Adam Crawford - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Books by Adam Crawford

Papers by Adam Crawford

British Journal of Criminology, 2016

This article presents findings from a study of the use of antisocial behaviour (ASB) warning lett... more This article presents findings from a study of the use of antisocial behaviour (ASB) warning letters, Acceptable Behaviour Contracts (ABCs) and AntiSocial Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) with 3,481 young people from four large metropolitan areas in England, which challenge dominant narratives about their use and impact. The findings unsettle prevailing beliefs concerning the targeted use of ASB interventions to tackle low-level incivilities and the timing of their use within a young person's deviant trajectory. They also contest the logical sequencing of behaviour regulation strategies by demonstrating the haphazard deployment of ASB sanctions within complex webs of prevention, ASB and youth justice interventions. The article concludes by considering the findings alongside recent youth justice trends in England and Wales.

Wat weten we over de manier waarop herstelrecht kan bijdragen tot de preventie van criminaliteit ... more Wat weten we over de manier waarop herstelrecht kan bijdragen tot de preventie van criminaliteit of, omgekeerd, hoe criminaliteitspreventie herstelrechtelijke principes kan uitdragen? Vanuit een intuïtief aanvoelen worden herstelrecht en criminaliteitspreventie gemakkelijk met elkaar in verband gebracht, al is het maar omdat beide zich op de toekomst richten: het ligt in de bedoeling van beide benaderingen om het toekomstig gedrag van mensen te beïnvloeden en hen niet enkel verantwoordelijk te houden voor het verleden. Daar waar criminaliteitspreventie echter uitsluitend toekomstgericht is, wil het herstelrecht het verleden met de toekomst verzoenen. * Deze tekst betreft een verkorte en bewerkte weergave van A. Crawford (2010) Conceptual links and policy challenges.

Restorative justice has been one of the most significant developments in criminal justice practic... more Restorative justice has been one of the most significant developments in criminal justice practice and criminological thinking to have emerged over the past two decades. It offers both a philosophy of conflict resolution and a model of justice. It is said to have implications for governance at local, national and international levels, and relevance in guiding the settlement of non-criminal quarrels, minor infractions and serious interpersonal violence, as well as international disputes, state violence and cases of mass genocide in societies in transition. Yet, in large part it constitutes either a practice (often at the margins) in search of a theory or alternatively, a philosophy desperately seeking implementation. Despite important steps to reconcile theory and practice, the 'gap' between ideal and reality remains a considerable one.

This paper will draw upon the findings of two recently completed research studies to explore the ... more This paper will draw upon the findings of two recently completed research studies to explore the role of neighbourhood wardens in policing, community safety, environmental well-being and urban renaissance. The first study evaluates the work of neighbourhood wardens and their contribution to local service provision and social capital in a number of estates across the city of Leeds. The second study, recently published as a book entitled ‘Plural Policing’ (Policy Press, 2005), explores the nature of the mixed economy of visible patrols – by public, municipal and private providers – in England and Wales, and seeks to locate the work of wardens within the shifting division of labour. The paper will consider the complex relationship between policing, security provision, community engagement and social cohesion. It will analyse public expectations, the role of patrol within the police mandate and the growing market for security solutions to local problems. In so doing, the paper will crit...

The International Journal of Restorative Justice, 2020

Restorative justice services have expanded in England and Wales since the Victim’s Code 2015. Yet... more Restorative justice services have expanded in England and Wales since the Victim’s Code 2015. Yet evidence from the Crime Survey for England and Wales shows that in 2016-2017 only 4.1 per cent of victims recall being offered such a service. This article presents the evidence from an action research project set in three police forces in England and Wales, which sought to develop the delivery of restorative justice interventions with victims of adult and youth crime. We depict the complexity intrinsic to making an offer of restorative justice and the difficulties forces experienced in practice, given the cultural, practical and administrative challenges encountered during the course of three distinct pilot projects. Points of good practice, such as institutional buy-in, uncomplicated referral processes and adopting a victim-focused mindset are highlighted. Finally, we draw the results from the different projects together to suggest a seven-point set of requirements that need to be in place for the offer of restorative practice to become an effective and familiar process in policing.College of Policing

