illustrated how, even with relatively mild assumptions on each individual's nearest neighbor preferences, an integrated city would likely unravel to a segregated city, even if all individuals prefer integration. Individuals in Schelling's model cities are divided into two groups of equal number and each individual is 'happy' or 'unhappy' when the number of similar neighbors cross a simple threshold. In this manuscript we consider natural extensions of Schelling's original model to allow the two groups have different sizes and to allow different notions of happiness of an individual. We observe that differences in aggregation patterns of majority and minority groups are highly sensitive to the happiness threshold; for low threshold, the differences are small, and when the threshold is raised, striking new patterns emerge. We also observe that when individuals strongly prefer to live integrated neighborhoods, the final states exhibit a new tessellated-like structure.