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Papers by Shukra Adhikari

Forum Ilmu Sosial/Forum ilmu sosial, Jun 27, 2024

Paramita/Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, Apr 4, 2024

Sociology Study, 2020

On the basis of sex and biological categories, society assigns the socio-cultural authority and r... more On the basis of sex and biological categories, society assigns the socio-cultural authority and responsibilities. Sex wises different socio-cultural responsibilities and authority; performances are recognized as gender. All of the socio-cultural creations are the factors of gender construction. The aim of this paper is to explore the discourses of gender in terms of historical circumstances and social context. Mainly, secondary data are used in this article. The information is collected and analyzed by the historical content analysis method under the qualitative research approach. It is difficult to identify the real form of gender issues without analyzing the social structure according to the historical context, so it is possible to analyze the real gender issues only by analyzing the social structure in historical context.

The human being is categorized as male and female by sex. This is only a biological category. Thi... more The human being is categorized as male and female by sex. This is only a biological category. This category provides different kinds of biological responsibility for male and female. The socio-cultural responsibility of male and female are being created differently through the biological difference which is known as the gender. All of the socio-cultural creations are the factors of gender construction. The aim of this paper is to explore the discourses of gender in terms of scriptures and social context. Majorly, secondary data are used in this article. The information is collected and analyzed by the historical content analysis method under the qualitative research approach. The discussion of social contexts is lacking in the eastern discourse of gender and similarly lacking scriptural knowledge in the western discourse of gender. But it is not possible to analyze the gender in complete form without interlinking the discourse of social context and scripture.

Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 2020

History is the sequential chain of the social structure of human beings. The Vedic Aryan society ... more History is the sequential chain of the social structure of human beings. The Vedic Aryan society represents ancient human society. The main objective of this article is to find out the production system of livelihoods and the source of the means of production adopted by the Vedic Aryans. Based on historical facts of ancient civilization obtained through secondary sources, which have been analyzed through historical content analysis method. An attempt has been made in this article to find out the method of production of livelihoods and the source of production adopted by the Vedic Aryans. Men to be more involved in the expansion of resources and livestock and agricultural land, and as women were managing domestic work, the ownership of men over resources increased. Due to the process of state-building, regarding the ownership of resources, it appears that the resources were in the collective right of the family and couldn’t be sold or bought without the permission of the head of the ...

Philosophy Study, 2020

In the evolutionary process of socio-cultural structure, various "memories" and codes have been c... more In the evolutionary process of socio-cultural structure, various "memories" and codes have been created as a collection of interpretations, rules, and regulations made by various experts in social, cultural, political, and religious leaders including kings, emperors, and sages. In these contexts, this article is focused to analyze the status, power, and authority of females in terms of the explanation of Manu Smriti in the structural-functional perspective. Mostly secondary and qualitative data have been used in this article. The data have been collected through the historical content analysis method. To obtain the objective, the facts have been collected from the verses of Manu Smriti (which are related to female issues) and historical interpretation of ancient society. Collected secondary data have been analyzed through the historical content analysis method. According to the structural-functional point of view, due to the socio-cultural environment of the time in which the laws and regulations related to women have to be made, these issues seem to be more relevant, such as the permission of men for functioning, child marriage, etc. Analyzing the issues from a patriarchal point of view, the law of the time was in favor of women's inequality and exploitation of women. The theory of patriarchy mentions that women are oppressed, exploited, and subjugated by men in the patriarchal social structure. The facts of Manu Smriti, such as women as the gods, as an indicator of respect, as a symbol of the progress, etc., are not congruent to the explanation of the theory of patriarchy.

Swosthani Vratkatha is a devotional text dedicated to the local goddess Swosthani. Its story refl... more Swosthani Vratkatha is a devotional text dedicated to the local goddess Swosthani. Its story reflects the agro-based sociocultural structure in the medieval period of Nepal. This paper attempts to analyze the social structure at the period, in terms of the production system, marriage, family, and status of the female. This article is based on Qualitative research which used Secondary data with text review and historical content analysis. Though patriarchal norms and values guided family and marriage systems as the unit of social structure at that period, women had a significant role in protecting the parental property and resources, in supporting the gods in the war, to manage the home and family life. These facts differ from than patriarchal theoretical explanation.

Sociology Study, 2020

Foreign employment is a burning issue for developing countries like Nepal. Nearly thousand Nepale... more Foreign employment is a burning issue for developing countries like Nepal. Nearly thousand Nepalese depart for foreign employment everyday. This paper is focused on exploring the reasons of foreign employment. Both primary and secondary facts are used in this paper. Primary facts are collected through the case study and observation method. The purposive sampling method is used to select the cases. The cases are located in the Pokhara metropolitan city of Nepal. Most people have gone abroad after marriage because of the financial burden and the responsibility of earning money. Lack of cash, superstition, traditional beliefs, political and family conflicts, inter-caste marriages, and family structure have led to foreign employment. Most people go for foreign employment without skills, and they work in construction, sanitation and, they get paid less and return home without skills. These facts are partially congruent to the theoretical explanation of Wallerstein.