International Journal of Law in Context, 2019

In a context of hyper-diversity and social polarisation, it has been suggested that public parks ... more In a context of hyper-diversity and social polarisation, it has been suggested that public parks constitute crucial arenas in which to safeguard deliberative democracy and foster social relations that bind loosely connected strangers. Drawing on empirical research, we offer a more circumspect and nuanced understanding of the – nonetheless vital – role that parks can play in fostering civic norms that support the capacity for living with difference. As ‘spaces apart’, parks have distinctive atmospheres that afford opportunities for convivial encounters in which ‘indifference to difference’ underpins ‘openness to otherness’. As places in which difference is rendered routine and unremarkable, the potency of parks for social cohesion derives from fleeting and unanticipated interactions and the weak ties they promote, rather than strong bonds of community that tend to solidify lines of cultural differentiation. Both by design and unintentionally, regulation and law can serve to foster or...

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2016

Many of the specific powers and developments referred to in this article are different in their l... more Many of the specific powers and developments referred to in this article are different in their legal status and implementation in Scotland and to a lesser extent Northern Ireland, as compared with England and Wales. Nevertheless, the broader trends and developments that they express have parallels across the UK (for example, Crawford 2008; Burney 2009).

Legitimacy and Compliance in Criminal Justice, 2012

Introduction, Adam Crawford and Anthea Hucklesby 1. Legitimacy and compliance: the virtues of sel... more Introduction, Adam Crawford and Anthea Hucklesby 1. Legitimacy and compliance: the virtues of self-regualtion, Tom Tyler 2.Compliance with the Law and Policing by consent: Notes on Police and Legal Legitimacy, Jonathan Jackson, Ben Bradford, Mike Hough and Katherine Murray, 3. Legitimacy of Penal Policies: Punishment between normative and Empirical Legitimacy, Sonja Snacken, 4. Questioning the Legitimacy of Compliance: A Case Study of the Banking Crisis, Doreen McBarnet, 5. Resistant and Dismissive Defiance Toward Tax Authorities, Valerie Braithwaite 6. Liquid Legitimacy and Community Sanctions, Fergus McNeill and Gwen Robinson 7. Compliance with Electronically Monitored Curfew Orders: Some Empirical Findings, Anthea Hucklesby 8. Implant Technology and the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders: Old and New Questions about Compliance, Control and Legitimacy, Mike Nellis 9. 'Sticks and Carrots and Sermons': Some Thoughts on Compliance and Legitimacy in the Regulation of Youth Anti-Social Behaviour, Adam Crawford.

British Journal of Criminology, 2015

This article develops a conceptual framework that prompts new lines of enquiry and questions for ... more This article develops a conceptual framework that prompts new lines of enquiry and questions for security researchers. We advance the notion of 'everyday security' which encompasses both the lived experiences of security processes and the related practices that people engage in to govern their own safety. Our analysis proceeds from a critical appraisal of several dominant themes within current security research, and how 'everyday security' addresses key limitations therein. Everyday experiences and quotidian practices of security are then explored along three key dimensions; temporality, spatial scale and affect/emotion. We conclude by arguing that the study of everyday security provides an invaluable critical vantage-point from which to reinvigorate security studies and expose the differential impacts of both insecurity and securitisation.

PsycEXTRA Dataset

The Research, Development and Statistics Directorate RDS is part of the Home Office. The Home Off... more The Research, Development and Statistics Directorate RDS is part of the Home Office. The Home Office's purpose is to build a safe, just and tolerant society in which the rights and responsibilities of individuals, families and communities are properly balanced and the protection and security of the public are maintained. RDS is also part of National Statistics (NS). One of the aims of NS is to inform Parliament and the citizen about the state of the nation and provide a window on the work and performance of government, allowing the impact of government policies and actions to be assessed. Therefore-Research Development and Statistics Directorate exists to improve policy making, decision taking and practice in support of the Home Office purpose and aims, to provide the public and Parliament with information necessary for informed debate and to publish information for future use.

