Agnieszka Gajek - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Agnieszka Gajek

Science of the total environment, Feb 1, 2024

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, Feb 23, 2024

Zagrożenia stwarzane podczas pożaru z udziałem środków ochrony roślin W przypadku pożaru z udział... more Zagrożenia stwarzane podczas pożaru z udziałem środków ochrony roślin W przypadku pożaru z udziałem środków ochrony roślin należy się liczyć z możliwością emisji różnych niebezpiecznych substancji, które mogą powodować poważne skutki dla zdrowia ludzi i dla środowiska. Ocena toksyczności środowiska pożarowego jest więc jednym z najważniejszych aspektów, który wymaga dokładnej analizy. W artykule określono substancje, które mogą powstawać podczas termicznego rozkładu i spalania środków ochrony roślin, oraz wyznaczono parametry opisujące zachowanie się tych środków podczas spalania. Słowa kluczowe: zagrożenia pożarowe, poważne awarie, emisja substancji niebezpiecznych, insektycydy Hazards posed during a fire involving plant protection products The plant protection products during a fire may cause the emission of many hazardous substances that may cause serious effects on people and the environment. Assessment of the toxicity of a fire environment is therefore one of the most important aspects that requires careful analysis. In this article, the products of thermal decomposition and combustion of plant protection products were identified. Moreover evaluation of flammability of these materials was performed.

Fire Safety Journal, Jun 1, 2021

Abstract The complex of zinc phosphate and 3-amine-1,2,4-triazole (ZN3AT) was synthesized by a on... more Abstract The complex of zinc phosphate and 3-amine-1,2,4-triazole (ZN3AT) was synthesized by a one-pot reaction and used as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The thermal properties and fire behaviour of flexible PVC with 20 wt% of ZN3AT were investigated and compared with unmodified PVC and PVC with commercial IFR. The thermal stability and burning behaviour were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as cone calorimetry and horizontal burning tests. Furthermore, the analysis of volatile products evolved during the thermal decomposition and burning was performed using TGA and steady state tube furnace, both coupled with FT-IR. PVC containing developed flame retardant exhibits the lowest total heat release and smoke emission of all investigated samples. Materials analysis supplemented with analysis of their mechanical and thermomechanical properties shows that despite the high concentration of the IFR its incorporation did not strongly influence the properties of final products in comparison to pure PVC.

Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, Nov 20, 2015

Przemysl Chemiczny, Jun 5, 2016

Zielone dachy, jako odtworzenie powierzchni biologicznie czynnej, należą do dość powszechnych i e... more Zielone dachy, jako odtworzenie powierzchni biologicznie czynnej, należą do dość powszechnych i efektywnych metod gospodarowania wodami opadowymi na terenach zurbanizowanych. W zależnosci od konstrukcji zielonego dachu i rodzaju materiału, z jakiego usypano warstwę wegetacyjną, możliwe jest zatrzymanie 50-90% wody opadowej. Celem pracy było określenie właściwości fizyko-wodnych dwóch substratów wykorzystywanych przy budowie zielonych dachów (intensywny i ekstensywny). Porównano retencyjność obu substratów przy zastosowaniu kruszonego gazobetonu jako warstwy drenażowej. W doświadczeniu, w którym zastosowano gazobeton jako warstwę drenażową, zaobserwowano większe przesuszanie wierzchniej warstwy substratu co może być związane dużą nasiąkliwością tego materiału. Odciek z substratu przy zastosowaniu gazobetonu jako warstwy drenażowej wyniósł średnio od 22-51% objętości dostarczonej wody dla substratu ekstensywnego, natomiast 19-46% objętości dostarczanej wody dla substratu intensywnego. Odciek, z substratu bez warstwy drenażowej wyniósł 40-48% objętości dostarczonej wody.

