Aengus Carroll - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Aengus Carroll

European Journal Public Health, 2018

Erik Lamontagne (corresponding author), Marc d’Elbée, Michael W. Ross, Aengus Carroll, André d... more Erik Lamontagne (corresponding author), Marc d’Elbée, Michael W. Ross, Aengus Carroll, André du Plessis, Luiz Loures
Background
Measuring homophobia at country level is important to guide public health policy as reductions in stigma are associated with improved health outcomes among gay men and other men who have sex with men.
Methods: We developed a Homophobic Climate Index incorporating institutional and social components of homophobia. Institutional homophobia was based on the level of enforcement of laws that criminalise, protect or recognise same-sex relations. Social homophobia was based on the level of acceptance and justifiability of homosexuality. We estimated the Index for 158 countries and assessed its robustness and validity.
Results
Western Europe is the most inclusive region, followed by Latin America. Africa and the Middle East are home to the most homophobic countries with two exceptions: South Africa and Cabo Verde. We found that a 1% decrease in the level of homophobia is associated with a 10% increase in the gross domestic product per capita. Countries whose citizens face gender inequality, human rights abuses, low health expenditures and low life satisfaction are the ones with a higher homophobic climate. Moreover, a 10% increase in the level of homophobia at country level is associated with a 1.7-year loss in life expectancy for males. A higher level of homophobia is associated with increased AIDS-related death among HIV-positive men.
Conclusion
The socioecological approach of this index demonstrates the negative social, economic and health consequences of homophobia in low- and middle-income countries. It provides sound evidence for public health policy in favour of the inclusion of sexual minorities.

2017 global survey on attitudes to SO/GI covering 77 countries (some very hostile to these popula... more 2017 global survey on attitudes to SO/GI covering 77 countries (some very hostile to these populations) from all regions - 15 African, 15 Americas, 23 Asia, 22 Europe, and 2 in Oceania. 116,000 respondents in total. Method is online survey - no in-person or phone polling. Survey translated from English into 38 languages. Delivers empirical evidence on situations that are anecdotally well known: e.g. when respondents know someone, their attitudes are more inclusive; attitudes in States with restrictive laws (criminalisation, etc) are markedly more severe.

The data represented in these maps are based on State-Sponsored Homophobia: a World Survey of Sex... more The data represented in these maps are based on State-Sponsored Homophobia: a World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition, an ILGA report by Aengus Carroll and Lucas Ramón Mendos. The report and these maps are available in the six oo cial UN languages: English, Chinese, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish on ILGA.org. This edition of the world map (May 2017) was coordinated by Aengus Carroll and Lucas Ramón Mendos (ILGA), and designed by Eduardo Enoki (eduardo.enoki@gmail.com).

‫الحماية‬ ‫دولة‬ 85 ‫الحماية‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫تطبق‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫من‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫دول‬ 9 ‫دستور‬ ‫دول... more ‫الحماية‬ ‫دولة‬ 85 ‫الحماية‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫تطبق‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫من‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫دول‬ 9 ‫دستور‬ ‫دولة‬ 72 ‫توظيف‬ ‫دولة‬ 63 ‫متنوع‬ ‫دولة‬ 43 ‫الكراهية‬ ‫جرائم‬ ‫دولة‬ 39 ‫الكراهية‬ ‫على‬ ‫التحريض‬ ‫دول‬ 3 ‫التحويلية"‬ ‫"العالجات‬ ‫حظر‬ ‫اإلعتراف‬ ‫دولة‬ 47 .ً ‫معا‬ ‫المدنية‬ ‫والشراكة‬ ‫الزواج‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫دولة‬ 23 ‫الزواج‬ ‫دولة‬ 28 ‫الشراكة‬ ‫دولة‬ 26 ‫مشترك‬ ‫تبني‬ ‫دولة‬ 27 ‫الثانية‬ ‫الثاني/الوالدة‬ ‫الوالد‬ ‫تبني‬ ‫التجريم‬ ‫دولة‬ 72 ‫إلى‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫على‬ ‫مبنية‬ ‫قوانين‬ ‫دولة‬ 19 ‫المدني:‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫اإلعدام‬ ‫منها)‬ ‫أجزاء‬ ‫(أو‬ ‫دول‬ 8 ‫في‬ ‫مطبق‬ ‫دول‬ 5 ‫في‬ ‫مطبق‬ ‫غير‬ X ‫(حبس)‬ ‫مؤبد‬ -‫سنة‬ 14 ‫سنة‬ 14 ‫إلى‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫"الدعاية"‬ ‫قوانين‬ ‫تجريم‬ ‫قوانين‬ ‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ً ‫أبدا‬ ً ‫مجرما‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المثلي‬ ‫الجنسي‬ ‫السلوك‬ ‫تجريم‬ ‫إلغاء‬ ‫تم‬ ‫دولة‬ 123 ‫والبرتقالي:‬ ‫واألصفر‬ ‫األخضر‬ ‫باللون‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫دول‬ 3 ‫دولة‬ 57 ‫دولة‬ 14