Youth Justice, 2002

In a recent article in this journal, John Muncie (2002) argued that contemporary youth justice wa... more In a recent article in this journal, John Muncie (2002) argued that contemporary youth justice was increasingly influenced by ideas imported from abroad. Most notably, he suggested, the dominant influence consisted of a ‘partial and piecemeal’ selection of elements of restorative justice from Australasia and Scotland, together with the utilization of a more American-influenced ‘what works’ agenda. Using the example of Referral Orders, this article challenges his contention that this provides a ‘dubious basis for reform’. We argue that in fact the Referral Orders’ pilots were both a positive example of policy transfer and, though not unproblematic, were also illustrative of some of the important aspects of the ‘what works’ agenda.

Advances in Evidence-Based Policing

This is a repository copy of Research co-production and knowledge mobilisation in policing.

Urban History

While the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local govern... more While the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local governors sought to realize this ideal in practice. This article is concerned with park-making as a process – contingent, unstable, open – rather than with parks as outcomes – determined, settled, closed. It details how local governors bounded, designed and regulated park spaces to differentiate them as ‘spaces apart’ within the city, and how this programme of spatial governance was obstructed, frustrated and diverted by political, environmental and social forces. The article also uses this historical analysis to provide a new perspective on the future prospects of urban parks today.

Urban Studies

British urban parks are a creation of the 19th century and a central feature in the Victorian ima... more British urban parks are a creation of the 19th century and a central feature in the Victorian image of the city. In the UK, parks are at a critical juncture as to their future role, prospects and sustainability. This article contributes to renewed interest in ‘social futures’ by thinking forward through the past about the trajectory of Victorian public parks. We outline six images of what parks might become, derived from traces in history and extrapolations from current trends. These projections diverge in terms of adaptations to funding and governance, management of competing demands and organisation of use. In contrast to a dominant Victorian park ideal and its relative continuity over time, we are likely to see the intensification of increasingly varied park futures. We draw attention to interaction effects between these differing images of the future. Excavated from the Victorian legacy, the park futures presented have wider potential inferences and resonance, including beyond t...

Theoretical Criminology

Supplementing familiar linear and chronological accounts of history, we delineate a novel approac... more Supplementing familiar linear and chronological accounts of history, we delineate a novel approach that explores connections between past, present and future. Drawing on Koselleck, we outline a framework for analysing the interconnected categories of ‘spaces of experience’ and ‘horizons of expectation’ across times. We consider the visions and anxieties of futures past and futures present; how these are constituted by, and inform, experiences that have happened and are yet to come. This conceptual frame is developed through the study of the heritage and lived experiences of a specific Victorian park within an English city. We analyse the formation of urban order as a lens to interrogate both the immediate and long-term linkages between past, present and possible futures. This approach enables us to ground analysis of prospects for urban relations in historical perspective and to pose fundamental questions about the social role of urban parks.

Policing and Society

Child safeguarding has come to the forefront of public debate in the UK in the aftermath of a ser... more Child safeguarding has come to the forefront of public debate in the UK in the aftermath of a series of highly publicised incidents of child sexual exploitation and abuse. These have exposed the inadequacies and failings of inter-organisational relations between police and key partners. While the discourse of policing partnerships is now accepted wisdom, progress has been distinctly hesitant. This paper contributes to understanding both the challenges and opportunities presented through working across organisational boundaries in the context of safeguarding children. It draws on a study of relations within one of the largest Safeguarding Children partnerships in England, developing insights from Etienne Wenger regarding the potential of 'communities of practice' that innovate on the basis of everyday learning through 'boundary work'. We demonstrate how such networked approaches expose the differential power relations and sites of conflict between organisations but also provide possibilities to challenge introspective cultures and foster organisational learning. We argue that crucial in cultivating effective 'communities of practice' are: shared commitment and purpose; relations of trust; balanced exchange of information and resources; mutual respect for difference; and an open and mature dialogue over possible conflicts. Boundary crossing can open opportunities to foster increased reflexivity among policing professionals, prompting critical self-reflection on values, ongoing reassessment of assumptions and questioning of terminology. Yet, there is an inherent tension in that the learning and innovative potential afforded by emergent 'communities of practice' derives from the coexistence and interplay between both the depth of knowledge within practices and active boundaries across practices.