Chemical engineering transactions, Sep 30, 2019

Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur... more Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur in the past. They still happen contemporarily, eg. fire in Arkema Inc. on August 29, 2017 or in BASF Corporation October 17, 2016 and there is little doubt that they will keep on occurring in the future. Lack of or insufficient learning, drawing no conclusions from accidents or even forgetting about them might be viewed as some of the reasons for such state of affairs. Learning can be considered at the level of the whole establishment (learning organization) as well as at the level of a particular person. With the use of Peter Sange's definition of learning organization and its five characteristics: thinking systems, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision and team learning, we can diagnose the weaknesses and strengths of establishment as an organization that can learn. However the learning process of the individual depends directly on the way the lecturer delivers knowledge. The use of the division of professional qualifications into mental, practical and personality traits with the application of Bloom's taxonomy (classification of educational learning objectives) and Niemierko's taxonomy (classification used in Poland) allows us to look at training in a different, more practical way. Training methods and organizational solutions, especially in process safety, play a key role as they transform into the need to use the acquired knowledge in practice, in a real situation, under pressure at the moment of accident. There is a reason the key elements of the system for the prevention of major industrial accidents, i.e. the safety management system and emergency plans, are based on systematic training and continuous improvement. Emerging concepts and methods of occupational safety and health management intertwined with resilience engineering, such as Safety II, Zero Accident Vision or Human & Organizational Performance can be successfully used in process safety.

Materials Science Forum

Different types of fabrics, such as aramid, carbon, basalt, glass, and flax, as well as powder fi... more Different types of fabrics, such as aramid, carbon, basalt, glass, and flax, as well as powder fillers, were used to manufacture the epoxy-based hybrid composites by the vacuum bagging method. In this work, the resistance of hybrid composites was examined in terms of their resistance to acts of vandalism, such as resistance to cuts with sharp objects, impacts, and flames. These technics were applied to determine the impact of the type of fillers and fabrics on the performance of hybrid composites.

Occupational Safety – Science and Practice

W zakładach przetwórstwa rolnego istnieje możliwość wystąpienia atmosfery wybuchowej. Pył powstaj... more W zakładach przetwórstwa rolnego istnieje możliwość wystąpienia atmosfery wybuchowej. Pył powstający w takich procesach, jak mielenie, przesiewanie czy transport zboża, stanowi potencjalne źródło zapłonu i wybuchu w instalacji przemysłowej. Statystyki pokazują, że roczna światowa produkcja zbóż w 2019 r. przekroczyła 2,7 mld ton. Taka ilość pylistego materiału znacznie zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia pożaru lub wybuchu podczas produkcji, transportu i przetwarzania. Z powodu zagrożenia wybuchem zakłady zajmujące się składowaniem i przetwarzaniem zbóż muszą być wyposażone w odpowiednie zabezpieczenia. W artykule przedstawiono parametry wybuchowe pyłów zbóż najczęściej stosowanych w Polsce oraz rodzaje typowych zabezpieczeń w instalacjach przemysłowych.

Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2013

According to Polish regulations establishments other then upper- or lower-tier, can be potentiall... more According to Polish regulations establishments other then upper- or lower-tier, can be potentially responsible for the major accidents. This establishments will be called non-Seveso establishments. In the publication, non-Seveso establishments were defined, types of this establishments and substances present in them were described. Computer simulation was used to made a series of forecasts of possible consequences of release of substances, present in non-Seveso establishments, in major accident cases. In these establishments, take place the considerable number of the accidents, and accident index is approximately 2.5 times higher for non-Seveso establishments than for Seveso ones. The National Labour Inspectorate inspections, in that kind of establishments, showed insufficient management in the area of major accident hazard.

Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2019

Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur... more Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur in the past. They still happen contemporarily, eg. fire in Arkema Inc. on August 29, 2017 or in BASF Corporation October 17, 2016 and there is little doubt that they will keep on occurring in the future. Lack of or insufficient learning, drawing no conclusions from accidents or even forgetting about them might be viewed as some of the reasons for such state of affairs. Learning can be considered at the level of the whole establishment (learning organization) as well as at the level of a particular person. With the use of Peter Sange's definition of learning organization and its five characteristics: thinking systems, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision and team learning, we can diagnose the weaknesses and strengths of establishment as an organization that can learn. However the learning process of the individual depends directly on the way the lecturer delivers knowledge....

Chemical engineering transactions, 2016

Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used for pest control in modern industrial agriculture. These su... more Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used for pest control in modern industrial agriculture. These substances largely replace pesticides, which are being withdrawn. However, wide use of pyrethroids results in production, storage and distribution of those chemicals posing other hazards for human and the environment than pest control.Unwanted combustion during incidents, accidents or major accidents may lead to formation of more dangerous substances than those involved in an emergency event. Dangerous gaseous substances released during fire are a threat not only to employees of industrial plants and warehouses, where the incident occurred, but also to firefighters, people involved in rescue operations and local residents. Therefore, knowing what toxic substances may be formed as a result of a fire is significant for an analysis and risk management of production processes, storage and distribution of those pesticides.In this paper, the thermal degradation of three representatives of pyreth...

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2021

Fire Safety Journal, 2020

TiAlN/AlN multilayers are attracting great interest for the possibility to modulate their mechani... more TiAlN/AlN multilayers are attracting great interest for the possibility to modulate their mechanical and tribological properties through the variation of multilayer design. In this work TiAlN single layer, TiAlN/AlN intermixed-multilayer and nano-multilayer were prepared using a reactive magnetron sputtering system starting from targets of TiAl and Al. The aim is to analyze how the multilayer design affects the thermal and tribological properties of the coatings. The microstructure of as-deposited and annealed films has been studied using X-ray diffraction. The chemical composition has been deduced by XPS analyses. Thermal behavior was assessed by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while mechanical properties have been investigated by wear tests.

Fire Safety Journal, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Science of the total environment, Feb 1, 2024

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, Feb 23, 2024

Zagrożenia stwarzane podczas pożaru z udziałem środków ochrony roślin W przypadku pożaru z udział... more Zagrożenia stwarzane podczas pożaru z udziałem środków ochrony roślin W przypadku pożaru z udziałem środków ochrony roślin należy się liczyć z możliwością emisji różnych niebezpiecznych substancji, które mogą powodować poważne skutki dla zdrowia ludzi i dla środowiska. Ocena toksyczności środowiska pożarowego jest więc jednym z najważniejszych aspektów, który wymaga dokładnej analizy. W artykule określono substancje, które mogą powstawać podczas termicznego rozkładu i spalania środków ochrony roślin, oraz wyznaczono parametry opisujące zachowanie się tych środków podczas spalania. Słowa kluczowe: zagrożenia pożarowe, poważne awarie, emisja substancji niebezpiecznych, insektycydy Hazards posed during a fire involving plant protection products The plant protection products during a fire may cause the emission of many hazardous substances that may cause serious effects on people and the environment. Assessment of the toxicity of a fire environment is therefore one of the most important aspects that requires careful analysis. In this article, the products of thermal decomposition and combustion of plant protection products were identified. Moreover evaluation of flammability of these materials was performed.

Fire Safety Journal, Jun 1, 2021

Abstract The complex of zinc phosphate and 3-amine-1,2,4-triazole (ZN3AT) was synthesized by a on... more Abstract The complex of zinc phosphate and 3-amine-1,2,4-triazole (ZN3AT) was synthesized by a one-pot reaction and used as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The thermal properties and fire behaviour of flexible PVC with 20 wt% of ZN3AT were investigated and compared with unmodified PVC and PVC with commercial IFR. The thermal stability and burning behaviour were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as cone calorimetry and horizontal burning tests. Furthermore, the analysis of volatile products evolved during the thermal decomposition and burning was performed using TGA and steady state tube furnace, both coupled with FT-IR. PVC containing developed flame retardant exhibits the lowest total heat release and smoke emission of all investigated samples. Materials analysis supplemented with analysis of their mechanical and thermomechanical properties shows that despite the high concentration of the IFR its incorporation did not strongly influence the properties of final products in comparison to pure PVC.

Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, Nov 20, 2015

Przemysl Chemiczny, Jun 5, 2016

Zielone dachy, jako odtworzenie powierzchni biologicznie czynnej, należą do dość powszechnych i e... more Zielone dachy, jako odtworzenie powierzchni biologicznie czynnej, należą do dość powszechnych i efektywnych metod gospodarowania wodami opadowymi na terenach zurbanizowanych. W zależnosci od konstrukcji zielonego dachu i rodzaju materiału, z jakiego usypano warstwę wegetacyjną, możliwe jest zatrzymanie 50-90% wody opadowej. Celem pracy było określenie właściwości fizyko-wodnych dwóch substratów wykorzystywanych przy budowie zielonych dachów (intensywny i ekstensywny). Porównano retencyjność obu substratów przy zastosowaniu kruszonego gazobetonu jako warstwy drenażowej. W doświadczeniu, w którym zastosowano gazobeton jako warstwę drenażową, zaobserwowano większe przesuszanie wierzchniej warstwy substratu co może być związane dużą nasiąkliwością tego materiału. Odciek z substratu przy zastosowaniu gazobetonu jako warstwy drenażowej wyniósł średnio od 22-51% objętości dostarczonej wody dla substratu ekstensywnego, natomiast 19-46% objętości dostarczanej wody dla substratu intensywnego. Odciek, z substratu bez warstwy drenażowej wyniósł 40-48% objętości dostarczonej wody.

Chemical engineering transactions, Sep 30, 2019

Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur... more Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur in the past. They still happen contemporarily, eg. fire in Arkema Inc. on August 29, 2017 or in BASF Corporation October 17, 2016 and there is little doubt that they will keep on occurring in the future. Lack of or insufficient learning, drawing no conclusions from accidents or even forgetting about them might be viewed as some of the reasons for such state of affairs. Learning can be considered at the level of the whole establishment (learning organization) as well as at the level of a particular person. With the use of Peter Sange's definition of learning organization and its five characteristics: thinking systems, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision and team learning, we can diagnose the weaknesses and strengths of establishment as an organization that can learn. However the learning process of the individual depends directly on the way the lecturer delivers knowledge. The use of the division of professional qualifications into mental, practical and personality traits with the application of Bloom's taxonomy (classification of educational learning objectives) and Niemierko's taxonomy (classification used in Poland) allows us to look at training in a different, more practical way. Training methods and organizational solutions, especially in process safety, play a key role as they transform into the need to use the acquired knowledge in practice, in a real situation, under pressure at the moment of accident. There is a reason the key elements of the system for the prevention of major industrial accidents, i.e. the safety management system and emergency plans, are based on systematic training and continuous improvement. Emerging concepts and methods of occupational safety and health management intertwined with resilience engineering, such as Safety II, Zero Accident Vision or Human & Organizational Performance can be successfully used in process safety.

Materials Science Forum

Different types of fabrics, such as aramid, carbon, basalt, glass, and flax, as well as powder fi... more Different types of fabrics, such as aramid, carbon, basalt, glass, and flax, as well as powder fillers, were used to manufacture the epoxy-based hybrid composites by the vacuum bagging method. In this work, the resistance of hybrid composites was examined in terms of their resistance to acts of vandalism, such as resistance to cuts with sharp objects, impacts, and flames. These technics were applied to determine the impact of the type of fillers and fabrics on the performance of hybrid composites.