Forum Ilmu Sosial/Forum ilmu sosial, Jun 27, 2024

Paramita/Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, Apr 4, 2024

Sociology Study, 2020

On the basis of sex and biological categories, society assigns the socio-cultural authority and r... more On the basis of sex and biological categories, society assigns the socio-cultural authority and responsibilities. Sex wises different socio-cultural responsibilities and authority; performances are recognized as gender. All of the socio-cultural creations are the factors of gender construction. The aim of this paper is to explore the discourses of gender in terms of historical circumstances and social context. Mainly, secondary data are used in this article. The information is collected and analyzed by the historical content analysis method under the qualitative research approach. It is difficult to identify the real form of gender issues without analyzing the social structure according to the historical context, so it is possible to analyze the real gender issues only by analyzing the social structure in historical context.

The human being is categorized as male and female by sex. This is only a biological category. Thi... more The human being is categorized as male and female by sex. This is only a biological category. This category provides different kinds of biological responsibility for male and female. The socio-cultural responsibility of male and female are being created differently through the biological difference which is known as the gender. All of the socio-cultural creations are the factors of gender construction. The aim of this paper is to explore the discourses of gender in terms of scriptures and social context. Majorly, secondary data are used in this article. The information is collected and analyzed by the historical content analysis method under the qualitative research approach. The discussion of social contexts is lacking in the eastern discourse of gender and similarly lacking scriptural knowledge in the western discourse of gender. But it is not possible to analyze the gender in complete form without interlinking the discourse of social context and scripture.

Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 2020

History is the sequential chain of the social structure of human beings. The Vedic Aryan society ... more History is the sequential chain of the social structure of human beings. The Vedic Aryan society represents ancient human society. The main objective of this article is to find out the production system of livelihoods and the source of the means of production adopted by the Vedic Aryans. Based on historical facts of ancient civilization obtained through secondary sources, which have been analyzed through historical content analysis method. An attempt has been made in this article to find out the method of production of livelihoods and the source of production adopted by the Vedic Aryans. Men to be more involved in the expansion of resources and livestock and agricultural land, and as women were managing domestic work, the ownership of men over resources increased. Due to the process of state-building, regarding the ownership of resources, it appears that the resources were in the collective right of the family and couldn’t be sold or bought without the permission of the head of the ...

Philosophy Study, 2020

In the evolutionary process of socio-cultural structure, various "memories" and codes have been c... more In the evolutionary process of socio-cultural structure, various "memories" and codes have been created as a collection of interpretations, rules, and regulations made by various experts in social, cultural, political, and religious leaders including kings, emperors, and sages. In these contexts, this article is focused to analyze the status, power, and authority of females in terms of the explanation of Manu Smriti in the structural-functional perspective. Mostly secondary and qualitative data have been used in this article. The data have been collected through the historical content analysis method. To obtain the objective, the facts have been collected from the verses of Manu Smriti (which are related to female issues) and historical interpretation of ancient society. Collected secondary data have been analyzed through the historical content analysis method. According to the structural-functional point of view, due to the socio-cultural environment of the time in which the laws and regulations related to women have to be made, these issues seem to be more relevant, such as the permission of men for functioning, child marriage, etc. Analyzing the issues from a patriarchal point of view, the law of the time was in favor of women's inequality and exploitation of women. The theory of patriarchy mentions that women are oppressed, exploited, and subjugated by men in the patriarchal social structure. The facts of Manu Smriti, such as women as the gods, as an indicator of respect, as a symbol of the progress, etc., are not congruent to the explanation of the theory of patriarchy.

Swosthani Vratkatha is a devotional text dedicated to the local goddess Swosthani. Its story refl... more Swosthani Vratkatha is a devotional text dedicated to the local goddess Swosthani. Its story reflects the agro-based sociocultural structure in the medieval period of Nepal. This paper attempts to analyze the social structure at the period, in terms of the production system, marriage, family, and status of the female. This article is based on Qualitative research which used Secondary data with text review and historical content analysis. Though patriarchal norms and values guided family and marriage systems as the unit of social structure at that period, women had a significant role in protecting the parental property and resources, in supporting the gods in the war, to manage the home and family life. These facts differ from than patriarchal theoretical explanation.

Sociology Study, 2020

Foreign employment is a burning issue for developing countries like Nepal. Nearly thousand Nepale... more Foreign employment is a burning issue for developing countries like Nepal. Nearly thousand Nepalese depart for foreign employment everyday. This paper is focused on exploring the reasons of foreign employment. Both primary and secondary facts are used in this paper. Primary facts are collected through the case study and observation method. The purposive sampling method is used to select the cases. The cases are located in the Pokhara metropolitan city of Nepal. Most people have gone abroad after marriage because of the financial burden and the responsibility of earning money. Lack of cash, superstition, traditional beliefs, political and family conflicts, inter-caste marriages, and family structure have led to foreign employment. Most people go for foreign employment without skills, and they work in construction, sanitation and, they get paid less and return home without skills. These facts are partially congruent to the theoretical explanation of Wallerstein.