Agnieszka Jamiołkowska - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Agnieszka Jamiołkowska
Agronomy, 2022
Climate change has an impact on agricultural production, including the greater persistence of pla... more Climate change has an impact on agricultural production, including the greater persistence of plant pathogens in the environment. Therefore, the question arises as to how to effectively and safely protect plants by using chemicals, the number of which is decreasing each year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungistatic effect of 2 acetylthiophenethiosemicarbazone (2actpTS) and Cis-jasmonethiosemicarbazone (JTS) against Fusarium culmorum (Fc) on winter wheat seedlings. The influence of thiosemicarbazones (TSs) on the health status and phytotoxicity of seedlings and soil biological activity was investigated. Before TSs application (watering or spraying), soil was infected with F. culmorum (strain No. 37). The substance type and method of its application significantly influenced only the fresh weight of the seedlings. The varying phytotoxicity of the molecules depended primarily on their application method to the plants. The highest seedling phytotoxicity was recorded when co...
Agronomy, 2021
Sustainable and organic plant production uses natural products and natural self-regulation proces... more Sustainable and organic plant production uses natural products and natural self-regulation processes occurring in the ecosystem. The awareness is growing and the demands of consumers are higher and higher. One solution is to use various methods, as an alternative to pesticides. It is also very important to care for the stored crops after harvesting especially using non-chemical methods. The physical method of plant protection consists in treating the harmful organism with physical factors such as temperature, its same light and radiation, controlled atmosphere, special packaging, pressure, various sounds, ozone, and low-temperature plasma. The availability of effective application techniques opens up new possibilities for the storage of crops in order to maintain their health and quality for a long time. This review focuses on the analysis of physical methods of postharvest protection, especially the latest methods using ozone and low-temperature plasma. As a result, consumers of ag...
Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control, 2020
Abstract Due to the risk of pesticide residues in agricultural crops and environmental pollution,... more Abstract Due to the risk of pesticide residues in agricultural crops and environmental pollution, the number of pesticides is reduced. One of the methods of plant protection is the use of preparations based on natural plant and animal compounds containing one or more bioactive organic compounds. These include pyrethrins, flavonoids, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds (allicin) that are widespread in the plant world. Organic compounds of animal origin include polysaccharides (chitosan) obtained from the shells of marine crustaceans. Pyrethrins are included in many preparations for combating thrips, flies, mosquitoes, beetles, and aphids. Scientific researchers demonstrated their strong antiseptic effect and their possibility to control phytopathogenic filamentous fungi. The above organic compounds are also elicitors which stimulate the formation of phytoalexins, PR proteins, lignin, and formation of callose that protect plants against pathogens.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series: Horticulture, 2005
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2011
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. var. giromontina) is a dependable vegetable in cultivation which is c... more Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. var. giromontina) is a dependable vegetable in cultivation which is characterized by high fertility. Grown in the field and under cover, it is infected by a number of pathogens specific of the family Curbitaceae as well as those that are characteristic of other plantations. Actually, natural products such as plant ex- tracts are more and more frequently used in plant protection from pathogens. The azox- ystrobin (Amistar 250 SC, Syngenta) and extract of grapefruit (Biosept 33 SL, Cintamani Poland) were tested in vitro for their effectiveness to inhibit the linear growth of Alter- naria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. ox- ysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma hamatum. The azoxystrobin (0.05%, 0.1%) and extract of grapefruit (0.1%, 0.2%) were applied in different concentrations. The stud- ies made use of a Petri dishes method recommended for testing fungicides in laboratory conditions. Extract of grapefrui...
The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of Bioczos Płynny, Biosept 33 SL and Bio-algee... more The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of Bioczos Płynny, Biosept 33 SL and Bio-algeen S90 Plus on the growth of sweet pepper plants cultivated in the field. Field experiments were carried out during the period 2010–2012 in the farm in Zezulin, near Lublin. Plants of sweet pepper ('Roberta F1') were the objects of research. The biotechnical preparations used for protection of pepper against diseases were: Bioczos Płynny, Biosept 33SL and Bio-algeen S90 Plus. Leaves, stems and roots of pepper were measured in the fourth week after treatment of plants. The biometric measurements of plants showed that the size of plants was different and depended on the type of preparation and weather conditions. The biotechnical preparations do not have the positive influence on the length of stems and roots of pepper but they increase the size of the leaf blade. The biggest leaves were observed on the plants sprayed with Bioczos Płynny and Bio-algeen S90 Plus. The microscopic analysis shows that Bioczos Płynny, Bio-algeen S90 Plus and Biosept 33 SL increase the thickness of the stem secondary cortex of pepper plants.
Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin, 2007
Effect of Field Pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a Cover Plant on Health of Under-Ground Part of Field T... more Effect of Field Pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a Cover Plant on Health of Under-Ground Part of Field Tomato No-tillage method with various cover crops has become popular recently in vegetable production (Abdul-Baki et al. 1996). The aim of a study conducted in 1998-2000 was evaluation of the effect of field pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a cover crop on the health of roots and stem base of tomato cultivated in the field. The field pea decreased the number of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani and increased the number of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. on the roots and stem base of tomato. The numerical classification method (Podani 1993, Łaska 2001) applied to compare fungal communities from the roots and stem base of tomato grown conventionally and in field with pea as cover crop showed that similarity coefficient ranged from 21% to 59%.
Plant Disease, 2004
Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), like other Silphium species, is a new horticultural plant in... more Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), like other Silphium species, is a new horticultural plant in Poland. It is grown in gardens and farms as a medicinal, ornamental, and forage crop. For medicinal purposes, leaves, flowers, and rhizomes are harvested. During the summer of 2003, stunted plants with yellowing leaves and reduced inflorescence were observed on fields near Lublin in eastern Poland. Oblong, brown-purplish spots developed on the stems during the month of July. The disease was noticed on approximately 15% of plants. Alternaria alternata was isolated from affected stems onto potato dextrose agar medium. Sterilized seeds of compass plant were sown in sterilized pots with autoclaved soil and maintained at 24°C in a growth chamber with 12 h of light per day. When the plants attained the height of 50 cm, they were artificially inoculated with five isolates of A. alternata obtained from diseased plants collected from the fields near Lublin. Conidial suspensions (1 × 105 per ml) ...
Folia Horticulturae, 2011
Zucchini is a very valuable vegetable, easy to grow both in the field and under covering, but it ... more Zucchini is a very valuable vegetable, easy to grow both in the field and under covering, but it is affected by pathogenic fungi. The experiment was carried out at a farm near Lublin where three zucchini cultivars, ‘Astra Polka’, ‘Atena Polka F1’ and ‘Soraya’, were cultivated in a plastic tunnel and in the field in 2008-2009. The leaves, petioles and stems of zucchini were collected for laboratory tests. Mycological analysis showed that the predominating fungi were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Fusarium spp. were isolated in the greatest numbers from zucchini plants cultivated in the field. R. solani was isolated in greater numbers from zucchini cultivated in a plastic tunnel as compared to the field.
Agronomy research, 2006
In these experiments the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum populations was investigated. Diseas... more In these experiments the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum populations was investigated. Disease index for inoculated plants was compared to chlorophyll fluorescence parameters measured with the fluorometer PAM. For most of the isolates of higher pathogenicity, the disease index was correlated with the decrease of photosynthetic activity of plants. However, in some cases the damage to the photosystem was more severe than external disease symptoms indicated, suggesting that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements might be helpful in early evaluation of the severity of F. oxysporum.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2016
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020
As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover ... more As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia spp. and Vert...
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2014
Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant protection mechanisms. Presented studies re... more Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant protection mechanisms. Presented studies relate to the significant role of some phenolic compounds in health status of sweet pepper plants. Eight cultivars of sweet pepper ('Barborka', 'Caryca F1', 'Mercedes', 'O�* arowska', 'Podstolina', 'Roberta F1', 'Robertina') were investigated in 2007-2009. Flavonoids and phenol acids content in leaves, stems, and roots of sweet pep- per plants were analyzed. Flavonoids and phenol acids content was studied using isocratic HPLC method. Disease index of tested cultivars was evaluated in the field. The leaves, stems and roots of pepper were analyzed in the laboratory. The fungi most frequently iso- lated from pepper were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, and Scle- rotinia sclerotiorum. The highest content of flavonoids and phenol acids was in the leaves of pepper. Flavonoids content in plant parts was positively correlated with the intensity of colonization by pathogenic fungi. Sweet pepper cultivars 'Caryca F1' and 'Roberta F1' were characterised by low content flavonoids in the tested plant parts and they were colo- nized by the low number of pathogenic fungi. The cultivars most frequently colonized by pathogenic fungi such as 'Barborka', 'Podstolina', 'Robertina', had a high content of fla- vonoids in the tested plant parts. There was no correlation between the content of phenol acids and health status of pepper cultivars.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2020
Amaranth is one of the oldest arable crop in the world. It was brought to Europe around the 17th ... more Amaranth is one of the oldest arable crop in the world. It was brought to Europe around the 17th century, but as an ornamental plant. It was not until the 1970s, after thorough examination of the chemical composition of amaranth seeds, in effect of which the nutritional value of this plant was rediscovered and recognized. Since then, there has been increased interest in amaranth as a ‘plant with a future’. A great deal of scientific research has been carried out, leading to recognition of its nutritional, ecological, agricultural and health-promoting values (especially for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems). Among cultivated amaranths species Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus have the highest nutritional value. However, differences in the nutrient content are also noticeable between these species. One of the attributes of this plant is the high content of highly digestible complete prot...