British Journal of Criminology, 2016

This article presents findings from a study of the use of antisocial behaviour (ASB) warning lett... more This article presents findings from a study of the use of antisocial behaviour (ASB) warning letters, Acceptable Behaviour Contracts (ABCs) and AntiSocial Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) with 3,481 young people from four large metropolitan areas in England, which challenge dominant narratives about their use and impact. The findings unsettle prevailing beliefs concerning the targeted use of ASB interventions to tackle low-level incivilities and the timing of their use within a young person's deviant trajectory. They also contest the logical sequencing of behaviour regulation strategies by demonstrating the haphazard deployment of ASB sanctions within complex webs of prevention, ASB and youth justice interventions. The article concludes by considering the findings alongside recent youth justice trends in England and Wales.

Wat weten we over de manier waarop herstelrecht kan bijdragen tot de preventie van criminaliteit ... more Wat weten we over de manier waarop herstelrecht kan bijdragen tot de preventie van criminaliteit of, omgekeerd, hoe criminaliteitspreventie herstelrechtelijke principes kan uitdragen? Vanuit een intuïtief aanvoelen worden herstelrecht en criminaliteitspreventie gemakkelijk met elkaar in verband gebracht, al is het maar omdat beide zich op de toekomst richten: het ligt in de bedoeling van beide benaderingen om het toekomstig gedrag van mensen te beïnvloeden en hen niet enkel verantwoordelijk te houden voor het verleden. Daar waar criminaliteitspreventie echter uitsluitend toekomstgericht is, wil het herstelrecht het verleden met de toekomst verzoenen. * Deze tekst betreft een verkorte en bewerkte weergave van A. Crawford (2010) Conceptual links and policy challenges.

Restorative justice has been one of the most significant developments in criminal justice practic... more Restorative justice has been one of the most significant developments in criminal justice practice and criminological thinking to have emerged over the past two decades. It offers both a philosophy of conflict resolution and a model of justice. It is said to have implications for governance at local, national and international levels, and relevance in guiding the settlement of non-criminal quarrels, minor infractions and serious interpersonal violence, as well as international disputes, state violence and cases of mass genocide in societies in transition. Yet, in large part it constitutes either a practice (often at the margins) in search of a theory or alternatively, a philosophy desperately seeking implementation. Despite important steps to reconcile theory and practice, the 'gap' between ideal and reality remains a considerable one.

This paper will draw upon the findings of two recently completed research studies to explore the ... more This paper will draw upon the findings of two recently completed research studies to explore the role of neighbourhood wardens in policing, community safety, environmental well-being and urban renaissance. The first study evaluates the work of neighbourhood wardens and their contribution to local service provision and social capital in a number of estates across the city of Leeds. The second study, recently published as a book entitled ‘Plural Policing’ (Policy Press, 2005), explores the nature of the mixed economy of visible patrols – by public, municipal and private providers – in England and Wales, and seeks to locate the work of wardens within the shifting division of labour. The paper will consider the complex relationship between policing, security provision, community engagement and social cohesion. It will analyse public expectations, the role of patrol within the police mandate and the growing market for security solutions to local problems. In so doing, the paper will crit...

The International Journal of Restorative Justice, 2020

Restorative justice services have expanded in England and Wales since the Victim’s Code 2015. Yet... more Restorative justice services have expanded in England and Wales since the Victim’s Code 2015. Yet evidence from the Crime Survey for England and Wales shows that in 2016-2017 only 4.1 per cent of victims recall being offered such a service. This article presents the evidence from an action research project set in three police forces in England and Wales, which sought to develop the delivery of restorative justice interventions with victims of adult and youth crime. We depict the complexity intrinsic to making an offer of restorative justice and the difficulties forces experienced in practice, given the cultural, practical and administrative challenges encountered during the course of three distinct pilot projects. Points of good practice, such as institutional buy-in, uncomplicated referral processes and adopting a victim-focused mindset are highlighted. Finally, we draw the results from the different projects together to suggest a seven-point set of requirements that need to be in place for the offer of restorative practice to become an effective and familiar process in policing.College of Policing

International Journal of Law in Context, 2019

In a context of hyper-diversity and social polarisation, it has been suggested that public parks ... more In a context of hyper-diversity and social polarisation, it has been suggested that public parks constitute crucial arenas in which to safeguard deliberative democracy and foster social relations that bind loosely connected strangers. Drawing on empirical research, we offer a more circumspect and nuanced understanding of the – nonetheless vital – role that parks can play in fostering civic norms that support the capacity for living with difference. As ‘spaces apart’, parks have distinctive atmospheres that afford opportunities for convivial encounters in which ‘indifference to difference’ underpins ‘openness to otherness’. As places in which difference is rendered routine and unremarkable, the potency of parks for social cohesion derives from fleeting and unanticipated interactions and the weak ties they promote, rather than strong bonds of community that tend to solidify lines of cultural differentiation. Both by design and unintentionally, regulation and law can serve to foster or...