Global survey results on attitudes to LGBTI people - 53 States, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq amon... more Global survey results on attitudes to LGBTI people - 53 States, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq amongst other hard to reach, hostile (to LGBTI) countries. This safe digital technology allows such evidence gathering, moving us past anecdote. 18 questions.

State-Sponsored Homophobia is the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Associ... more State-Sponsored Homophobia is the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association's annual flagship publication. It is an in-depth guide to what law we know exists in the world, has regional essays by legal experts and advocates, and contains maps and charts illustrating such laws.

This map looks at where same sex marriage, civil partnership (weak and strong), joint adoption an... more This map looks at where same sex marriage, civil partnership (weak and strong), joint adoption and second parent adoption exist in the world

This map charts where employment law, Constitution or other provisions protect on the grounds of ... more This map charts where employment law, Constitution or other provisions protect on the grounds of sexual orientation. It also shows where hate crime and incitement to hatred laws on these grounds exist, and where national human rights institutions around the world include sexual orientation in their mandates.

A map that shows what precise term one is being sentenced for (sodomy, acts against nature, promo... more A map that shows what precise term one is being sentenced for (sodomy, acts against nature, promotion, etc), if women are included in the penalising law, the length of imprisonment, an dif there have been arrests in the past three years.

Overview map of sexual orientation laws in the world: criminalisation, protection and recognition

European Journal Public Health, 2018

Erik Lamontagne (corresponding author), Marc d’Elbée, Michael W. Ross, Aengus Carroll, André d... more Erik Lamontagne (corresponding author), Marc d’Elbée, Michael W. Ross, Aengus Carroll, André du Plessis, Luiz Loures
Background
Measuring homophobia at country level is important to guide public health policy as reductions in stigma are associated with improved health outcomes among gay men and other men who have sex with men.
Methods: We developed a Homophobic Climate Index incorporating institutional and social components of homophobia. Institutional homophobia was based on the level of enforcement of laws that criminalise, protect or recognise same-sex relations. Social homophobia was based on the level of acceptance and justifiability of homosexuality. We estimated the Index for 158 countries and assessed its robustness and validity.
Results
Western Europe is the most inclusive region, followed by Latin America. Africa and the Middle East are home to the most homophobic countries with two exceptions: South Africa and Cabo Verde. We found that a 1% decrease in the level of homophobia is associated with a 10% increase in the gross domestic product per capita. Countries whose citizens face gender inequality, human rights abuses, low health expenditures and low life satisfaction are the ones with a higher homophobic climate. Moreover, a 10% increase in the level of homophobia at country level is associated with a 1.7-year loss in life expectancy for males. A higher level of homophobia is associated with increased AIDS-related death among HIV-positive men.
Conclusion
The socioecological approach of this index demonstrates the negative social, economic and health consequences of homophobia in low- and middle-income countries. It provides sound evidence for public health policy in favour of the inclusion of sexual minorities.

2017 global survey on attitudes to SO/GI covering 77 countries (some very hostile to these popula... more 2017 global survey on attitudes to SO/GI covering 77 countries (some very hostile to these populations) from all regions - 15 African, 15 Americas, 23 Asia, 22 Europe, and 2 in Oceania. 116,000 respondents in total. Method is online survey - no in-person or phone polling. Survey translated from English into 38 languages. Delivers empirical evidence on situations that are anecdotally well known: e.g. when respondents know someone, their attitudes are more inclusive; attitudes in States with restrictive laws (criminalisation, etc) are markedly more severe.

