Ahmet Tutar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ahmet Tutar
Turkish Journal of Chemistry, Dec 28, 2023
Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane Bromination and conversion of te... more Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane with a new approach: synthesis, structural characterization by with a new approach: synthesis, structural characterization by spectroscopic and theoretical methods, and biological analysis spectroscopic and theoretical methods, and biological analysis supported by DFT and docking supported by DFT and docking RAŞİT FİKRET YILMAZ
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Jul 2, 2018
Ten new isoxazoline derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of benzonorbornadiene and hom... more Ten new isoxazoline derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of benzonorbornadiene and homonorbornadiene derivatives with nitrile oxides formed from benzaldehyde and 4-substituted benzaldehyde. Two new pyridazine derivatives were also synthesized from the reaction of the homonorbornadiene derivatives with 3,6-di (2-pyridyl)-s-tetrazine. It was seen that all cycloaddition reactions were realized as exo selectivity. Finally, γ-Gauche effect in the isoxazoline derivatives was discussed.
Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 2012
Humatların organik gübre olarak potansiyellerinin çok iyi bilinmesine karşılık, farklı Leonardite... more Humatların organik gübre olarak potansiyellerinin çok iyi bilinmesine karşılık, farklı Leonardite cevheri kaynaklarından elde edilen humik maddelerin özellikleri hakkında halen yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Potansiyel organik gübre olarak uygun humat bileşiklerinin geliştirilmesi, mikro besin elementlerinin bitkilere yarayışlılığını artırma ya da toksisitesini önlemede önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada, farklı Leonardite yataklarından elde edilen değişik humatların kimi fiziksel ve hormonal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede, Konya-Ilgın, Sivas-Kangal, K.Maraş-Elbistan yörelerinde yer alan farklı Leonardite kaynaklarında örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen örneklerde giberellik asit, salisilik asit, indol asetik asit gibi hormonal analizler ile kimi ağır metal içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, farklı kaynaklarda yer alan Leonardite yataklarından elde edilen örneklerde belirlenen özelliklerin önemli düzeyde değişkenlik gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur.
ChemistrySelect, Apr 7, 2021
The present study describes mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinolines (3 a–c and 5) have much more... more The present study describes mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinolines (3 a–c and 5) have much more antiproliferative potentials than positive controls against A549, HeLa, MCF7 and Hep3B cell lines (IC50 values 1.1–29.6 μg/mL) and show similar cytotoxicity (14.3 % to 19.8 %) to cells such as controls. Moreover, the mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline amines (3 a–c and 5) exhibit significant antimicrobial activity with MIC values between 15.62 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL. The compounds can also bind to DNA in the groove binding mode with a binding constant range of 1.1×103–1.1×105 M−1. The anticancer and antibacterial properties of compounds were confirmed with the molecular docking simulation for their pharmacokinetic. As a result, the preliminary experimental data and a multi‐criteria decision‐making methodology (MCDM) indicated that the mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline amine derivatives, especially 3 a and 5, exhibit effective pharmacological properties. parameters and their interaction with related cells at the molecular level.
Journal of Molecular Structure, 2019
Abstract The six and seven hydrocycle membered disilylanilino acridine (tacrine) analogues (9–11)... more Abstract The six and seven hydrocycle membered disilylanilino acridine (tacrine) analogues (9–11) were synthesized by one-pot procedures. The structures of novel silyl tacrine derivatives were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and XRD investigations. The silyl substituted novel tacrine derivatives (9–11) were investigated as cholinesterase inhibitors and defined the relative role of AChE (Acetylcholinesterase) versus BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase) inhibition. Novel substituted tacrine derivatives are known as important inhibitors of Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes I, and II (hCA I and II), therefore, the synthesized compounds (9–11) were investigated for inhibitory effects on the both CA isoenzymes. Additionally, we evaluated four different enzymes, which were inhibited in the very low nanomolar (nM) range by these compounds. According to the present studies, for AChE, BChE, hCA I and II, the ranges of results are recorded as 30.26 ± 6.71–117.54 ± 42.22 nM, 22.45 ± 5.81–77.41 ± 4.02 nM, 57.28 ± 22.16–213.41 ± 82.75 nM and 46.95 ± 11.32–274.94 ± 62.15 nM, respectively.
Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Dec 1, 2020
Quinoline-based BODIPY AIEgen dyes were synthesized and the structures were elucidated by 1 H, 13... more Quinoline-based BODIPY AIEgen dyes were synthesized and the structures were elucidated by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. Their photophysical properties were investigated. The dyes showed fluorescence quantum yield in the range of 0.16–1.29% in MeOH. It was found that the presence of methoxy group and tetrazole moiety led to blue and red spectral shift, respectively, of the UV absorption maxima of these dyes compared to their chloroquinoline analog. Stokes shifts of the dyes were in the range of 637–955 cm –1 . Aggregation-induced emission behavior of the dyes was investigated in EtOH–H 2 O mixture so that the dyes exhibited 1.6- to 2.3-fold fluorescence enhancement.
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis, Mar 3, 2021
Introduction: Dryopteris marginalis L. is a local plant in Bangladesh which is widely used as fol... more Introduction: Dryopteris marginalis L. is a local plant in Bangladesh which is widely used as folk medicine. Materials and Methods: In this study, the chemical composition of essential oil of D. marginalis L. as well as the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and total phenolic content of various organic extracts were analyzed. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the chemical compositions. The antibacterial activity of different extracts of Dryopteris marginalis was examined against three gram-negative bacteria and two gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial activity of different extracts was investigated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration showing important antibacterial activity and was measured by using the broth dilution method. Results: The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. The total phenolic portion of the extracts was ascertained by Folin-Ciocalteu in an alkaline medium. Twenty-two volatile compounds were identified from the essential oil. The methanol extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect which was close to the value of standard antibiotic (Streptomycin). The zones of inhibition of different organic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of (7-15) mm and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were recorded (15.62-1000) μg/ml. The antioxidant activity of D. marginalis was (82.13+1.2) % and (59.21+0.45) % highest activity with DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assay, respectively. Conclusion: The methanol extract showed the highest (147.43+3.1) mg/g GAE of total phenolic content. The extracts and essential oil of D. marginalis showing strong antibacterial activity can be considered as a potential source of natural medicine and the ingredient of modern therapeutic agents.
Journal of Molecular Structure
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures, 2000
Source of material 2,5-dibromonorbornadiene was brominated at high temperature. After reaction we... more Source of material 2,5-dibromonorbornadiene was brominated at high temperature. After reaction we isolated the title compound by fractional crystallization. It was dissolved in boiling carbontetrachloride. The clear solution was cooled slowly to room temperature. In about 12 h, colorless rod-shaped crystals were obtained.
Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 2012
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery
Purpose: This study aimed at the determination of the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities ... more Purpose: This study aimed at the determination of the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of recently prepared indeno [1,2-b]quinoline amines against colon carcinoma, HT29 and SW620 cell lines by using cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Methods: In vitro inhibition of cell proliferation of indenoquinoline derivatives was determined with an MTT cell proliferation assay. On the other hand, their cell cytotoxicities and apoptotic potential were investigated by LDH cytotoxicity and DNA laddering assays. Moreover, molecular docking studies were performed between the compounds and PDB ID: 1OLG and 4LVT target proteins using virtual scanning techniques. Results: Most of the compounds (1, 3, and 7-9) exhibit much more potent antiproliferative activity than positive controls against HT29 and SW620 cell lines (IC50 values 1.1 - 4.1 µg/mL) and show slightly toxic properties (percent cytotoxicity 9.8% to 33.5%) to cells compared to positive control. On the other hand, it was det...
Chemical Engineering Communications, Mar 6, 2023
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2012
ABCC6, a member of the adenosine 5 0-triphosphate-binding cassette family of genes, encodes multi... more ABCC6, a member of the adenosine 5 0-triphosphate-binding cassette family of genes, encodes multidrug resistance-associated protein 6, a putative transmembrane transporter expressed primarily in the liver and to a significantly lower extent in other tissues. Mutations in ABCC6 result in pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a multisystem heritable connective tissue disorder with variable phenotypic expression. To examine the transcriptional regulation and tissue-specific expression of this gene, we cloned 2.6 kb of human ABCC6 promoter and developed a series of 5 0-deletion constructs linked to luciferase reporter gene. Transient transfections in a number of cultured cell lines of diverse origin identified a specific NF-kB-like sequence (À235/À226), which conferred high level of expression in HepG2 hepatoma cells, inferring liver specificity. The functionality of the promoter fragments was confirmed in vivo by tail vein injection followed by luciferase reporter assay. Testing of selected cytokines revealed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-b upregulated, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interferon (IFN)-g downregulated the promoter activity in HepG2 cells. The responsiveness to TGF-b was shown to reside primarily within an Sp1/Sp3 cognate-binding site at À58 to À49. The expression of the ABCC6 promoter was also shown to be markedly enhanced by Sp1 protein, as demonstrated by cotransfection of ABCC6 promoter-luciferase constructs and an Sp1 expression vector in Drosophila SL2 cells, which are devoid of endogenous Sp1. Furthermore, four additional transcription factors, with their cognate-binding sequences present in DNA, were shown to bind the 2.6-kb promoter fragment by protein/DNA array. Collectively, the results indicate that human ABCC6 displays tissue-specific gene expression, which can be modulated by proinflammatory cytokines. These findings may have implications for phenotypic expression of heritable and acquired diseases involving abnormality in the ABCC6 gene.
Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 2021
ABSTRACT We investigated the antioxidant and anti-ulcerogenic effects of fulvic acid (FA) on oxid... more ABSTRACT We investigated the antioxidant and anti-ulcerogenic effects of fulvic acid (FA) on oxidative damage caused by water avoidance stress (WAS) in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. Three experimental groups were established: control (C), chronic stress (CS), and chronic stress + FA (CS + FA). After WAS, a single dose of FA was administered for 10 days to the CS + FA group. Samples of the pyloric region of the stomach were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels were measured biochemically. By light microscopy, we observed loss of gastric epithelial cells and greater polymorphonuclear cell migration into the mucosa in the CS group compared to the C group. We found intact epithelial cell structure and a thick superficial mucus layer in the CS + FA group compared to the CS group. These findings in the CS + FA group were similar to those for group C. iNOS staining was stronger in the CS group compared to the C group. TOS and OSI levels in the CS + FA group were decreased compared to the CS group, but TAS, SOD, GPx and CAT levels were increased. We found that WAS caused damage to epithelium and connective tissue of the stomach mucosa and that this damage was prevented by FA. Therefore, administration of FA appears to prevent stress induced damage to rat stomach.
1 AHMET TUTAR*, 2 RAMAZAN ERENLER** AND 3 JEAN-FRANCOIS BIELLMANN Institute of Chemistry, Academi... more 1 AHMET TUTAR*, 2 RAMAZAN ERENLER** AND 3 JEAN-FRANCOIS BIELLMANN Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. 1 Sakarya University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, TR-54187 Sakarya, Turkey. Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, TR-60240 Tokat, Turkey. National Central University Jhongli Taiwan. atutar@sakarya.edu.tr*, ramazan.erenler@gop.edu.tr**
Turkish Journal of Chemistry, Dec 28, 2023
Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane Bromination and conversion of te... more Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane with a new approach: synthesis, structural characterization by with a new approach: synthesis, structural characterization by spectroscopic and theoretical methods, and biological analysis spectroscopic and theoretical methods, and biological analysis supported by DFT and docking supported by DFT and docking RAŞİT FİKRET YILMAZ
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Jul 2, 2018
Ten new isoxazoline derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of benzonorbornadiene and hom... more Ten new isoxazoline derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of benzonorbornadiene and homonorbornadiene derivatives with nitrile oxides formed from benzaldehyde and 4-substituted benzaldehyde. Two new pyridazine derivatives were also synthesized from the reaction of the homonorbornadiene derivatives with 3,6-di (2-pyridyl)-s-tetrazine. It was seen that all cycloaddition reactions were realized as exo selectivity. Finally, γ-Gauche effect in the isoxazoline derivatives was discussed.
Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 2012
Humatların organik gübre olarak potansiyellerinin çok iyi bilinmesine karşılık, farklı Leonardite... more Humatların organik gübre olarak potansiyellerinin çok iyi bilinmesine karşılık, farklı Leonardite cevheri kaynaklarından elde edilen humik maddelerin özellikleri hakkında halen yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Potansiyel organik gübre olarak uygun humat bileşiklerinin geliştirilmesi, mikro besin elementlerinin bitkilere yarayışlılığını artırma ya da toksisitesini önlemede önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada, farklı Leonardite yataklarından elde edilen değişik humatların kimi fiziksel ve hormonal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede, Konya-Ilgın, Sivas-Kangal, K.Maraş-Elbistan yörelerinde yer alan farklı Leonardite kaynaklarında örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen örneklerde giberellik asit, salisilik asit, indol asetik asit gibi hormonal analizler ile kimi ağır metal içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, farklı kaynaklarda yer alan Leonardite yataklarından elde edilen örneklerde belirlenen özelliklerin önemli düzeyde değişkenlik gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur.
