Agricola Odoi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Agricola Odoi

Research paper thumbnail of mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeosta... more Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.

Research paper thumbnail of mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeosta... more Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.

Research paper thumbnail of mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Veterinary Journal, 2011

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeosta... more Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.

Research paper thumbnail of Physician Diagnostic and Reporting Practices for Gastrointestinal Illnesses in Three Health Regions of British Columbia

To estimate seasonal proportions of patient visits due to acute gastrointestinal illness (GI), as... more To estimate seasonal proportions of patient visits due to acute gastrointestinal illness (GI), assess factors influencing physicians' stool sample requests, their understanding of laboratory testing protocols and adherence to provincial stool request guidelines in three British Columbia (BC) health regions. During a one-year period, eligible physicians were mailed four self-administered questionnaires used to estimate proportions of patients diagnosed with GI, related stool sample requests in the preceding month, and to assess factors prompting stool sample requests. The response rate overall for the initial comprehensive questionnaire was 18.6%; 7.4% responded to all four questionnaires. An estimated 2.5% of patient visits had a GI diagnosis; of these, 24.8% were asked to submit stool samples. Significant (p < 0.05) regional and seasonal variations were found in rates of GI and stool sample requests. Top-ranked factors prompting stool sample requests were: bloody diarrhoea, recent overseas travel, immunocompromised status, and duration of illness > 7 days; "non-patient" factors included: laboratory availability, time to receive laboratory results, and cost. Physicians' perceptions of which organisms were tested for in a 'routine' stool culture varied. BC physicians appear to adhere to existing standardized guidelines for sample requests. This may result in systematic under-representation of certain diseases in reportable communicable disease statistics.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of clusters of giardiasis using GIS and a spatial scan statistic

International Journal of Health Geographics, 2004

Background: Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified human intestinal parasite in Canada... more Background: Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified human intestinal parasite in Canada with prevalence estimates of 4-10%. However, infection rates vary by geographical area and localized 'pockets' of high or low infection rates are thought to exist. Water-borne transmission is one of the major routes of infection. Sources of contamination of drinking water include humans, domestic and wild animals. A previous study in southern Ontario, Canada, indicated a bivariate association between giardiasis rates and livestock density and/or manure use on agricultural land; however these variables were not significant when the variable 'rural' was added to the model. In that study, urban areas were defined as those with a minimum of 1,000 persons and a population density of at least 400 persons per Km 2 ; all other areas were considered rural. This paper investigates the presence of local giardiasis clusters and considers the extent to which livestock density and manure application on agricultural land might explain the 'rural' effect. A spatial scan statistic was used to identify spatial clusters and geographical correlation analysis was used to explore associations of giardiasis rates with manure application on agricultural land and livestock density.

Research paper thumbnail of Determinants of the geographical distribution of endemic giardiasis in Ontario, Canada: a spatial modelling approach

Epidemiology and Infection, 2004

Giardiasis surveillance data as well as drinking water, socioeconomic and land-use data were used... more Giardiasis surveillance data as well as drinking water, socioeconomic and land-use data were used in spatial regression models to investigate determinants of the geographic distribution of endemic giardiasis in southern Ontario. Higher giardiasis rates were observed in areas using surface water [rate ratio (RR) 2 . 36, 95 % CI 1 . 38-4 . 05] and in rural areas (RR 1 . 79, 95% CI 1 . 32-2 . 37). Lower rates were observed in areas using filtered water (RR 0 . 55, 95% CI 0 . 42-0 . 94) and in those with high median income (RR 0 . 62, 95 % CI 0 . 42-0 . 92). Chlorination of drinking water, cattle density and intensity of manure application on farmland were not significant determinants. The study shows that waterborne transmission plays an important role in giardiasis distribution in southern Ontario and that well-collected routine surveillance data could be useful for investigation of disease determinants and identification of high-risk communities. This information is useful in guiding decisions on control strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of The status of drinking water in Ontario, Canada (1992-1999

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of public water works (PWW... more Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of public water works (PWW) in southern Ontario with respect to their water sources and treatment regimes.