Agronomy Science
Od 1 stycznia 2014 r. w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej produkcja roślin opiera się na za... more Od 1 stycznia 2014 r. w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej produkcja roślin opiera się na zasadach integrowanej ochrony. W większym stopniu uwzględnia ona metodę biologiczną, rozumianą nie tylko jako bezpośrednie zwalczanie, ale także jako wykorzystanie naturalnych procesów samoregulacji. W tej metodzie stosuje preparaty biologiczne oparte na antagonistycznych mikroorganizmach (wirusy, bakterie, grzyby) oraz wyciągach roślinnych, naturalnych komponentach roślinnych i zwierzęcych. Obecnie w Polsce dostępnych jest kilka takich biopreparatów (Trianum, Vital Plus, Canna Aktrivator, Boni Protect Forte, Polyversum WP, Contans WG) oraz preparatów biotechnicznych (Bioczos Płynny, Biosept Active, Beta-Chikol). Działanie preparatów zawierających żywe mikroorganizmy opiera się na uzdolnieniach tych mikroorganizmów do pasożytnictwa, konkurencji i antybiozy. Preparaty biotechniczne charakteryzują się bezpośrednim działaniem wyniszczającym względem grzybów i bakterii chorobotwórczych. Antymi...
Agronomy, 2022
Climate change has an impact on agricultural production, including the greater persistence of pla... more Climate change has an impact on agricultural production, including the greater persistence of plant pathogens in the environment. Therefore, the question arises as to how to effectively and safely protect plants by using chemicals, the number of which is decreasing each year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungistatic effect of 2 acetylthiophenethiosemicarbazone (2actpTS) and Cis-jasmonethiosemicarbazone (JTS) against Fusarium culmorum (Fc) on winter wheat seedlings. The influence of thiosemicarbazones (TSs) on the health status and phytotoxicity of seedlings and soil biological activity was investigated. Before TSs application (watering or spraying), soil was infected with F. culmorum (strain No. 37). The substance type and method of its application significantly influenced only the fresh weight of the seedlings. The varying phytotoxicity of the molecules depended primarily on their application method to the plants. The highest seedling phytotoxicity was recorded when co...
Agronomy, 2021
Sustainable and organic plant production uses natural products and natural self-regulation proces... more Sustainable and organic plant production uses natural products and natural self-regulation processes occurring in the ecosystem. The awareness is growing and the demands of consumers are higher and higher. One solution is to use various methods, as an alternative to pesticides. It is also very important to care for the stored crops after harvesting especially using non-chemical methods. The physical method of plant protection consists in treating the harmful organism with physical factors such as temperature, its same light and radiation, controlled atmosphere, special packaging, pressure, various sounds, ozone, and low-temperature plasma. The availability of effective application techniques opens up new possibilities for the storage of crops in order to maintain their health and quality for a long time. This review focuses on the analysis of physical methods of postharvest protection, especially the latest methods using ozone and low-temperature plasma. As a result, consumers of ag...
Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control, 2020
Abstract Due to the risk of pesticide residues in agricultural crops and environmental pollution,... more Abstract Due to the risk of pesticide residues in agricultural crops and environmental pollution, the number of pesticides is reduced. One of the methods of plant protection is the use of preparations based on natural plant and animal compounds containing one or more bioactive organic compounds. These include pyrethrins, flavonoids, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds (allicin) that are widespread in the plant world. Organic compounds of animal origin include polysaccharides (chitosan) obtained from the shells of marine crustaceans. Pyrethrins are included in many preparations for combating thrips, flies, mosquitoes, beetles, and aphids. Scientific researchers demonstrated their strong antiseptic effect and their possibility to control phytopathogenic filamentous fungi. The above organic compounds are also elicitors which stimulate the formation of phytoalexins, PR proteins, lignin, and formation of callose that protect plants against pathogens.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series: Horticulture, 2005
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2011
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. var. giromontina) is a dependable vegetable in cultivation which is c... more Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. var. giromontina) is a dependable vegetable in cultivation which is characterized by high fertility. Grown in the field and under cover, it is infected by a number of pathogens specific of the family Curbitaceae as well as those that are characteristic of other plantations. Actually, natural products such as plant ex- tracts are more and more frequently used in plant protection from pathogens. The azox- ystrobin (Amistar 250 SC, Syngenta) and extract of grapefruit (Biosept 33 SL, Cintamani Poland) were tested in vitro for their effectiveness to inhibit the linear growth of Alter- naria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. ox- ysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma hamatum. The azoxystrobin (0.05%, 0.1%) and extract of grapefruit (0.1%, 0.2%) were applied in different concentrations. The stud- ies made use of a Petri dishes method recommended for testing fungicides in laboratory conditions. Extract of grapefrui...
The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of Bioczos Płynny, Biosept 33 SL and Bio-algee... more The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of Bioczos Płynny, Biosept 33 SL and Bio-algeen S90 Plus on the growth of sweet pepper plants cultivated in the field. Field experiments were carried out during the period 2010–2012 in the farm in Zezulin, near Lublin. Plants of sweet pepper ('Roberta F1') were the objects of research. The biotechnical preparations used for protection of pepper against diseases were: Bioczos Płynny, Biosept 33SL and Bio-algeen S90 Plus. Leaves, stems and roots of pepper were measured in the fourth week after treatment of plants. The biometric measurements of plants showed that the size of plants was different and depended on the type of preparation and weather conditions. The biotechnical preparations do not have the positive influence on the length of stems and roots of pepper but they increase the size of the leaf blade. The biggest leaves were observed on the plants sprayed with Bioczos Płynny and Bio-algeen S90 Plus. The microscopic analysis shows that Bioczos Płynny, Bio-algeen S90 Plus and Biosept 33 SL increase the thickness of the stem secondary cortex of pepper plants.
Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin, 2007
Effect of Field Pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a Cover Plant on Health of Under-Ground Part of Field T... more Effect of Field Pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a Cover Plant on Health of Under-Ground Part of Field Tomato No-tillage method with various cover crops has become popular recently in vegetable production (Abdul-Baki et al. 1996). The aim of a study conducted in 1998-2000 was evaluation of the effect of field pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a cover crop on the health of roots and stem base of tomato cultivated in the field. The field pea decreased the number of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani and increased the number of antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. on the roots and stem base of tomato. The numerical classification method (Podani 1993, Łaska 2001) applied to compare fungal communities from the roots and stem base of tomato grown conventionally and in field with pea as cover crop showed that similarity coefficient ranged from 21% to 59%.
Plant Disease, 2004
Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), like other Silphium species, is a new horticultural plant in... more Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), like other Silphium species, is a new horticultural plant in Poland. It is grown in gardens and farms as a medicinal, ornamental, and forage crop. For medicinal purposes, leaves, flowers, and rhizomes are harvested. During the summer of 2003, stunted plants with yellowing leaves and reduced inflorescence were observed on fields near Lublin in eastern Poland. Oblong, brown-purplish spots developed on the stems during the month of July. The disease was noticed on approximately 15% of plants. Alternaria alternata was isolated from affected stems onto potato dextrose agar medium. Sterilized seeds of compass plant were sown in sterilized pots with autoclaved soil and maintained at 24°C in a growth chamber with 12 h of light per day. When the plants attained the height of 50 cm, they were artificially inoculated with five isolates of A. alternata obtained from diseased plants collected from the fields near Lublin. Conidial suspensions (1 × 105 per ml) ...