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2016

Many of the specific powers and developments referred to in this article are different in their l... more Many of the specific powers and developments referred to in this article are different in their legal status and implementation in Scotland and to a lesser extent Northern Ireland, as compared with England and Wales. Nevertheless, the broader trends and developments that they express have parallels across the UK (for example, Crawford 2008; Burney 2009).

Legitimacy and Compliance in Criminal Justice, 2012

Introduction, Adam Crawford and Anthea Hucklesby 1. Legitimacy and compliance: the virtues of sel... more Introduction, Adam Crawford and Anthea Hucklesby 1. Legitimacy and compliance: the virtues of self-regualtion, Tom Tyler 2.Compliance with the Law and Policing by consent: Notes on Police and Legal Legitimacy, Jonathan Jackson, Ben Bradford, Mike Hough and Katherine Murray, 3. Legitimacy of Penal Policies: Punishment between normative and Empirical Legitimacy, Sonja Snacken, 4. Questioning the Legitimacy of Compliance: A Case Study of the Banking Crisis, Doreen McBarnet, 5. Resistant and Dismissive Defiance Toward Tax Authorities, Valerie Braithwaite 6. Liquid Legitimacy and Community Sanctions, Fergus McNeill and Gwen Robinson 7. Compliance with Electronically Monitored Curfew Orders: Some Empirical Findings, Anthea Hucklesby 8. Implant Technology and the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders: Old and New Questions about Compliance, Control and Legitimacy, Mike Nellis 9. 'Sticks and Carrots and Sermons': Some Thoughts on Compliance and Legitimacy in the Regulation of Youth Anti-Social Behaviour, Adam Crawford.

British Journal of Criminology, 2015

This article develops a conceptual framework that prompts new lines of enquiry and questions for ... more This article develops a conceptual framework that prompts new lines of enquiry and questions for security researchers. We advance the notion of 'everyday security' which encompasses both the lived experiences of security processes and the related practices that people engage in to govern their own safety. Our analysis proceeds from a critical appraisal of several dominant themes within current security research, and how 'everyday security' addresses key limitations therein. Everyday experiences and quotidian practices of security are then explored along three key dimensions; temporality, spatial scale and affect/emotion. We conclude by arguing that the study of everyday security provides an invaluable critical vantage-point from which to reinvigorate security studies and expose the differential impacts of both insecurity and securitisation.

PsycEXTRA Dataset

The Research, Development and Statistics Directorate RDS is part of the Home Office. The Home Off... more The Research, Development and Statistics Directorate RDS is part of the Home Office. The Home Office's purpose is to build a safe, just and tolerant society in which the rights and responsibilities of individuals, families and communities are properly balanced and the protection and security of the public are maintained. RDS is also part of National Statistics (NS). One of the aims of NS is to inform Parliament and the citizen about the state of the nation and provide a window on the work and performance of government, allowing the impact of government policies and actions to be assessed. Therefore-Research Development and Statistics Directorate exists to improve policy making, decision taking and practice in support of the Home Office purpose and aims, to provide the public and Parliament with information necessary for informed debate and to publish information for future use.

Youth Justice, 2002

In a recent article in this journal, John Muncie (2002) argued that contemporary youth justice wa... more In a recent article in this journal, John Muncie (2002) argued that contemporary youth justice was increasingly influenced by ideas imported from abroad. Most notably, he suggested, the dominant influence consisted of a ‘partial and piecemeal’ selection of elements of restorative justice from Australasia and Scotland, together with the utilization of a more American-influenced ‘what works’ agenda. Using the example of Referral Orders, this article challenges his contention that this provides a ‘dubious basis for reform’. We argue that in fact the Referral Orders’ pilots were both a positive example of policy transfer and, though not unproblematic, were also illustrative of some of the important aspects of the ‘what works’ agenda.