The data represented in these maps are based on State-Sponsored Homophobia: a World Survey of Sex... more The data represented in these maps are based on State-Sponsored Homophobia: a World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition, an ILGA report by Aengus Carroll and Lucas Ramón Mendos. The report and these maps are available in the six oo cial UN languages: English, Chinese, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish on ILGA.org. This edition of the world map (May 2017) was coordinated by Aengus Carroll and Lucas Ramón Mendos (ILGA), and designed by Eduardo Enoki (eduardo.enoki@gmail.com).

‫الحماية‬ ‫دولة‬ 85 ‫الحماية‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫تطبق‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫من‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫دول‬ 9 ‫دستور‬ ‫دول... more ‫الحماية‬ ‫دولة‬ 85 ‫الحماية‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫تطبق‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫من‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫دول‬ 9 ‫دستور‬ ‫دولة‬ 72 ‫توظيف‬ ‫دولة‬ 63 ‫متنوع‬ ‫دولة‬ 43 ‫الكراهية‬ ‫جرائم‬ ‫دولة‬ 39 ‫الكراهية‬ ‫على‬ ‫التحريض‬ ‫دول‬ 3 ‫التحويلية"‬ ‫"العالجات‬ ‫حظر‬ ‫اإلعتراف‬ ‫دولة‬ 47 .ً ‫معا‬ ‫المدنية‬ ‫والشراكة‬ ‫الزواج‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫دولة‬ 23 ‫الزواج‬ ‫دولة‬ 28 ‫الشراكة‬ ‫دولة‬ 26 ‫مشترك‬ ‫تبني‬ ‫دولة‬ 27 ‫الثانية‬ ‫الثاني/الوالدة‬ ‫الوالد‬ ‫تبني‬ ‫التجريم‬ ‫دولة‬ 72 ‫إلى‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫على‬ ‫مبنية‬ ‫قوانين‬ ‫دولة‬ 19 ‫المدني:‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫اإلعدام‬ ‫منها)‬ ‫أجزاء‬ ‫(أو‬ ‫دول‬ 8 ‫في‬ ‫مطبق‬ ‫دول‬ 5 ‫في‬ ‫مطبق‬ ‫غير‬ X ‫(حبس)‬ ‫مؤبد‬ -‫سنة‬ 14 ‫سنة‬ 14 ‫إلى‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫"الدعاية"‬ ‫قوانين‬ ‫تجريم‬ ‫قوانين‬ ‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ً ‫أبدا‬ ً ‫مجرما‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المثلي‬ ‫الجنسي‬ ‫السلوك‬ ‫تجريم‬ ‫إلغاء‬ ‫تم‬ ‫دولة‬ 123 ‫والبرتقالي:‬ ‫واألصفر‬ ‫األخضر‬ ‫باللون‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫دول‬ 3 ‫دولة‬ 57 ‫دولة‬ 14

Global survey results on attitudes to LGBTI people - 53 States, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq amon... more Global survey results on attitudes to LGBTI people - 53 States, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq amongst other hard to reach, hostile (to LGBTI) countries. This safe digital technology allows such evidence gathering, moving us past anecdote. 18 questions.

State-Sponsored Homophobia is the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Associ... more State-Sponsored Homophobia is the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association's annual flagship publication. It is an in-depth guide to what law we know exists in the world, has regional essays by legal experts and advocates, and contains maps and charts illustrating such laws.

This map looks at where same sex marriage, civil partnership (weak and strong), joint adoption an... more This map looks at where same sex marriage, civil partnership (weak and strong), joint adoption and second parent adoption exist in the world

This map charts where employment law, Constitution or other provisions protect on the grounds of ... more This map charts where employment law, Constitution or other provisions protect on the grounds of sexual orientation. It also shows where hate crime and incitement to hatred laws on these grounds exist, and where national human rights institutions around the world include sexual orientation in their mandates.

A map that shows what precise term one is being sentenced for (sodomy, acts against nature, promo... more A map that shows what precise term one is being sentenced for (sodomy, acts against nature, promotion, etc), if women are included in the penalising law, the length of imprisonment, an dif there have been arrests in the past three years.

Overview map of sexual orientation laws in the world: criminalisation, protection and recognition