Folia Horticulturae, 2011
Zucchini is a very valuable vegetable, easy to grow both in the field and under covering, but it ... more Zucchini is a very valuable vegetable, easy to grow both in the field and under covering, but it is affected by pathogenic fungi. The experiment was carried out at a farm near Lublin where three zucchini cultivars, ‘Astra Polka’, ‘Atena Polka F1’ and ‘Soraya’, were cultivated in a plastic tunnel and in the field in 2008-2009. The leaves, petioles and stems of zucchini were collected for laboratory tests. Mycological analysis showed that the predominating fungi were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Fusarium spp. were isolated in the greatest numbers from zucchini plants cultivated in the field. R. solani was isolated in greater numbers from zucchini cultivated in a plastic tunnel as compared to the field.
Agronomy research, 2006
In these experiments the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum populations was investigated. Diseas... more In these experiments the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum populations was investigated. Disease index for inoculated plants was compared to chlorophyll fluorescence parameters measured with the fluorometer PAM. For most of the isolates of higher pathogenicity, the disease index was correlated with the decrease of photosynthetic activity of plants. However, in some cases the damage to the photosystem was more severe than external disease symptoms indicated, suggesting that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements might be helpful in early evaluation of the severity of F. oxysporum.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2016
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020
As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover ... more As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia spp. and Vert...
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2014
Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant protection mechanisms. Presented studies re... more Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant protection mechanisms. Presented studies relate to the significant role of some phenolic compounds in health status of sweet pepper plants. Eight cultivars of sweet pepper ('Barborka', 'Caryca F1', 'Mercedes', 'O�* arowska', 'Podstolina', 'Roberta F1', 'Robertina') were investigated in 2007-2009. Flavonoids and phenol acids content in leaves, stems, and roots of sweet pep- per plants were analyzed. Flavonoids and phenol acids content was studied using isocratic HPLC method. Disease index of tested cultivars was evaluated in the field. The leaves, stems and roots of pepper were analyzed in the laboratory. The fungi most frequently iso- lated from pepper were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, and Scle- rotinia sclerotiorum. The highest content of flavonoids and phenol acids was in the leaves of pepper. Flavonoids content in plant parts was positively correlated with the intensity of colonization by pathogenic fungi. Sweet pepper cultivars 'Caryca F1' and 'Roberta F1' were characterised by low content flavonoids in the tested plant parts and they were colo- nized by the low number of pathogenic fungi. The cultivars most frequently colonized by pathogenic fungi such as 'Barborka', 'Podstolina', 'Robertina', had a high content of fla- vonoids in the tested plant parts. There was no correlation between the content of phenol acids and health status of pepper cultivars.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-hortorum Cultus, 2020
Amaranth is one of the oldest arable crop in the world. It was brought to Europe around the 17th ... more Amaranth is one of the oldest arable crop in the world. It was brought to Europe around the 17th century, but as an ornamental plant. It was not until the 1970s, after thorough examination of the chemical composition of amaranth seeds, in effect of which the nutritional value of this plant was rediscovered and recognized. Since then, there has been increased interest in amaranth as a ‘plant with a future’. A great deal of scientific research has been carried out, leading to recognition of its nutritional, ecological, agricultural and health-promoting values (especially for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems). Among cultivated amaranths species Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus have the highest nutritional value. However, differences in the nutrient content are also noticeable between these species. One of the attributes of this plant is the high content of highly digestible complete prot...
Agronomy Science
Od 1 stycznia 2014 r. w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej produkcja roślin opiera się na za... more Od 1 stycznia 2014 r. w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej produkcja roślin opiera się na zasadach integrowanej ochrony. W większym stopniu uwzględnia ona metodę biologiczną, rozumianą nie tylko jako bezpośrednie zwalczanie, ale także jako wykorzystanie naturalnych procesów samoregulacji. W tej metodzie stosuje preparaty biologiczne oparte na antagonistycznych mikroorganizmach (wirusy, bakterie, grzyby) oraz wyciągach roślinnych, naturalnych komponentach roślinnych i zwierzęcych. Obecnie w Polsce dostępnych jest kilka takich biopreparatów (Trianum, Vital Plus, Canna Aktrivator, Boni Protect Forte, Polyversum WP, Contans WG) oraz preparatów biotechnicznych (Bioczos Płynny, Biosept Active, Beta-Chikol). Działanie preparatów zawierających żywe mikroorganizmy opiera się na uzdolnieniach tych mikroorganizmów do pasożytnictwa, konkurencji i antybiozy. Preparaty biotechniczne charakteryzują się bezpośrednim działaniem wyniszczającym względem grzybów i bakterii chorobotwórczych. Antymi...