Adam King - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Adam King

Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2000

Harold Varmus proposed an electronic repository for biomedical research literature server called ... more Harold Varmus proposed an electronic repository for biomedical research literature server called "E-biomed." E-biomed reflected the visions of scholarly electronic publishing advocates: It would be fully searchable, be free to readers, and contain full-text versions of both preprint and postpublication biomedical research articles. However, within 4 months, the E-biomed proposal was radically transformed: The preprint section was eliminated, delays were instituted between article publication and posting to the archive, and the name was changed to "PubMed Central." This case study examines the remarkable transformation of the E-biomed proposal to PubMed Central by analyzing comments about the proposal that were posted to an online E-biomed forum created by the NIH, and discussions that took place in other face-to-face forums where E-biomed deliberations took place. We find that the transformation of the E-biomed proposal into PubMed Central was the result of highly visible and highly influential position statements made by scientific societies against the proposal. The literature about scholarly electronic publishing usually emphasizes a binary conflict between (trade) publishers and scholars/scientists. We conclude that: (1) scientific societies and the individual scientists they represent do not always have identical interests in regard to scientific e-publishing; (2) stakeholder politics and personal interests reign supreme in e-publishing debates, even in a supposedly status-free online forum; and (3) multiple communication forums must be considered in examinations of e-publishing deliberations.

Computing Research Repository, 2000

Collaboratories refer to laboratories where scientists can work together while they are in distan... more Collaboratories refer to laboratories where scientists can work together while they are in distant locations from each other and from key equipment. They have captured the interest both of CSCW researchers and of science funders who wish to optimize the use of rare scientific equipment and expertise. We examine the kind of CSCW conceptions that help us best understand the character of working relationships in these scientific collaboratories. Our model, inspired by actor-network theory, considers technologies as Socio-technical Interaction Networks (STINs). This model provides a rich understanding of the scientific collaboratories, and also a more complete understanding of the conditions and activities that support collaborative work in them. We illustrate the significance of STIN models with several cases drawn from the fields of high energy physics and materials science.

Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2003

In this article, we examine the conceptual models that help us understand thedevelopment and sust... more In this article, we examine the conceptual models that help us understand thedevelopment and sustainability of scholarly and professional communication forums onthe Internet, such as conferences, pre-print servers, field-wide data sets, andcollaboratories. We first present and document the information processing model that isimplicitly advanced in most discussions about scholarly communications -- the &quot;StandardModel.&quot; Then we present an alternative model, a

Aesthetic surgery journal / the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic surgery, 2012

Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2007

Experimentally naive mice matched the proportions of their temporal investments (visit durations)... more Experimentally naive mice matched the proportions of their temporal investments (visit durations) in two feeding hoppers to the proportions of the food income (pellets per unit session time) derived from them in three experiments that varied the coupling between the behavioral investment and food income, from no coupling to strict coupling. Matching was observed from the outset; it did not improve with training. When the numbers of pellets received were proportional to time invested, investment was unstable, swinging abruptly from sustained, almost complete investment in one hopper, to sustained, almost complete investment in the other-in the absence of appropriate local fluctuations in returns (pellets obtained per time invested). The abruptness of the swings strongly constrains possible models. We suggest that matching reflects an innate (unconditioned) program that matches the ratio of expected visit durations to the ratio between the current estimates of expected incomes. A model that processes the income stream looking for changes in the income and generates discontinuous income estimates when a change is detected is shown to account for salient features of the data.

Journal of Experimental Psychology-animal Behavior Processes, 2004

With a view toward screening mice for genetically and pharmacologically induced distortions in te... more With a view toward screening mice for genetically and pharmacologically induced distortions in temporal memory, we investigated the source of scalar error and scalar variability in the peak procedure. With head-poking as our response, we used target intervals of 5, 15 and 45 s in the standard procedure and in a variant in which there were multiple target temporal intervals in a single trial (the tripeak procedure). The observed pattern of changes in start and stop times and their variance and covariance imply that the decision criteria for starting to respond and ceasing to respond on a given trial are drawn from independent distributions that are not located equidistant from the time the subject expects responding to result in food delivery. The cross-target covariance implicates trialto-trial variation in clock speed as the major source of scalar trial-to-trial variability in start and stop times. Thus, the systematic (often scalar) error in peak behavior is due largely if not entirely to the asymmetric location of start and stop decision criteria relative to the target time, and the scalar variability in starts and stops derives primarily from sources other than memory. The peak procedure cannot identify miscalibrations of memory unless they are such as to make the response interval miss the target time on most trials. KEYWORDS mice / peak procedure / scalar error / scalar variability / decision criteria / memory error / memory variability / clock variability

Journal of Experimental Psychology-animal Behavior Processes, 2001

Rats responded on two levers delivering brain stimulation reward on concurrent variable interval ... more Rats responded on two levers delivering brain stimulation reward on concurrent variable interval schedules. Following many successive sessions with unchanging relative rates of reward, subjects adjusted to an eventual change slowly and showed spontaneous reversions at the beginning of following sessions. When changes in rates of reward occurred between and within every session, subjects adjusted to them about as rapidly as they could in principle do so, as shown by comparison to a Bayesian model of an ideal detector. This and other features of the adjustments to frequent changes imply that the behavioral effect of reinforcement depends on the subject's perception of incomes and changes in incomes rather than on the strengthening and weakening of behaviors in accord with their past effects or expected results. Models for the process by which perceived incomes determine stay durations and for the process that detects changes in rates are developed.

Behavioural Processes, 2007

Evidence suggests that the online combination of non-verbal magnitudes (durations, numerosities) ... more Evidence suggests that the online combination of non-verbal magnitudes (durations, numerosities) is central to learning in both human and nonhuman animals [Gallistel, C.R., 1990. The Organization of Learning. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA]. The molecular basis of these computations, however, is an open question at this point. The current study provides the first direct test of temporal subtraction in a species in which the genetic code is available. In two experiments, mice were run in an adaptation of Gibbon and Church's [Gibbon, J., Church, R.M., 1981. Time left: linear versus logarithmic subjective time. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 7, 87-107] time left paradigm in order to characterize typical responding in this task. Both experiments suggest that mice engaged in online subtraction of temporal values, although the generalization of a learned response rule to novel stimulus values resulted in slightly less systematic responding. Potential explanations for this pattern of results are discussed.