Afeef Zia - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Afeef Zia

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2011

Introduction: Studies have been conducted in the last few decades to determine the prevalence of ... more Introduction: Studies have been conducted in the last few decades to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in different populations and these studies show great variability. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the frequency of various skeletal malocclusions reporting at department of Orthodontics, Islamabad Dentals Hospital, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad. Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected from the records. The records included history sheets and lateral cephalograms for each patient. Results: 56% of the sample belonged to the skeletal class I group, 32% to skeletal class II and 12% to skeletal class III. 46.6% patients were normal angle, 34% were high angle and 19.3% were from the low angle group. Conclusions : This study would enable the department of Orthodontics to formulate areas of future research as per the results depending on the kind of skeletal malocclusion reporting and also aid in the sett...

Introduction: Facial appearance is a prime consideration when planning orthodontic treatment. Stu... more Introduction: Facial appearance is a prime consideration when planning orthodontic treatment. Studies have been conducted to know the ratio of orthodontic extraction in different communities. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the decision frequency of profile based extractions, negating other parameters for doing so at Department of Orthodontics, Islamabad Dentals Hospital, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad. Material and Methods : One hundred thirty five patients were randomly selected from the diagnostic database fulfilling the inclusion criteria. These records included history, lateral cephalogram and casts for each patient. Results : 41.5% of the total sample was treated with extraction protocol where as 58.5% was treated non-extraction. Profile based distribution of the sample were; 57% convex, 41.5% straight and 1.5% with concave profiles. Out of 41.5% extraction cases, 67% extraction decisions were carried out on the basis of profile and 32.1% on arch length disc...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2014

Introduction: The post graduation programs in any of the available fields in dentistry are the hi... more Introduction: The post graduation programs in any of the available fields in dentistry are the highest level of education available in the medical system of Pakistan. Investigating the resident’s choice of program, level of satisfaction with the program and their future aspirations can provide fundamental information that can be used to improve and modify training curriculum and help ensure a higher level of satisfaction with the available residency programs. Material and Methods: One hundred self administered questionnaires were distributed to several Orthodontic training programs across Pakistan. The questionnaire comprised of demographics, reasons for choosing orthodontics, level of satisfaction with the program, expectations after orthodontic training, cost of training (finances and time) and future aspirations. Results: Majority of the residents were enrolled in the FCPS program, receiving salary. Majority of residents received salary; however, additional funding was required b...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2011

A female patient, 11 years of age reported with a chief complaint of crooked teeth. The clinical ... more A female patient, 11 years of age reported with a chief complaint of crooked teeth. The clinical examination showed a convex and hyper divergent profile with a dolicofacial pattern, moderate crowding in both arches with a mixed dentition dental status. Radiological examination revealed an impacted left mandibular canine with an overlying deciduous canine and a calcifying structure that had pushed the impacted canine close to the lower border of the mandible. Successful surgical removal of the calcifying structure and facilitation in eruption of the impacted canine culminated the treatment of this unusual case. Histopathology revealed the structure to be compound odontoma. Post-orthodontically the patient received a satisfactory occlusion and an attractive smile.

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2016

Introduction: For appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning, cephalometric soft tissue analysi... more Introduction: For appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning, cephalometric soft tissue analysis is essential. Such cephalometric variables are population specific and must be ascertained for any given geographical area. Hence this study aimed at soft tissue chin thickness in various skeletal malocclusions for Pakistani population, Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms were obtained from the data of 246 patients who were stratified on the basis of ANB into skeletal class I (120), II (82) and III (44). The soft tissue chin thickness was measured at 3 points namely soft tissue to hard tissue Pogonion (Pog-Pog’), soft tissue to hard tissue Gnathion (Gn-Gn’) and soft tissue to hard tissue Menton (Me-Me’). Statistical analysis was applied after data compilation in SPSS 16 . Results : Sagittal class of the sample was significantly correlated to soft tissue thickness at Pogonion, Gnathion but not for Menton. Conclusions: Soft tissue chin thickness differences among skeletal malocclu...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2016

Introduction: Many correlations exist between the vertical skeletal dimensions and the arch width... more Introduction: Many correlations exist between the vertical skeletal dimensions and the arch widths and forms. It is of importance to know of any correlation between the two and hence the rationale of present study was to see if there is any relation between the arch width and vertical facial pattern in untreated individuals. This may help us in determining the kind of arch wires to be used and whether the arches need to be expanded during treatment or not. Material and Methods: 100 lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts were obtained, traced and measured for SN-MP angle, inter-premolar and inter-molar width. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 10. Descriptive statistics were calculated, mean and SD were ascertained for age, Inter first pre-molar width, Inter molar width and SNMP angle. Frequency and percentage were presented for gender. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to elucidate the correlation of Inter first premolar width, Inter molar width and SNMP a...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2013

Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis ... more Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis and designing key elements in treatment planning. Smile is an integral constituent of the facial attractiveness of a person. Various factors influence smile. The smile frame work is influenced by gingival display during smiling, incisors display and the buccal corridor space. Buccal corridor area show according to many influences smile immensely. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms were taken with patient’s Frankfort Horizontal plane parallel to the floor, unstrained lips and teeth in centric occlusion. Radiographs were traced. Ratio between lower anterior facial heights to total anterior facial heights were recorded on the patient’s data form to establish the vertical skeletal relationship of the patients. This ratio was correlated with the increased or decreased buccal corridor show during posed smile by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient. Data was analyzed on statisti...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2013

Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis ... more Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis and designing key elements in treatment planning. Smile is an integral constituent of the facial attractiveness of a person. Various factors influence smile. The smile frame work is influenced by gingival display during smiling, incisors display and the buccal corridor space. Buccal corridor area show according to many influences smile immensely. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms were taken with patient's Frankfort Horizontal plane parallel to the floor, unstrained lips and teeth in centric occlusion. Radiographs were traced. Ratio between lower anterior facial heights to total anterior facial heights were recorded on the patient's data form to establish the vertical skeletal relationship of the patients. This ratio was correlated with the increased or decreased buccal corridor show during posed smile by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient. Data was analyzed on statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 10). Descriptive statistics were used. Mean ± S.D was calculated for age (in years), vertical skeletal pattern value and the buccal corridor area of subjects. Results: The range of ratio of lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (in degrees) was 48° to 67° with a mean of 56.357° and standard deviation of 3.59°. The relationship of ratio of lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (in degrees) with buccal corridor area show (mm) was significant (P-value < 0.05). The results show that as ratio of lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (in degrees) increases the mean buccal corridor area show decreases. Conclusions: Factors effecting buccal corridor area show must be kept in mind since it has an influence in the outcome of treatment. It is paramount to do so since most patients assess the outcome of their treatment by the attractiveness of their smile.

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2011

Introduction: Studies have been conducted in the last few decades to determine the prevalence of ... more Introduction: Studies have been conducted in the last few decades to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in different populations and these studies show great variability. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the frequency of various skeletal malocclusions reporting at department of Orthodontics, Islamabad Dentals Hospital, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad. Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected from the records. The records included history sheets and lateral cephalograms for each patient. Results: 56% of the sample belonged to the skeletal class I group, 32% to skeletal class II and 12% to skeletal class III. 46.6% patients were normal angle, 34% were high angle and 19.3% were from the low angle group. Conclusions : This study would enable the department of Orthodontics to formulate areas of future research as per the results depending on the kind of skeletal malocclusion reporting and also aid in the sett...

Introduction: Facial appearance is a prime consideration when planning orthodontic treatment. Stu... more Introduction: Facial appearance is a prime consideration when planning orthodontic treatment. Studies have been conducted to know the ratio of orthodontic extraction in different communities. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the decision frequency of profile based extractions, negating other parameters for doing so at Department of Orthodontics, Islamabad Dentals Hospital, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad. Material and Methods : One hundred thirty five patients were randomly selected from the diagnostic database fulfilling the inclusion criteria. These records included history, lateral cephalogram and casts for each patient. Results : 41.5% of the total sample was treated with extraction protocol where as 58.5% was treated non-extraction. Profile based distribution of the sample were; 57% convex, 41.5% straight and 1.5% with concave profiles. Out of 41.5% extraction cases, 67% extraction decisions were carried out on the basis of profile and 32.1% on arch length disc...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2014

Introduction: The post graduation programs in any of the available fields in dentistry are the hi... more Introduction: The post graduation programs in any of the available fields in dentistry are the highest level of education available in the medical system of Pakistan. Investigating the resident’s choice of program, level of satisfaction with the program and their future aspirations can provide fundamental information that can be used to improve and modify training curriculum and help ensure a higher level of satisfaction with the available residency programs. Material and Methods: One hundred self administered questionnaires were distributed to several Orthodontic training programs across Pakistan. The questionnaire comprised of demographics, reasons for choosing orthodontics, level of satisfaction with the program, expectations after orthodontic training, cost of training (finances and time) and future aspirations. Results: Majority of the residents were enrolled in the FCPS program, receiving salary. Majority of residents received salary; however, additional funding was required b...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2011