ChemistrySelect, Apr 7, 2021
The present study describes mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinolines (3 a–c and 5) have much more... more The present study describes mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinolines (3 a–c and 5) have much more antiproliferative potentials than positive controls against A549, HeLa, MCF7 and Hep3B cell lines (IC50 values 1.1–29.6 μg/mL) and show similar cytotoxicity (14.3 % to 19.8 %) to cells such as controls. Moreover, the mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline amines (3 a–c and 5) exhibit significant antimicrobial activity with MIC values between 15.62 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL. The compounds can also bind to DNA in the groove binding mode with a binding constant range of 1.1×103–1.1×105 M−1. The anticancer and antibacterial properties of compounds were confirmed with the molecular docking simulation for their pharmacokinetic. As a result, the preliminary experimental data and a multi‐criteria decision‐making methodology (MCDM) indicated that the mono substituted indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline amine derivatives, especially 3 a and 5, exhibit effective pharmacological properties. parameters and their interaction with related cells at the molecular level.
Journal of Molecular Structure, 2019
Abstract The six and seven hydrocycle membered disilylanilino acridine (tacrine) analogues (9–11)... more Abstract The six and seven hydrocycle membered disilylanilino acridine (tacrine) analogues (9–11) were synthesized by one-pot procedures. The structures of novel silyl tacrine derivatives were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and XRD investigations. The silyl substituted novel tacrine derivatives (9–11) were investigated as cholinesterase inhibitors and defined the relative role of AChE (Acetylcholinesterase) versus BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase) inhibition. Novel substituted tacrine derivatives are known as important inhibitors of Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes I, and II (hCA I and II), therefore, the synthesized compounds (9–11) were investigated for inhibitory effects on the both CA isoenzymes. Additionally, we evaluated four different enzymes, which were inhibited in the very low nanomolar (nM) range by these compounds. According to the present studies, for AChE, BChE, hCA I and II, the ranges of results are recorded as 30.26 ± 6.71–117.54 ± 42.22 nM, 22.45 ± 5.81–77.41 ± 4.02 nM, 57.28 ± 22.16–213.41 ± 82.75 nM and 46.95 ± 11.32–274.94 ± 62.15 nM, respectively.
Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Dec 1, 2020
Quinoline-based BODIPY AIEgen dyes were synthesized and the structures were elucidated by 1 H, 13... more Quinoline-based BODIPY AIEgen dyes were synthesized and the structures were elucidated by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. Their photophysical properties were investigated. The dyes showed fluorescence quantum yield in the range of 0.16–1.29% in MeOH. It was found that the presence of methoxy group and tetrazole moiety led to blue and red spectral shift, respectively, of the UV absorption maxima of these dyes compared to their chloroquinoline analog. Stokes shifts of the dyes were in the range of 637–955 cm –1 . Aggregation-induced emission behavior of the dyes was investigated in EtOH–H 2 O mixture so that the dyes exhibited 1.6- to 2.3-fold fluorescence enhancement.
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis, Mar 3, 2021
Introduction: Dryopteris marginalis L. is a local plant in Bangladesh which is widely used as fol... more Introduction: Dryopteris marginalis L. is a local plant in Bangladesh which is widely used as folk medicine. Materials and Methods: In this study, the chemical composition of essential oil of D. marginalis L. as well as the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and total phenolic content of various organic extracts were analyzed. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the chemical compositions. The antibacterial activity of different extracts of Dryopteris marginalis was examined against three gram-negative bacteria and two gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial activity of different extracts was investigated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration showing important antibacterial activity and was measured by using the broth dilution method. Results: The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. The total phenolic portion of the extracts was ascertained by Folin-Ciocalteu in an alkaline medium. Twenty-two volatile compounds were identified from the essential oil. The methanol extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect which was close to the value of standard antibiotic (Streptomycin). The zones of inhibition of different organic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of (7-15) mm and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were recorded (15.62-1000) μg/ml. The antioxidant activity of D. marginalis was (82.13+1.2) % and (59.21+0.45) % highest activity with DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assay, respectively. Conclusion: The methanol extract showed the highest (147.43+3.1) mg/g GAE of total phenolic content. The extracts and essential oil of D. marginalis showing strong antibacterial activity can be considered as a potential source of natural medicine and the ingredient of modern therapeutic agents.
Journal of Molecular Structure
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures, 2000
Source of material 2,5-dibromonorbornadiene was brominated at high temperature. After reaction we... more Source of material 2,5-dibromonorbornadiene was brominated at high temperature. After reaction we isolated the title compound by fractional crystallization. It was dissolved in boiling carbontetrachloride. The clear solution was cooled slowly to room temperature. In about 12 h, colorless rod-shaped crystals were obtained.
Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 2012
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery
Purpose: This study aimed at the determination of the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities ... more Purpose: This study aimed at the determination of the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of recently prepared indeno [1,2-b]quinoline amines against colon carcinoma, HT29 and SW620 cell lines by using cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Methods: In vitro inhibition of cell proliferation of indenoquinoline derivatives was determined with an MTT cell proliferation assay. On the other hand, their cell cytotoxicities and apoptotic potential were investigated by LDH cytotoxicity and DNA laddering assays. Moreover, molecular docking studies were performed between the compounds and PDB ID: 1OLG and 4LVT target proteins using virtual scanning techniques. Results: Most of the compounds (1, 3, and 7-9) exhibit much more potent antiproliferative activity than positive controls against HT29 and SW620 cell lines (IC50 values 1.1 - 4.1 µg/mL) and show slightly toxic properties (percent cytotoxicity 9.8% to 33.5%) to cells compared to positive control. On the other hand, it was det...
Chemical Engineering Communications, Mar 6, 2023
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2012
ABCC6, a member of the adenosine 5 0-triphosphate-binding cassette family of genes, encodes multi... more ABCC6, a member of the adenosine 5 0-triphosphate-binding cassette family of genes, encodes multidrug resistance-associated protein 6, a putative transmembrane transporter expressed primarily in the liver and to a significantly lower extent in other tissues. Mutations in ABCC6 result in pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a multisystem heritable connective tissue disorder with variable phenotypic expression. To examine the transcriptional regulation and tissue-specific expression of this gene, we cloned 2.6 kb of human ABCC6 promoter and developed a series of 5 0-deletion constructs linked to luciferase reporter gene. Transient transfections in a number of cultured cell lines of diverse origin identified a specific NF-kB-like sequence (À235/À226), which conferred high level of expression in HepG2 hepatoma cells, inferring liver specificity. The functionality of the promoter fragments was confirmed in vivo by tail vein injection followed by luciferase reporter assay. Testing of selected cytokines revealed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-b upregulated, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interferon (IFN)-g downregulated the promoter activity in HepG2 cells. The responsiveness to TGF-b was shown to reside primarily within an Sp1/Sp3 cognate-binding site at À58 to À49. The expression of the ABCC6 promoter was also shown to be markedly enhanced by Sp1 protein, as demonstrated by cotransfection of ABCC6 promoter-luciferase constructs and an Sp1 expression vector in Drosophila SL2 cells, which are devoid of endogenous Sp1. Furthermore, four additional transcription factors, with their cognate-binding sequences present in DNA, were shown to bind the 2.6-kb promoter fragment by protein/DNA array. Collectively, the results indicate that human ABCC6 displays tissue-specific gene expression, which can be modulated by proinflammatory cytokines. These findings may have implications for phenotypic expression of heritable and acquired diseases involving abnormality in the ABCC6 gene.
Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 2021
ABSTRACT We investigated the antioxidant and anti-ulcerogenic effects of fulvic acid (FA) on oxid... more ABSTRACT We investigated the antioxidant and anti-ulcerogenic effects of fulvic acid (FA) on oxidative damage caused by water avoidance stress (WAS) in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. Three experimental groups were established: control (C), chronic stress (CS), and chronic stress + FA (CS + FA). After WAS, a single dose of FA was administered for 10 days to the CS + FA group. Samples of the pyloric region of the stomach were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels were measured biochemically. By light microscopy, we observed loss of gastric epithelial cells and greater polymorphonuclear cell migration into the mucosa in the CS group compared to the C group. We found intact epithelial cell structure and a thick superficial mucus layer in the CS + FA group compared to the CS group. These findings in the CS + FA group were similar to those for group C. iNOS staining was stronger in the CS group compared to the C group. TOS and OSI levels in the CS + FA group were decreased compared to the CS group, but TAS, SOD, GPx and CAT levels were increased. We found that WAS caused damage to epithelium and connective tissue of the stomach mucosa and that this damage was prevented by FA. Therefore, administration of FA appears to prevent stress induced damage to rat stomach.
1 AHMET TUTAR*, 2 RAMAZAN ERENLER** AND 3 JEAN-FRANCOIS BIELLMANN Institute of Chemistry, Academi... more 1 AHMET TUTAR*, 2 RAMAZAN ERENLER** AND 3 JEAN-FRANCOIS BIELLMANN Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. 1 Sakarya University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, TR-54187 Sakarya, Turkey. Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, TR-60240 Tokat, Turkey. National Central University Jhongli Taiwan. atutar@sakarya.edu.tr*, ramazan.erenler@gop.edu.tr**