Research paper thumbnail of Geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario, Canada

International Journal of Health Geographics, 2003

Background: Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in North America. Altho... more Background: Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in North America. Although information on geographical distribution of giardiasis is critical in identifying communities at high risk, little has been done in this area. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario in order to identify possible high risk areas and seasons. Two spatial scales of analyses and two disease measures were used with a view to identifying the best of each in assessing geographical patterns of giardiasis in Ontario. Global Moran's I and Moran Local Indicators of Spatial Associations were used to test for evidence of global and local spatial clustering, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium infections reported in Ontario from 1990 to 1998

MW Ford, A Odoi, SE Majowicz, et al. A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium... more MW Ford, A Odoi, SE Majowicz, et al. A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium infections reported in Ontario from 1990. Can J Infect Dis 200314(5):267-273. BACKGROUND: Salmonella infections cause gastrointestinal and systemic diseases worldwide and are the leading causes of food-borne illnesses in North America (1-4). Salmonella serotype typhimurium (ST), in particular, is increasingly becoming a major public health concern because of its ability to acquire multiple resistant genes (5,6). OBJECTIVE: To describe demographic, temporal and geographical distributions, and reported risk factors of nonoutbreak cases of ST reported to a surveillance system in Ontario. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive analyses were performed on data on salmonellosis cases reported in Ontario between 1990 and 1998. Direct age-and sex-standardized rates were computed, and temporal trend analyses were performed using simple linear regression and a general additive model with a locally weighted regression (LOESS) smoother. RESULTS: The mean annual rates of infections with all Salmonella serotypes and with ST were 27 cases per 100,000 persons and 3.7 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively. Males and children under five years of age had significantly higher rates of both ST and ST definitive type 104 (DT104) infections. There was also evidence of temporal clustering of all strains of Salmonella, with significantly more cases being reported during the summer. Significantly higher rates of ST DT104 were observed in urban areas compared with rural areas, suggesting potential differences in the geographical distribution of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Information on demographic, temporal and geographical distributions, and risk factors is critical in planning disease control strategies. Further prospective analytical observation studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of ST and ST DT104 in Ontario, which will better guide disease control decisions.

Research paper thumbnail of Inequalities in neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: potential evidence-base for neighbourhood health planning

International Journal of Health Geographics, 2005

Background: Population health planning aims to improve the health of the entire population and to... more Background: Population health planning aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups. Socioeconomic factors are increasingly being recognized as major determinants of many aspects of health and causes of health inequities. Knowledge of socioeconomic characteristics of neighbourhoods is necessary to identify their unique health needs and enhance identification of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Careful integration of this knowledge into health planning activities is necessary to ensure that health planning and service provision are tailored to unique neighbourhood population health needs. In this study, we identify unique neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics and classify the neighbourhoods based on these characteristics. Principal components analysis (PCA) of 18 socioeconomic variables was used to identify the principal components explaining most of the variation in socioeconomic characteristics across the neighbourhoods. Cluster analysis was used to classify neighbourhoods based on their socioeconomic characteristics.

Research paper thumbnail of mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeosta... more Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.

Research paper thumbnail of mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeosta... more Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.

Research paper thumbnail of mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Veterinary Journal, 2011

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeosta... more Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS⩾8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS⩾8.

Research paper thumbnail of Physician Diagnostic and Reporting Practices for Gastrointestinal Illnesses in Three Health Regions of British Columbia

To estimate seasonal proportions of patient visits due to acute gastrointestinal illness (GI), as... more To estimate seasonal proportions of patient visits due to acute gastrointestinal illness (GI), assess factors influencing physicians' stool sample requests, their understanding of laboratory testing protocols and adherence to provincial stool request guidelines in three British Columbia (BC) health regions. During a one-year period, eligible physicians were mailed four self-administered questionnaires used to estimate proportions of patients diagnosed with GI, related stool sample requests in the preceding month, and to assess factors prompting stool sample requests. The response rate overall for the initial comprehensive questionnaire was 18.6%; 7.4% responded to all four questionnaires. An estimated 2.5% of patient visits had a GI diagnosis; of these, 24.8% were asked to submit stool samples. Significant (p < 0.05) regional and seasonal variations were found in rates of GI and stool sample requests. Top-ranked factors prompting stool sample requests were: bloody diarrhoea, recent overseas travel, immunocompromised status, and duration of illness > 7 days; "non-patient" factors included: laboratory availability, time to receive laboratory results, and cost. Physicians' perceptions of which organisms were tested for in a 'routine' stool culture varied. BC physicians appear to adhere to existing standardized guidelines for sample requests. This may result in systematic under-representation of certain diseases in reportable communicable disease statistics.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of clusters of giardiasis using GIS and a spatial scan statistic

International Journal of Health Geographics, 2004

Background: Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified human intestinal parasite in Canada... more Background: Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified human intestinal parasite in Canada with prevalence estimates of 4-10%. However, infection rates vary by geographical area and localized 'pockets' of high or low infection rates are thought to exist. Water-borne transmission is one of the major routes of infection. Sources of contamination of drinking water include humans, domestic and wild animals. A previous study in southern Ontario, Canada, indicated a bivariate association between giardiasis rates and livestock density and/or manure use on agricultural land; however these variables were not significant when the variable 'rural' was added to the model. In that study, urban areas were defined as those with a minimum of 1,000 persons and a population density of at least 400 persons per Km 2 ; all other areas were considered rural. This paper investigates the presence of local giardiasis clusters and considers the extent to which livestock density and manure application on agricultural land might explain the 'rural' effect. A spatial scan statistic was used to identify spatial clusters and geographical correlation analysis was used to explore associations of giardiasis rates with manure application on agricultural land and livestock density.