Advances in Evidence-Based Policing

This is a repository copy of Research co-production and knowledge mobilisation in policing.

Urban History

While the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local govern... more While the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local governors sought to realize this ideal in practice. This article is concerned with park-making as a process – contingent, unstable, open – rather than with parks as outcomes – determined, settled, closed. It details how local governors bounded, designed and regulated park spaces to differentiate them as ‘spaces apart’ within the city, and how this programme of spatial governance was obstructed, frustrated and diverted by political, environmental and social forces. The article also uses this historical analysis to provide a new perspective on the future prospects of urban parks today.

Urban Studies

British urban parks are a creation of the 19th century and a central feature in the Victorian ima... more British urban parks are a creation of the 19th century and a central feature in the Victorian image of the city. In the UK, parks are at a critical juncture as to their future role, prospects and sustainability. This article contributes to renewed interest in ‘social futures’ by thinking forward through the past about the trajectory of Victorian public parks. We outline six images of what parks might become, derived from traces in history and extrapolations from current trends. These projections diverge in terms of adaptations to funding and governance, management of competing demands and organisation of use. In contrast to a dominant Victorian park ideal and its relative continuity over time, we are likely to see the intensification of increasingly varied park futures. We draw attention to interaction effects between these differing images of the future. Excavated from the Victorian legacy, the park futures presented have wider potential inferences and resonance, including beyond t...

Theoretical Criminology

Supplementing familiar linear and chronological accounts of history, we delineate a novel approac... more Supplementing familiar linear and chronological accounts of history, we delineate a novel approach that explores connections between past, present and future. Drawing on Koselleck, we outline a framework for analysing the interconnected categories of ‘spaces of experience’ and ‘horizons of expectation’ across times. We consider the visions and anxieties of futures past and futures present; how these are constituted by, and inform, experiences that have happened and are yet to come. This conceptual frame is developed through the study of the heritage and lived experiences of a specific Victorian park within an English city. We analyse the formation of urban order as a lens to interrogate both the immediate and long-term linkages between past, present and possible futures. This approach enables us to ground analysis of prospects for urban relations in historical perspective and to pose fundamental questions about the social role of urban parks.

Policing and Society

Child safeguarding has come to the forefront of public debate in the UK in the aftermath of a ser... more Child safeguarding has come to the forefront of public debate in the UK in the aftermath of a series of highly publicised incidents of child sexual exploitation and abuse. These have exposed the inadequacies and failings of inter-organisational relations between police and key partners. While the discourse of policing partnerships is now accepted wisdom, progress has been distinctly hesitant. This paper contributes to understanding both the challenges and opportunities presented through working across organisational boundaries in the context of safeguarding children. It draws on a study of relations within one of the largest Safeguarding Children partnerships in England, developing insights from Etienne Wenger regarding the potential of 'communities of practice' that innovate on the basis of everyday learning through 'boundary work'. We demonstrate how such networked approaches expose the differential power relations and sites of conflict between organisations but also provide possibilities to challenge introspective cultures and foster organisational learning. We argue that crucial in cultivating effective 'communities of practice' are: shared commitment and purpose; relations of trust; balanced exchange of information and resources; mutual respect for difference; and an open and mature dialogue over possible conflicts. Boundary crossing can open opportunities to foster increased reflexivity among policing professionals, prompting critical self-reflection on values, ongoing reassessment of assumptions and questioning of terminology. Yet, there is an inherent tension in that the learning and innovative potential afforded by emergent 'communities of practice' derives from the coexistence and interplay between both the depth of knowledge within practices and active boundaries across practices.

British Journal of Criminology, 2016

This article provides an introduction to the Special Issue as a whole by situating the collection... more This article provides an introduction to the Special Issue as a whole by situating the collection of essays in the wider context of advances and debates within security studies and allied security-related research. It draws particularly upon themes and trends within and between international relations and criminology and their convergence around the field of security studies. It goes on to consider possible lines of future development in security scholarship and concludes by elaborating upon some of the key thematic concerns that inform the subsequent articles.