Occupational Safety – Science and Practice

W zakładach przetwórstwa rolnego istnieje możliwość wystąpienia atmosfery wybuchowej. Pył powstaj... more W zakładach przetwórstwa rolnego istnieje możliwość wystąpienia atmosfery wybuchowej. Pył powstający w takich procesach, jak mielenie, przesiewanie czy transport zboża, stanowi potencjalne źródło zapłonu i wybuchu w instalacji przemysłowej. Statystyki pokazują, że roczna światowa produkcja zbóż w 2019 r. przekroczyła 2,7 mld ton. Taka ilość pylistego materiału znacznie zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia pożaru lub wybuchu podczas produkcji, transportu i przetwarzania. Z powodu zagrożenia wybuchem zakłady zajmujące się składowaniem i przetwarzaniem zbóż muszą być wyposażone w odpowiednie zabezpieczenia. W artykule przedstawiono parametry wybuchowe pyłów zbóż najczęściej stosowanych w Polsce oraz rodzaje typowych zabezpieczeń w instalacjach przemysłowych.

Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2013

According to Polish regulations establishments other then upper- or lower-tier, can be potentiall... more According to Polish regulations establishments other then upper- or lower-tier, can be potentially responsible for the major accidents. This establishments will be called non-Seveso establishments. In the publication, non-Seveso establishments were defined, types of this establishments and substances present in them were described. Computer simulation was used to made a series of forecasts of possible consequences of release of substances, present in non-Seveso establishments, in major accident cases. In these establishments, take place the considerable number of the accidents, and accident index is approximately 2.5 times higher for non-Seveso establishments than for Seveso ones. The National Labour Inspectorate inspections, in that kind of establishments, showed insufficient management in the area of major accident hazard.

Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2019

Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur... more Major industrial accidents, such as the accidents in Seveso (1976) or in Bhopal (1984), did occur in the past. They still happen contemporarily, eg. fire in Arkema Inc. on August 29, 2017 or in BASF Corporation October 17, 2016 and there is little doubt that they will keep on occurring in the future. Lack of or insufficient learning, drawing no conclusions from accidents or even forgetting about them might be viewed as some of the reasons for such state of affairs. Learning can be considered at the level of the whole establishment (learning organization) as well as at the level of a particular person. With the use of Peter Sange's definition of learning organization and its five characteristics: thinking systems, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision and team learning, we can diagnose the weaknesses and strengths of establishment as an organization that can learn. However the learning process of the individual depends directly on the way the lecturer delivers knowledge....

Chemical engineering transactions, 2016

Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used for pest control in modern industrial agriculture. These su... more Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used for pest control in modern industrial agriculture. These substances largely replace pesticides, which are being withdrawn. However, wide use of pyrethroids results in production, storage and distribution of those chemicals posing other hazards for human and the environment than pest control.Unwanted combustion during incidents, accidents or major accidents may lead to formation of more dangerous substances than those involved in an emergency event. Dangerous gaseous substances released during fire are a threat not only to employees of industrial plants and warehouses, where the incident occurred, but also to firefighters, people involved in rescue operations and local residents. Therefore, knowing what toxic substances may be formed as a result of a fire is significant for an analysis and risk management of production processes, storage and distribution of those pesticides.In this paper, the thermal degradation of three representatives of pyreth...

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2021

Fire Safety Journal, 2020

TiAlN/AlN multilayers are attracting great interest for the possibility to modulate their mechani... more TiAlN/AlN multilayers are attracting great interest for the possibility to modulate their mechanical and tribological properties through the variation of multilayer design. In this work TiAlN single layer, TiAlN/AlN intermixed-multilayer and nano-multilayer were prepared using a reactive magnetron sputtering system starting from targets of TiAl and Al. The aim is to analyze how the multilayer design affects the thermal and tribological properties of the coatings. The microstructure of as-deposited and annealed films has been studied using X-ray diffraction. The chemical composition has been deduced by XPS analyses. Thermal behavior was assessed by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while mechanical properties have been investigated by wear tests.

Fire Safety Journal, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.