Research paper thumbnail of Determinants of the geographical distribution of endemic giardiasis in Ontario, Canada: a spatial modelling approach

Epidemiology and Infection, 2004

Giardiasis surveillance data as well as drinking water, socioeconomic and land-use data were used... more Giardiasis surveillance data as well as drinking water, socioeconomic and land-use data were used in spatial regression models to investigate determinants of the geographic distribution of endemic giardiasis in southern Ontario. Higher giardiasis rates were observed in areas using surface water [rate ratio (RR) 2 . 36, 95 % CI 1 . 38-4 . 05] and in rural areas (RR 1 . 79, 95% CI 1 . 32-2 . 37). Lower rates were observed in areas using filtered water (RR 0 . 55, 95% CI 0 . 42-0 . 94) and in those with high median income (RR 0 . 62, 95 % CI 0 . 42-0 . 92). Chlorination of drinking water, cattle density and intensity of manure application on farmland were not significant determinants. The study shows that waterborne transmission plays an important role in giardiasis distribution in southern Ontario and that well-collected routine surveillance data could be useful for investigation of disease determinants and identification of high-risk communities. This information is useful in guiding decisions on control strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of The status of drinking water in Ontario, Canada (1992-1999

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of public water works (PWW... more Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of public water works (PWW) in southern Ontario with respect to their water sources and treatment regimes.

Research paper thumbnail of Geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario, Canada

International Journal of Health Geographics, 2003

Background: Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in North America. Altho... more Background: Giardia is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in North America. Although information on geographical distribution of giardiasis is critical in identifying communities at high risk, little has been done in this area. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the geographical and temporal distribution of human giardiasis in Ontario in order to identify possible high risk areas and seasons. Two spatial scales of analyses and two disease measures were used with a view to identifying the best of each in assessing geographical patterns of giardiasis in Ontario. Global Moran's I and Moran Local Indicators of Spatial Associations were used to test for evidence of global and local spatial clustering, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium infections reported in Ontario from 1990 to 1998

MW Ford, A Odoi, SE Majowicz, et al. A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium... more MW Ford, A Odoi, SE Majowicz, et al. A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium infections reported in Ontario from 1990. Can J Infect Dis 200314(5):267-273. BACKGROUND: Salmonella infections cause gastrointestinal and systemic diseases worldwide and are the leading causes of food-borne illnesses in North America (1-4). Salmonella serotype typhimurium (ST), in particular, is increasingly becoming a major public health concern because of its ability to acquire multiple resistant genes (5,6). OBJECTIVE: To describe demographic, temporal and geographical distributions, and reported risk factors of nonoutbreak cases of ST reported to a surveillance system in Ontario. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive analyses were performed on data on salmonellosis cases reported in Ontario between 1990 and 1998. Direct age-and sex-standardized rates were computed, and temporal trend analyses were performed using simple linear regression and a general additive model with a locally weighted regression (LOESS) smoother. RESULTS: The mean annual rates of infections with all Salmonella serotypes and with ST were 27 cases per 100,000 persons and 3.7 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively. Males and children under five years of age had significantly higher rates of both ST and ST definitive type 104 (DT104) infections. There was also evidence of temporal clustering of all strains of Salmonella, with significantly more cases being reported during the summer. Significantly higher rates of ST DT104 were observed in urban areas compared with rural areas, suggesting potential differences in the geographical distribution of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Information on demographic, temporal and geographical distributions, and risk factors is critical in planning disease control strategies. Further prospective analytical observation studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of ST and ST DT104 in Ontario, which will better guide disease control decisions.

Research paper thumbnail of Inequalities in neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: potential evidence-base for neighbourhood health planning

International Journal of Health Geographics, 2005

Background: Population health planning aims to improve the health of the entire population and to... more Background: Population health planning aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups. Socioeconomic factors are increasingly being recognized as major determinants of many aspects of health and causes of health inequities. Knowledge of socioeconomic characteristics of neighbourhoods is necessary to identify their unique health needs and enhance identification of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Careful integration of this knowledge into health planning activities is necessary to ensure that health planning and service provision are tailored to unique neighbourhood population health needs. In this study, we identify unique neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics and classify the neighbourhoods based on these characteristics. Principal components analysis (PCA) of 18 socioeconomic variables was used to identify the principal components explaining most of the variation in socioeconomic characteristics across the neighbourhoods. Cluster analysis was used to classify neighbourhoods based on their socioeconomic characteristics.