A female patient, 11 years of age reported with a chief complaint of crooked teeth. The clinical ... more A female patient, 11 years of age reported with a chief complaint of crooked teeth. The clinical examination showed a convex and hyper divergent profile with a dolicofacial pattern, moderate crowding in both arches with a mixed dentition dental status. Radiological examination revealed an impacted left mandibular canine with an overlying deciduous canine and a calcifying structure that had pushed the impacted canine close to the lower border of the mandible. Successful surgical removal of the calcifying structure and facilitation in eruption of the impacted canine culminated the treatment of this unusual case. Histopathology revealed the structure to be compound odontoma. Post-orthodontically the patient received a satisfactory occlusion and an attractive smile.

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2016

Introduction: For appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning, cephalometric soft tissue analysi... more Introduction: For appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning, cephalometric soft tissue analysis is essential. Such cephalometric variables are population specific and must be ascertained for any given geographical area. Hence this study aimed at soft tissue chin thickness in various skeletal malocclusions for Pakistani population, Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms were obtained from the data of 246 patients who were stratified on the basis of ANB into skeletal class I (120), II (82) and III (44). The soft tissue chin thickness was measured at 3 points namely soft tissue to hard tissue Pogonion (Pog-Pog’), soft tissue to hard tissue Gnathion (Gn-Gn’) and soft tissue to hard tissue Menton (Me-Me’). Statistical analysis was applied after data compilation in SPSS 16 . Results : Sagittal class of the sample was significantly correlated to soft tissue thickness at Pogonion, Gnathion but not for Menton. Conclusions: Soft tissue chin thickness differences among skeletal malocclu...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2016

Introduction: Many correlations exist between the vertical skeletal dimensions and the arch width... more Introduction: Many correlations exist between the vertical skeletal dimensions and the arch widths and forms. It is of importance to know of any correlation between the two and hence the rationale of present study was to see if there is any relation between the arch width and vertical facial pattern in untreated individuals. This may help us in determining the kind of arch wires to be used and whether the arches need to be expanded during treatment or not. Material and Methods: 100 lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts were obtained, traced and measured for SN-MP angle, inter-premolar and inter-molar width. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 10. Descriptive statistics were calculated, mean and SD were ascertained for age, Inter first pre-molar width, Inter molar width and SNMP angle. Frequency and percentage were presented for gender. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to elucidate the correlation of Inter first premolar width, Inter molar width and SNMP a...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2013

Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis ... more Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis and designing key elements in treatment planning. Smile is an integral constituent of the facial attractiveness of a person. Various factors influence smile. The smile frame work is influenced by gingival display during smiling, incisors display and the buccal corridor space. Buccal corridor area show according to many influences smile immensely. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms were taken with patient’s Frankfort Horizontal plane parallel to the floor, unstrained lips and teeth in centric occlusion. Radiographs were traced. Ratio between lower anterior facial heights to total anterior facial heights were recorded on the patient’s data form to establish the vertical skeletal relationship of the patients. This ratio was correlated with the increased or decreased buccal corridor show during posed smile by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient. Data was analyzed on statisti...

Pakistan Orthodontic Journal, 2013

Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis ... more Introduction: Emergence of soft tissue paradigm in clinical orthodontics has made smile analysis and designing key elements in treatment planning. Smile is an integral constituent of the facial attractiveness of a person. Various factors influence smile. The smile frame work is influenced by gingival display during smiling, incisors display and the buccal corridor space. Buccal corridor area show according to many influences smile immensely. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms were taken with patient's Frankfort Horizontal plane parallel to the floor, unstrained lips and teeth in centric occlusion. Radiographs were traced. Ratio between lower anterior facial heights to total anterior facial heights were recorded on the patient's data form to establish the vertical skeletal relationship of the patients. This ratio was correlated with the increased or decreased buccal corridor show during posed smile by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient. Data was analyzed on statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 10). Descriptive statistics were used. Mean ± S.D was calculated for age (in years), vertical skeletal pattern value and the buccal corridor area of subjects. Results: The range of ratio of lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (in degrees) was 48° to 67° with a mean of 56.357° and standard deviation of 3.59°. The relationship of ratio of lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (in degrees) with buccal corridor area show (mm) was significant (P-value < 0.05). The results show that as ratio of lower anterior facial height to total anterior facial height (in degrees) increases the mean buccal corridor area show decreases. Conclusions: Factors effecting buccal corridor area show must be kept in mind since it has an influence in the outcome of treatment. It is paramount to do so since most patients assess the outcome of their treatment by the attractiveness of their smile.